Deck 5: Genes,culture,and Gender

Question 1

According to natural selection,those with genes best suited to an environment are likely to

A)struggle and then perish.
B)perish.
C)survive yet struggle.
D)survive and reproduce.

Answer 1

survive and reproduce.

Question 2

The evolutionary process by which nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environmental niches is called

A)evolutionary adaptation.
B)evolutionary psychology.
C)natural adaptation.
D)natural selection.

Answer 2

natural selection.

Question 3

______ is the study of the evolution of behavior using principles of natural selection.

A)Evolutionary adaptation
B)Evolutionary psychology
C)Natural adaptation
D)Natural selection

Answer 3

Evolutionary psychology

Question 4

Given the logic of evolutionary psychology,we can assume our distant ancestors preferred _______ foods.

A)sweet
B)bitter and sour
C)nutritious and energy-providing
D)vegetarian

Question 5

The _______ perspective highlights the kinship that results from our shared human nature.

A)evolutionary
B)cultural
C)normative
D)diversity

Question 6

The implications of evolutionary psychology suggest that human success is defined by

A)acquiring wealth.
B)maintaining health.
C)exceeding average life expectancy.
D)having grandchildren.

Question 7

Rules for accepted and expected behavior are called

A)values.
B)norms.
C)attitudes.
D)both B and C

Question 8

Norms _____ behavior.

A)describe
B)prescribe
C)change
D)are the result of

Question 9

Compared to other species,humans are _______ restricted by their genetics.

A)less
B)more
C)similarly
D)not

Question 10

Punctuality is one of the _______ of North American businesspeople.

A)attitudes
B)norms
C)values
D)characteristics

Question 11

One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity

A)for self-destruction.
B)for altruism.
C)to dominate other species.
D)to learn and adapt.

Question 12

Which statement about social norms is FALSE?

A)Social norms make social interactions run more smoothly.
B)Social norms cause us to feel uncomfortable when they are violated.
C)Social norms control us so successfully that we hardly sense their presence.
D)Social norms are not affected by culture.

Question 13

As an exchange student,you notice that standards of beauty are much different in the country you are visiting.Billboards and advertisements display women that are not as thin as in the United States.You conclude that this difference in standards of beauty is the result of different

A)norms.
B)languages.
C)climates.
D)cultures.

Question 14

Human kinship is to the _______ perspective as social diversity is to the _______ perspective.

A)evolutionary;cultural
B)cognitive;psychoanalytical
C)humanistic;cultural
D)biological;humanistic

Question 15

Seven-year-old Mary says "Thank you" after opening each birthday present she receives because her family considers it to be proper behavior.This best illustrates the influence of a

A)norm.
B)schema.
C)role.
D)stereotype.

Question 16

According to anthropologists,which of the following is NOT true?

A)We are more alike than we are different.
B)All people migrated from Africa.
C)We are more different than we are alike.
D)We are social beings.

Question 17

The enduring behaviors,ideas,attitudes,and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are called

A)beliefs.
B)norms.
C)cultures.
D)values.

Question 18

Zoe has lived in the United States all of her life,yet her Greek grandmother made sure that Zoe was fluent in the Greek language so she would understand the Greek way of life.What has Zoe's grandmother passed on to her?

A)a belief
B)a norm
C)a culture
D)a value

Question 19

According to Baumeister,a "huge and powerful advantage of culture" is

A)genetic diversity.
B)the division of labor.
C)evolution.
D)genetic similarity.

Question 20

Evolutionary psychologists study

A)physical traits.
B)psychological traits.
C)both physical and psychological traits.
D)neither physical nor psychological traits.

Question 21

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the U.S.and Japan?

A)Both cultures tended to look back at someone who looked at them.
B)Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
C)Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them.
D)Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.

Question 22

Those living _______ prefer more personal distance space than those living _______.

A)closer to the equator;farther away from the equator
B)in Central America;in Iceland
C)in Latin America;in North America
D)farther away from the equator;closer to the equator

Question 23

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the U.S.and Japan?

A)Americans were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
B)Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
C)Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them.
D)Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.

Question 24

Which of the following is false?

A)Women's telephone conversations last longer than men's.
B)Men send more text messages than women.
C)Women send more emotion expressing emails than men.
D)Women spend more time on social networks than men.

Question 25

Universal norms are to _______ as culture-specific norms are to _______.

A)nurture;nature
B)evolution;biology
C)nature;nurture
D)biology;evolution

Question 26

Research on the Big Five personality traits have been shown to be universal.Which is NOT one of the five?

A)shy
B)open
C)agreeable
D)conscientious

Question 27

Research on the Big Five personality traits indicates that

A)culture determines these traits.
B)differences among these traits in different countries are quite small.
C)national stereotypes about these traits are valid.
D)there are no cultural differences among these traits.

Question 28

In psychology,the characteristics by which people define male and female,whether biologically or socially influenced,is referred to as

A)sex.
B)gender.
C)sexual orientation.
D)culture.

Question 29

According to Brown (1987),in general,who is more likely to initiate intimacy?

A)the higher-status person
B)the lower-status person
C)the male
D)the female

Question 30

According to Myers,most Americans maintain a personal space between themselves and strangers of approximately

A)4 feet or less.
B)4 feet or more.
C)2 feet or less.
D)2 feet or more.

Question 31

Brown (1987)reported that in many languages,forms of address,such as the distinction between formal and informal varieties of "you," communicate not only social distance,but also

A)social complexity.
B)social status.
C)personal space.
D)fate control.

Question 32

Although there are many unoccupied tables in the restaurant,Rudolph decides to sit at the same table in the chair right next to James.James feels uncomfortable because Rudolph has violated

A)his social role.
B)his personal space.
C)Brown's universal norm.
D)the personal rights taboo.

Question 33

Which of the following is a universal norm according to the textbook?

A)cannibalism
B)incest
C)female genital mutilation
D)public nudity

Question 34

According to research conducted by Leung and Bond (2004),those people who espouse ______ express lower life satisfaction as well as right-wing politics.

A)justice
B)social complexity
C)reward for application
D)cynicism

Question 35

Leung and Bond (2004)reported that there were five universal dimensions of social beliefs.Which of the following is NOT one of those five?

A)justice
B)social complexity
C)reward for application
D)cynicism

Question 36

Some norms are culture-specific,while others are universal.The universality of some norms is accounted for by

A)the force of culture.
B)genetic diversity.
C)cultural similarities.
D)genetic predispositions.

Question 37

Your family is anticipating the arrival of an exchange student from Latin America.Being a student of social psychology,you are aware that the student's preference for personal space will likely

A)be greater than your family's.
B)be less than your family's.
C)be the same as your family's.
D)depend on the situation.

Question 38

Pratto and her colleagues (1997)reported that _______ tend to gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities,such as a public defender.

A)the young
B)the elderly
C)men
D)women

Question 39

The buffer space we like to maintain around our bodies is called our personal

A)zone.
B)space.
C)place.
D)distance.

Question 40

Maccoby (2002)found that girls tend to _______ compared to boys.

A)be less nurturing
B)talk more intimately
C)play more aggressively
D)be more active

Question 41

According to research on gender differences,which statement is NOT true?

A)Women are more skilled at expressing emotions nonverbally.
B)Women smile more than men.
C)Women describe themselves as having more empathy than men.
D)Women are more vulnerable to autism.

Question 42

According to the text,_______ are more likely to describe themselves as having empathy.

A)the young
B)the elderly
C)men
D)women

Question 43

Women's wages in industrial nations are ___ percent of men's.

A)80 - 100%
B)70 - 90%
C)50 - 70%
D)30 - 50%

Question 44

During a conversation,men are more likely than women to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)talk assertively.
B)interrupt intrusively.
C)stare more.
D)smile more.

Question 45

Research on the differences in men and women show all EXCEPT

A)men take more risks.
B)men tend to be more democratic,women autocratic.
C)men tend to be more autocratic,women democratiC.
D)men tend to be more directive and task-focuseD.

Question 46

When faced with stress,women are more likely than men to

A)flee.
B)fight.
C)befriend.
D)collapse.

Question 47

The vicarious experience of another's feelings or ability to put oneself in another's shoes is

A)norm.
B)altruism.
C)sympathy.
D)empathy.

Question 48

Research has found that _______ are generally superior at decoding others' emotional messages.

A)the young
B)the elderly
C)men
D)women

Question 49

Being a student of social psychology,you can predict with reasonable accuracy that _______ are more likely to contribute to charitable organizations.

A)the young
B)the elderly
C)men
D)women

Question 50

Pratto and colleagues (1997)reported that _______ tend to gravitate toward jobs that enhance inequalities,such as a prosecuting attorney.

A)the young
B)the elderly
C)men
D)women

Question 51

Worldwide,women's vocational interests,compared to men,

A)relate to things rather than people.
B)relate to people rather than things.
C)relate to things and people.
D)have no difference.

Question 52

According to a 2003 Gallup poll,___ percent of American men and ___ percent of American women reported having cried as a result of the war in Iraq.

A)10;0
B)0;10
C)12;43
D)43;12

Question 53

Which is NOT a worldwide gender difference found by research?

A)aggressiveness
B)dominance
C)sexuality
D)ageism

Question 54

When men and women want empathy and understanding,they are most likely to turn to a

A)spouse.
B)woman.
C)man.
D)coworker.

Question 55

You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper.Given what you have learned in social psychology,you can reasonably predict a(n)_______ committed the murder.

A)man
B)woman
C)provoked individual
D)innocent bystander

Question 56

In physiological and subjective responses to sexual stimuli,

A)men are more aroused than women.
B)women are more aroused than men.
C)men and women are more different than similar.
D)men and women are more similar than different.

Question 57

_______ are more likely to favor conservative political candidates.

A)The young
B)The elderly
C)Men
D)Women

Question 58

Much of the style we attribute to men is

A)based on genetics.
B)viewed as submissive in nature.
C)typical of people of both sexes of higher status and power.
D)typical of people in lower status and power.

Question 59

The male-to-female arrest ratio for murder in the United States is

A)80 to 1.
B)50 to 1.
C)9 to 1.
D)2 to 1.

Question 60

According to Schmitt (2003),an international survey indicated that more _____ than _____ wanted more than one sexual partner in the next month.

A)women;men
B)men;women
C)lesbians;gay men
D)older men;younger men

Question 61

In the mid 1960s,married women in the United States devoted seven times as many hours to housework as did their husbands,yet in the mid 1990s,this figure was down to two times as many hours.This pattern reflects how gender roles

A)are learned.
B)are biologically determined.
C)vary by culture.
D)vary over time.

Question 62

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for

A)hindsight biases.
B)unethical treatment of human participants.
C)the use of unrepresentative samples.
D)functional fixedness.

Question 63

According to the text,women of all ages tend to prefer men _______ themselves.

A)slightly older than
B)slightly younger than
C)the same age as
D)less dominant than

Question 64

Pat has qualities like assertiveness,a traditionally masculine trait,as well as nurturance,a quality associated with traditional femininity.Pat could be described as

A)gender-ambivalent.
B)role-conflicted.
C)androgynous.
D)gender-diffuseD.

Question 65

Consistent with evolutionary psychology's explanation of gender differences,Roney (2003)found that teen males reported _______ as most important if left alone in a room with a teen female.

A)being witty
B)earning good grades
C)having lots of money
D)showing one's sensitive side

Question 66

Your mother has commented on how little time your older sister,who recently married,spends on housework,as compared to what she herself used to spend when she was a newlywed.Your mother's comment reflects how gender roles

A)are learned.
B)are biologically determined.
C)vary by culture.
D)vary over time.

Question 67

Evolutionary psychology would explain the male tendency to display their "abs and assets" as an example of their striving to offer what women desire,which is

A)charm.
B)generosity.
C)a sensitive and emotional nature.
D)external resources and physical protection.

Question 68

As people mature to middle age and beyond,

A)gender differences in interpersonal behavior decrease.
B)gender differences in interpersonal behavior increase.
C)androgyny in men decreases.
D)androgyny in women decreases.

Question 69

The 2007 Gallup survey reports that only ___ percent of adults believe that "human beings developed from earlier species."

A)10
B)50
C)82
D)95

Question 70

Both men and women desire _______ in their relationships.

A)youth
B)beauty
C)kindness and love
D)resources and protection

Question 71

The term gender role refers to

A)enduring behaviors,attitudes,and traditions transmitted from one generation to the next.
B)a set of behavior expectations for males and females.
C)a rule for accepted and expected behaviors.
D)the personality characteristics by which people define male and female.

Question 72

Research on possible hormonal influences on aggression has indicated that

A)testosterone levels influence animal aggression but not human aggression.
B)violent male criminals have higher than normal testosterone levels.
C)gender differences in aggression are clearly unrelated to hormonal differences.
D)administering testosterone reduces aggression in most animals.

Question 73

A person who is both _______ would be considered androgynous.

A)assertive and nurturing
B)intelligent and athletic
C)moral and competent
D)good and evil

Question 74

In a 2010 survey,_____ believed that men have more rights to a job than women when jobs are scarce.

A)the majority of people from individualistic and collectivist cultures
B)the majority of people from collectivist cultures
C)the majority of people from individualistic cultures
D)the majority of men from individualistic and collectivist cultures

Question 75

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because

A)males outnumber females.
B)each strategy is likely to promote gene survival.
C)males and females are socialized differently.
D)of differences in brain chemistry.

Question 76

Evolutionary psychology would explain the male tendency to be attracted to woman's physical features of youth and health because of

A)norms.
B)roles.
C)cultural support.
D)reproductive fitness.

Question 77

Higher than normal levels of testosterone have been found in

A)violent male criminals.
B)male lawyers.
C)gay men.
D)married men.

Question 78

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Gender roles are the sole result of genetics.
B)Gender roles are the sole result of learning.
C)Gender roles vary by climate.
D)Gender roles vary by culture.

Question 79

A set of behavioral expectations for males and females defines gender

A)type.
B)role.
C)identity.
D)position.

Question 80

Evolutionary explanations of gender differences have been criticized because they

A)underestimate the role of genetic factors.
B)do not explain cultural changes in behavior that occur over relatively short periods of time.
C)deny the role of hormonal factors.
D)rely too heavily on the experimental method in testing hypotheses.