Deck 7: Primate Sociality, social Behavior, and Culture

Question 1

How are primate societies complexly organized?

A)Several species of primates coexist socially.
B)Within any primate group,individuals representing different kinships,ranks,ages,and sexes often form alliances.
C)Some primate societies are male only.
D)Some primate societies are female only.

Answer 1

Within any primate group,individuals representing different kinships,ranks,ages,and sexes often form alliances.

Question 2

What kind of behavior does kin selection involve?

A)nonaltruistic behavior toward other members of the kin group
B)altruistic behavior that increases the donor's inclusive fitness
C)altruistic behavior that promotes kin-like bonding among nonkin
D)altruistic behavior that increases only the donor's fitness

Answer 2

altruistic behavior that increases the donor's inclusive fitness

Question 3

What does diversity in primate societies mean?

A)Primates express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors.
B)Primates encompass a variety of species with similar behaviors.
C)Primates can be classified into particular species exhibiting one type of behavior.
D)Primates are just as diverse in their behavior as humans.

Answer 3

Primates express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors.

Question 4

Many primate societies are complex and involve their members forming alliances.How can these alliances be formed?

A)by rank,age,and kinship
B)by relative age,which is affected by "baby booms"
C)only by rank
D)primarily by species and subspecies

Question 5

One group of primates has a body size dimorphism index of about 1.3 and a relative canine size index of about 1.3.For gorillas,these numbers are about 1.6 and 1.4.For gibbons,these numbers are close to 1.What is the most likely group composition of the observed group of primates?

A)single male
B)multimale
C)monogamous pair
D)solitary

Question 6

What behaviors does natural selection generally favor?

A)behaviors that increase body size
B)behaviors that increase brain size
C)behaviors that limit population size
D)behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction

Question 7

What do primatologists study?

A)the relationships between specific social behaviors and reproductive fitness
B)only physical aspects of primates
C)cultural anthropology
D)archaeology

Question 8

What is the availability of food like for primates?

A)It is dependent upon kin selection.
B)It can be highly variable,depending on season and rainfall.
C)It is determined primarily by the alpha male.
D)It is restricted to individuals high up in the dominance hierarchy.

Question 9

In physical anthropology,why is it useful to examine sexual dimorphism?

A)It relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.
B)It is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
C)It varies with the pattern of competition among males.
D)It determines male and female social hierarchy.

Question 10

What is altruistic behavior?

A)behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual
B)something that occurs only between primates that are not relatives
C)not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation
D)not an advantage of cooperation within a society

Question 11

What is grooming's function?

A)the development of alliances between females only
B)the development of alliances between males only
C)bonding between individuals of the same rank,picking through the skin and hair of another individual
D)bonding between two members of a social group,calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance

Question 12

What are three key factors that contribute to a female primate's success at feeding?

A)speed,agility,and strength
B)source,quantity,and safety
C)quality,distribution,and availability of food
D)cooperation,altruism,and quantity for sharing

Question 13

In the context of primates' food,what does the word quality refer to?

A)the location of food sources
B)the ability to acquire food
C)the storage of food for future consumption
D)the amount of energy and protein a food provides

Question 14

What does the term monogamous describe?

A)a social group that is dominated by a single sex
B)a social group that includes an adult male,an adult female,and their offspring
C)primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family
D)a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their offspring

Question 15

What does sexual dimorphism involve?

A)It refers to the mating rites of primates.
B)It concerns differences in body size and canine size.
C)It refers primarily to male and female social hierarchy.
D)It is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

Question 16

How is the term polygynous defined?

A)It means "many marriages."
B)It means "many offspring."
C)It refers to a social group that includes one female and several males.
D)It refers to a social group that includes one adult male,several adult females,and their offspring.

Question 17

How is the study of primate vocal communication important?

A)It has been used to understand the language evolution of all primates.
B)It has resulted in chimps and gorillas demonstrating an ability to speak.
C)It can give us insight into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of language.
D)It demonstrates that gossip is not exclusively human.

Question 18

In the context of primates' food,what is distribution?

A)the location of food across the landscape
B)the distribution of primates in a primate group as they forage for food
C)the distribution of food among primates in a group
D)the adjustment in size of a feeding group

Question 19

What does the term polyandrous describe?

A)a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring
B)a social group that includes one female and several males
C)a word meaning "many offspring"
D)a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their offspring

Question 20

How is sexual selection best defined?

A)It is the physical competition for access to females.
B)It is the competition for resources to access females.
C)It is natural selection in one sex caused by a trait's attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.
D)It is the selection of males by females on the basis of disposition,physical appearance,and hierarchical position.

Question 21

What do vocalizations enable primates to do?

A)communicate as humans do
B)solve distressing situations among primate groups
C)name resources and monitor the social group
D)communicate,but only between members of the same hierarchy

Question 22

What does the lack of sexual dimorphism in gibbons indicate?

A)the polygamous social structure in gibbons
B)unequal access to resources within their environment
C)decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure
D)the fact that sexual dimorphism is not related to social structure in gibbons

Question 23

Male primates compete for access to females by:

A)forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.
B)conducting infanticide and fighting other males for dominance.
C)identifying their own rank,based on age,and waiting until reaching a certain age to approach females.
D)bringing females a courtship gift such as fruit or a small mammal.

Question 24

How do primates communicate?

A)through a system of adaptation that varies among social groups
B)through the use of symbols
C)through speech learned from primatologists
D)through vocalizations and gestures that serve a range of functions and contexts

Question 25

Physical anthropologists have discovered what about vocalization in chimp groups?

A)It occurs only to communicate a food source.
B)It exists only among those high up in the dominance hierarchy.
C)It sounds like howls and growls.
D)It is unique to specific groups or regions.

Question 26

What do polyandrous residence patterns represent?

A)a social grouping that includes multiple adult males and females
B)one of the most common patterns in strepsirhines and Old World monkeys
C)a social grouping in which males cooperate in parenting activities
D)a social grouping that includes one male and multiple females

Question 27

Which of the following is a rare primate residence pattern found only in orangutans and a few strepsirhines?

A)one male,multifemale
B)one female,multimale
C)multimale,multifemale
D)solitary

Question 28

What do female reproductive strategies emphasize?

A)bonding with the dominant male monogamously
B)having one birth per year
C)having twin births every year
D)caring for young and ensuring access to food

Question 29

What has been observed about all-male groups of nonhuman primates?

A)They are often polyandrous,before females join other existing groups.
B)They often exist together with multimale,multifemale groups.
C)They become permanent groups with rigid ranking systems.
D)They do not exist in the wild.

Question 30

The higher the social rank of a female primate,the:

A)lower her access to resources and the lower the survival rate of her offspring.
B)lower her access to resources and the greater the survival rate of her offspring.
C)greater her access to resources,which results in lower birth rates.
D)greater her access to resources,which results in higher birth rates.

Question 31

What does variation in predator-specific vocalizations in the monkeys of the Tai Forest include?

A)stress calls between kin only
B)mating calls between dominant primates only
C)two different alarm calls indicating another group of chimpanzees or humans
D)two different loud alarm calls in response to aerial and terrestrial predators

Question 32

Why are primates social in the short term?

A)to increase female fecundity in dominant females only
B)to increase interaction between sexually mature males and females
C)to establish social relationships to prevent attacks from predators
D)to share food sources

Question 33

What is special about primate societies and social behavior?

A)They are not diverse.
B)They welcome newcomers as humans do.
C)They are highly diverse.
D)They share and cooperate as humans do not.

Question 34

Why are primates social in the long term?

A)to reduce stress,promote longevity,and enhance reproductive success
B)to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society
C)to emphasize care of the young
D)to develop support for females to increase fecundity

Question 35

Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources.What does this demonstrate?

A)Reproduction places different energy demands on males and females,resulting in different reproductive strategies.
B)Reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes,so males and females respond accordingly.
C)Primates do not vary in their ability to respond to differing energy requirements.
D)Males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring.

Question 36

Why do predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary?

A)Each type of predator requires a different escape strategy.
B)They have been conditioned in the lab by primatologist.
C)Emotional impulses are produced randomly and involuntarily.
D)They are a result of individual factors,as in humans.

Question 37

What do male reproductive strategies emphasize?

A)competition between males for access to reproductive-age females
B)avoiding risk-taking behavior
C)avoiding violence against competitors for female access
D)engaging in care of young

Question 38

Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds.What are some examples of these sounds?

A)screams,gnashing,and hissing
B)grunts,pants,and hoots
C)howling,hoots,and high-pitched screams
D)pants,coos,and gurgles

Question 39

Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which of these species?

A)baboon
B)gibbon
C)orangutan
D)chimpanzee

Question 40

How do primates acquire food?

A)through cooperation among kin groups,mostly by hunting
B)through a wide variety of food-foraging strategies
C)through a limited set of highly specialized foraging strategies
D)through the use of highly developed material culture

Question 41

Describe some examples of learned behavior and cultural traditions among primates.

Question 42

What have scientists learned about the function of primate vocalizations and how they relate to the evolution of human language?

Question 43

It has been argued that human violence,especially in males,can be linked to our evolutionary history.What is this link,according to Richard Wrangham?

A)The common ancestor of chimpanzees behaved like modern chimps,forming coalitions of males to kill individuals from neighboring territories.
B)Some chimpanzees and some humans form coalitions to carry out acts of violence,but since our common ancestor did not do so,this is a case of evolutionary convergence.
C)All anthropoid primates engage in similar patterns of violent activity,so we would expect humans to do so as well.
D)Both chimpanzees and human ancestors were continuously threatened by red colobus monkeys,and the response is the ability to form protective violent coalitions.

Question 44

Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?

A)predation
B)niche competition
C)adaptive radiation
D)habitat

Question 45

Compare and contrast male and female primates in terms of reproductive strategies and competition.

Question 46

Jane Goodall is one of the world's most famous scientists.Which of the following did she accomplish as a primatologist?

A)She established a long-term research project at Gombe,Tanzania,which focused on chimpanzees,and discovered that they use tools such as twigs.
B)She studied and translated the vocalizations of monkeys in Botswana,with her colleagues Cheney and Seyfarth.
C)She researched chimpanzee violence,hunting,and predation at a site in Uganda,comparing their patterns of aggression to those of humans.
D)She deciphered language-like abilities in the chimpanzee known as Nim Chimpsky,teaching him American Sign Language.

Question 47

Altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic individual.What observation might best explain this behavior?

A)Helping behavior directed toward related individuals is costly and has probably never evolved;most altruistic behavior is random.
B)Altruistic behavior is most common in groups with a low degree of genetic relatedness.
C)Altruistic behavior is widespread in primates,but as observed by Wrangham,is absent in chimpanzees.
D)Altruistic behavior is often directed toward related individuals and enhances inclusive fitness.

Question 48

Macaques and humans in Indonesia sometimes interact,especially where there are temples. What is an example of a benefit and a cost,to the monkeys,of this interaction?

A)The monkeys are exposed to disease;the monkeys obtain extra food.
B)The monkeys are sacrificed at the temples;the monkeys are protected from predators.
C)The monkeys are captured,neutered,and released;the monkeys are fed food scraps.
D)Some monkeys are taken for food by the humans;the monkeys are fed to fatten them up for market.

Question 49

Describe the range of primate residence patterns.Relate social grouping to food and reproduction.

Question 50

Which of the following is true of tool use among primates?

A)Primates have been observed using tools only after humans taught them how.
B)Mother chimpanzees have been observed teaching their young how to use tools.
C)All African chimpanzees use the same forms of tools.
D)Primates have only been observed using tools in zoos.

Question 51

Why are primates social?