Deck 6: Biology in the Present: The Other Living Primates

Question 1

Which of the following fall under the cladistic classification of apes and humans?

A)three subfamilies within hominids: pongines,gorillines,and hominines
B)the term hominid to describe only humans and their ancestors
C)the division of hominoids into hylobatids,pongids,and hominids
D)tarsiers,lemurs,and lorises

Answer 1

three subfamilies within hominids: pongines,gorillines,and hominines

Question 2

What is arboreal adaptation?

A)adaptation to life in the trees
B)the ability to brachiate
C)adaptation to life in the savannah
D)the ability to move on four limbs

Answer 2

adaptation to life in the trees

Question 3

Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations.What is an example of this kind of adaptation in primates?

A)opposable thumbs
B)a precision grip
C)short digits
D)an expanded reliance on sense of smell

Answer 3

opposable thumbs

Question 4

How do haplorhines differ from strepsirhines?

A)Haplorhines have a tail.
B)Haplorhines have better color vision.
C)Haplorhines are less dimorphic sexually.
D)Haplorhines have a smaller brain relative to body size.

Question 5

While at the zoo you see an exhibit with a small group of primates and notice they have wet,snout-like noses.This indicates a species of:

A)strepsirhine,because they retain the rhinarium not found in other mammal species.
B)haplorhine primate,because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
C)platyrrhine primate,because their nostrils do not point downward.
D)lemur that retain a rhinarium found only in strepsirhine primates.

Question 6

In what way do primate females differ from many other mammals?

A)Primate females invest less in their offspring.
B)Primate females give birth to more offspring.
C)Primate females give birth to fewer offspring.
D)Primate females give birth to twins frequently.

Question 7

Which of the following is the only place living lemurs are found?

A)Asia
B)Africa
C)South America
D)Madagascar

Question 8

You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution.You note that the authors refer to human,but not gorilla,ancestors as hominids.What other grouping of different primates would you expect the same researchers to use,if they are consistent in their approach?

A)They would use the term gorilline to refer to gorillas.
B)They would use the term hominine to include chimps and humans,but not gorillas.
C)They would also include chimps under hominid.
D)They would group tarsiers with the prosimians.

Question 9

Primates have an enhanced sense of vision.How do primatologists think this evolved?

A)Primate eyes converged toward the front of the skull,giving enhanced depth perception.Later,nocturnal primates shifted to become diurnal,and in this context,color vision evolved.
B)Primates were initially diurnal,but later went through a nocturnal phase.The requirements of being able to see in limited light caused primates to have excellent vision.
C)The nocturnal ancestors of primates used color vision to identify edible insects and fruits.
D)As primates became larger and more diurnal,predation pressure increased,so enhanced vision was selected for to spot and avoid predators.

Question 10

What do high,pointed crowns indicate a diet of?

A)fruit
B)leaves
C)meat
D)insects

Question 11

Some primates have prehensile tails.Which ones?

A)Prehensile tails independently evolved in a handful of Old World and New World primates.
B)Prehensile tails were found in all the early primates and are common today,but have been lost in apes (including humans)and one species of macaque.
C)Prehensile tails are found in some platyrrhines.
D)Prehensile tails are found only in the lemurs of Madagascar.

Question 12

What does the suborder strepsirhini include?

A)New World and Old World monkeys
B)lemurs,lorises,galagos,and tarsiers
C)great apes and lesser apes
D)lemurs,lorises,and Old World monkeys

Question 13

What are the two suborders of primates?

A)platyrrhine and catarrhine
B)strepsirhini and haplorhini
C)pongidae and hominidae
D)tarsiers and anthropoids

Question 14

Compared to other primates,what adaptations do strepsirhines have?

A)an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands
B)a larger brain
C)a reduced number of teeth
D)smaller eye orbits

Question 15

Which of the following are considered haplorhine?

A)monkeys and apes,including humans
B)African and Asian apes only
C)tarsiers,monkeys,and apes only
D)lemurs,lorises,galagos,and tarsiers

Question 16

Colobine primates are well adapted for eating leaves.What leaf-eating traits have evolved in these monkeys?

A)They have cheek pouches for saving leaves to be consumed later,analogous to a cow chewing cud.
B)They have low,rounded teeth that allow the crushing of leaves to obtain more nutrients from them.
C)They are very arboreal,have high,pointed molars good for shearing leaves,and a three or four chambered stomach similar to that of a cow.
D)They have prehensile tails that allow them to more easily feed and move about in the high canopy of the rainforest.

Question 17

What is the presence of a rhinarium in a primate an example of?

A)a derived trait found in several primate species
B)a primitive characteristic retained in only some primates
C)a recently evolved adaptation to changes in climate
D)evidence for the use of primitive language and symbolic expression

Question 18

What is the dental pattern of Old World higher primates?

A)2/1/2/3
B)2/1/3/3
C)2/2/2/3
D)2/2/3/3

Question 19

In primates,low,rounded cusps indicate a diet of:

A)fruit.
B)meat.
C)insects.
D)leaves.

Question 20

Which of the following fall under the suborder strepsirhini?

A)only nocturnal species
B)only diurnal species
C)diurnal and nocturnal galagos
D)diurnal and nocturnal lemurs

Question 21

A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back of the skull belongs to:

A)an individual that is fully bipedal,such as a human.
B)an individual that is fully quadrupedal,such as a dog.
C)an individual that is fully quadrupedal,such as a human.
D)any Old World primate.

Question 22

What are the three prominent tendencies of primates identified by the eminent British anatomist Sir Wilfrid E.Le Gros Clark (1895-1971)?

A)the presence of a rhinarium,increased motility,and an opposable thumb
B)increased mobility,arboreal adaptation,and brachiation
C)arboreal adaptation,parental investment,and the presence of dietary plasticity
D)the presence of a rhinarium,forward-facing eyes,and increased parental care

Question 23

What is the typical catarrhine dental formula?

A)1/1/2/3
B)2/1/3/3
C)2/1/2/3
D)3/1/2/3

Question 24

A feature unique to human teeth and found generally in Hominini teeth is:

A)the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
B)a canine that shows no wear on any surface.
C)the Y-5 cusp pattern.
D)a canine that shows wear on the tip.

Question 25

The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:

A)colobus monkeys.
B)chimpanzees.
C)lemurs.
D)howler monkeys.

Question 26

What is the typical dental formula of lorises and lemurs?

A)2/1/3/3
B)1/1/3/3
C)2/1/3/2
D)3/1/2/3

Question 27

While observing primates at the zoo,you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands,feet,and tail to grasp branches while moving throughout the trees in its enclosure.What kind of monkey is this most likely?

A)an Old World monkey,because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet
B)a lesser ape,because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet
C)a New World monkey,because these are the only monkeys that live in trees
D)a New World monkey,because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet

Question 28

Which of the following primates have a rhinarium?

A)baboons
B)gorillas
C)ring-tail lemurs
D)howler monkeys

Question 29

What is the special lower incisor that strepsirhines have called?

A)bilophodont
B)two-ridge tooth
C)diastema
D)tooth comb

Question 30

In your primate anatomy lab you are shown the mandible (lower jawbone)of a species of primate.While looking at the teeth you notice a large space between the canine and first premolar.What do you note in your lab book?

A)This is likely the lower jaw of a human,due to the potential presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
B)This might belong to a species of Old World monkey or ape,as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
C)This is likely the lower jaw of a human,given the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
D)This might belong to a species of Old World monkey or ape,as the space in the teeth suggests the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.

Question 31

What does dietary plasticity in primates refer to?

A)eating a wide variety of foods
B)lack of diversity of diets over time
C)diets composed of a variety of red meats
D)diets composed of a variety of fruits

Question 32

For which of the following statements did the reintroduction project of lemurs on St.Catherines provide more evidence?

A)Lemurs should never be reintroduced to the island of Madagascar.
B)The reintroduction programs are quite simple and can likely be carried out in any circumstance.
C)Primates exhibit remarkable levels of adaptability under many circumstances.
D)Primates are not able to survive outside their natural geographic habitats.

Question 33

What is preadaptation?

A)the series of apparent adaptations that are never actually used
B)the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function
C)an anatomical feature used in the manner for which it was originally selected
D)a phenomenon that occurs before natural selection can occur

Question 34

Why do primates have long growth and development periods?

A)They are like other mammals in taking a long time to develop to sexual maturity.
B)On average they are smaller bodied than most other mammals.
C)They have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals.
D)The areas of the brain associated with smell and hearing are expanded in primates.

Question 35

We observe a remarkable increase in brain size in the order primates.What is this associated with?

A)Primates have long growth and development periods to accommodate the development of complex behaviors in individuals.
B)Primates have shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.
C)Primate brain size is determined primarily by genetic drift and has no clear adaptive role,other than in humans.
D)The relatively large brain in primates is due to the expansion of the olfactory system during primate evolution.

Question 36

Among all primates,what do humans have?

A)the largest body relative to other animals
B)the greatest level of biological adaptability
C)the largest body size
D)the largest brain relative to body size

Question 37

What is the cladistic approach to primate classification based on?

A)the use of anatomical and genetic evidence to establish ancestral relationships
B)direct observation of phenotypes only
C)the gradistic method of classification
D)levels of anatomical complexity,without consideration of ancestor-descendent relationships

Question 38

Relative to body size,what is primate brain size?

A)proportional to human brain size
B)more or less the same in large and small primates
C)smaller than in other large mammals
D)larger among great apes than among other primates

Question 39

In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain.The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe.What does this suggest?

A)This primate exhibits a derived trait for an enhanced sense of smell,since this trait is not commonly observed in mammal species.
B)This primate is a species of haplorhine because it has an increased reliance on vision.
C)This primate must be a species of strepsirhine,as that suborder of primates relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.
D)The species of this primate must be nocturnal.

Question 40

Old World monkeys have ________ molars.

A)Y-5
B)two sets of
C)bilophodont
D)one-inch

Question 41

Among all primates,what do humans have?

A)the largest olfactory bulb
B)the most acute sense of hearing
C)the most developed vision
D)the most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain

Question 42

Describe the arboreal adaptation of primates and include specific anatomical characteristics.

Question 43

To what does phylogeny refer?

A)evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits,genetics,and behavior
B)the fundamental anatomical features in primates that reflect their high degree of diversity
C)primates' ability to get around in trees using an unusually wide range of motions involving the limbs and trunk
D)a set of behaviors and anatomical characteristics that is unique to mammals adapted to life in the trees

Question 44

By what are primates characterized?

A)forward-facing eyes,varied diet,and nonviolent behavior
B)arboreal adaptation,dietary plasticity,and male dominance
C)docility,toolmaking,and parental investment
D)arboreal adaptation,dietary plasticity,and parental investment

Question 45

Discuss the anatomical differences of the skeleton between (bipedal)humans and (quadrupedal)apes.

Question 46

The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:

A)the uses of anatomical and genetic evidence.
B)morphology,behavior,and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
C)alternative forms of classification.
D)levels of anatomical complexity.

Question 47

Discuss the primate parental investment in terms of natural selection.What are the most important aspects of primate parenting and what is their value to socialization?

Question 48

What does brachiation refer to?

A)using the forelimbs to move from tree limb to tree limb
B)quadrupedal locomotion including the use of a tail
C)clinging and leaping locomotion in an arboreal environment
D)bipedality in nonhumans

Question 49

Discuss the anatomical differences between strepsirhines and haplorhines.How do these anatomical differences relate to behavior and socialization among the respective primate groups?

Question 50

Which of the following does the cladistic primate classification include?

A)anthropods and haplorhines
B)hominoids and chordata
C)strepsirhines and haplorhines
D)pongidae and omomyidae

Question 51

What do catarrhines' nostrils look like?

A)They are far apart and face sideways.
B)They are close together and face downward.
C)They are large due to their heightened sense of smell.
D)They are wide and include a large nasal sinus.

Question 52

Discuss the diversity of the dentition among primates.Pay particular attention to how form follows function with regard to dental morphology and diet.

Question 53

What features does a strepsirhine have?

A)a wet nose,a snout,downward-facing nostrils,and longer hind limbs than forelimbs
B)a snout,downward-facing nostrils,and longer forelimbs than hind limbs
C)a wet nose,a snout,a tooth comb,and a grooming claw
D)a tooth comb,a grooming claw,and ischial callosities