Deck 13: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity

Question 1

Which ocean region has the most biodiversity?

A)the intertidal
B)the pelagic
C)the surface
D)the benthic

Answer 1

D

Question 2

How many of the world's 580 biosphere reserves include coastal or marine habitats?

A)about 100
B)about 50
C)about 20
D)about 10

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which country has a significant whaling industry and a market for whale meat?

A)Great Britain
B)Australia
C)the United States
D)Japan

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a likely cause for species loss in marine ecosystems?

A)pollution
B)overfishing
C)habitat destruction
D)recreational fishing

Question 5

Which device has saved many thousands of sea turtles from shrimp trawlers?

A)gill nets
B)shrimp rakers
C)sonic devices that scare turtles away
D)turtle exclusion devices

Question 6

Why is protecting marine biodiversity difficult?

A)All the damage is highly visible to most people and they feel hopeless.
B)Most of the world's oceans lie within legal jurisdiction of a country.
C)People view the ocean as exhaustible.
D)Coastal development has contributed massive inputs of waste.

Question 7

Which of the following is an outcome of human activities?

A)a 20% decline in large open-ocean fish such as tuna and sharks
B)introducing fish species that have enhanced native species
C)large catches of nontargeted species
D)commercially viable cod stocks

Question 8

What percentage of fish species exist in marine systems?

A)43%
B)53%
C)63%
D)73%

Question 9

What is caused by purple loosestrife?

A)displaced native vegetation
B)enhanced habitat for some wetland species
C)cross-pollination with native plants
D)increased wetland diversity

Question 10

What was the cause of over half of North America's fish extinctions in the last century?

A)alien species
B)agricultural runoff
C)overfishing
D)oil spills

Question 11

What percentage of all marine species is found in coastal waters?

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 12

What percentage of the world's original coastal wetlands has been lost to agriculture and development?

A)about 25%
B)about 50%
C)about 66%
D)about 75%

Question 13

Which statement would a conservationist make about whales?

A)Whales are a resource that should be harvested.
B)Whales should be protected on ethical grounds.
C)Whales pose a threat to humans.
D)Whales should be carefully hunted with small quotas set.

Question 14

What is the definition of bycatch?

A)a catch above the allowable quota
B)a catch of a very rare species
C)a catch of targeted species
D)a catch of nontargeted species

Question 15

Which habitat do humans know little about?

A)deep ocean basins
B)Antarctica
C)deep space
D)tropical rainforests

Question 16

What is the depletion of the world's marine fish stocks due to overfishing a classic example of?

A)failure of international treaties
B)ecological extinction
C)the tragedy of the commons
D)sustainable resource use

Question 17

Which term refers to a fish population that is temporarily reduced due to over-fishing?

A)biologically extinct
B)commercially extinct
C)economically extinct
D)locally extinct

Question 18

Which animal is a cetacean?

A)a penguin
B)a porpoise
C)a sea turtle
D)a seal

Question 19

What has had massive destructive effects on ocean floor ecosystems?

A)trawl fishing
B)shipwrecks
C)sport fishing
D)boat anchors

Question 20

Where is most marine biodiversity found?

A)in tide pools
B)in salt flats
C)on coral reefs
D)on the deep ocean floor

Question 21

Which of the following will contribute to rebuilding the salmon populations?

A)not releasing juveniles from hatcheries
B)not releasing extra water from dams
C)not allowing salmon to bypass dams
D)banning dams from being built in some stream areas

Question 22

What situation is being faced by Canada's wetlands?

A)Over 20% of the wetlands in southern Ontario have been converted to farms.
B)Less than 25% of the prairie pothole region is gone.
C)Wetlands are diminishing in Canada.
D)There are no staunch defenders of wetlands in Canada.

Question 23

Where is the Sackville Waterfowl Park located?

A)in New Brunswick
B)in Nova Scotia
C)in Ontario
D)in Prince Edward Island

Question 24

Almost one-third of the global annual fish catch, from all sources, is thrown overboard.

Question 25

What contributed to the decline of Canada's west coast salmon populations?

A)the introduction of the sea lamprey
B)overharvesting by efficient fishing vessels
C)the bycatch of the tuna industry
D)larger numbers of smolts every year

Question 26

How did the sea lamprey reach the Great Lakes?

A)in the ballast water of tankers
B)through the Welland Canal
C)attached to zebra mussels
D)accidental release by human activities

Question 27

The Eurasian ruffe is native to Canadian aquatic ecosystems.

Question 28

What percent of wetlands have been lost in southern Ontario?

A)90
B)70
C)50
D)25

Question 29

What is one feature of provincially significant wetlands?

A)They have a lower biodiversity rating than other wetlands.
B)They are not protected from development.
C)They are only found close to development.
D)They may offer tax advantages to the land owner.

Question 30

What is considered the greatest threat to the Great Lakes?

A)the spread of alien species
B)the increase in commercial fishing
C)the dumping of raw human sewage
D)the increase in thermal pollution from electric power plants

Question 31

Which of the following is better than the current way to manage the aquaculture industry?

A)restrict the locations of coastal fish farms
B)depend more on herbivorous fish species
C)allow more predatory fish to be raised
D)make the cages even larger

Question 32

Which approach to estimating marine fish populations is the most beneficial to fish populations?

A)commercial sustained yield
B)maximum sustained yield
C)potential sustained yield
D)optimum sustained yield

Question 33

What is one economic approach to reducing overfishing?

A)improving the enforcement of fishing regulations
B)eliminating fishing subsidies
C)reducing the introduction of alien species
D)reducing bycatch levels

Question 34

Which problem is encountered by freshwater systems?

A)Eutrophication is a natural process that can occur only with the influence of humans.
B)Acid deposition represents a more serious hazard to lakes than rivers.
C)Rivers are more vulnerable than lakes to contamination by plant nutrients, oil, toxins, and pesticides.
D)Eutrophication has increased with the depleting ozone layer in the last 10 years.

Question 35

Which of the following is a fact about wetlands?

A)They store greenhouse gas emissions.
B)They are centres for biodiversity.
C)They are highly productive ecosystems.
D)They filter pollutants from water.

Question 36

Wetlands in Canada are diminishing due to the expansion of agriculture and subdivisions.

Question 37

Which animal was once considered the greatest threat to the Great Lakes?

A)goldfish
B)sea lamprey
C)bluegills
D)carp

Question 38

Proponents of whaling say that people in one country have no right to tell people in another country not to eat whales.

Question 39

Which destructive organism was introduced into the Great Lakes and has now spread to most of the major river systems in the central and eastern U.S.?

A)the sea lamprey
B)the round goby
C)the walking catfish
D)the zebra mussel

Question 40

What is one way to reduce the bycatch problem?

A)use narrow-meshed nets
B)ban the throwing of edible and marketable fish back into the sea
C)control pollution more strictly
D)use escape-proof devices for turtles and seabirds

Question 41

One of the reasons for the collapse of the cod fishery in eastern Canada was that the Canadian government ignored early warnings that stocks might be in jeopardy.

Question 42

Over half of all fish species live in marine systems.

Question 43

Algal blooms in east Africa's Lake Victoria led to the water becoming turbid which in turn created poor conditions for the mating of cichlids.

Question 44

Currently, the fishery throws away about ____________________% of the annual global catch.

Question 45

Currently, no nations hunt whales.

Question 46

Seaweeds and other organisms are sources of some chemicals used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Question 47

Prior to 1989, one bycatch of the U.S.shrimp trawling industry was loggerhead turtles.

Question 48

More than one-third of the world's virgin mangrove forest swamps have disappeared.

Question 49

Maximum sustained yield has helped prevent the collapse of most commercially valuable stocks of fish.

Question 50

East Africa's Lake Victoria declined in biodiversity due to the introduction of the Nile perch.

Question 51

One source of invasive species in aquatic environments is the _________________________ of ships.

Question 52

Overfishing leads to commercial extinction.

Question 53

Integrated coastal management tries to balance environmental quality with the need to meet economic and social demands.

Question 54

More than one-fourth of the world's coral reefs are severely damaged.

Question 55

After a lengthy period of being closed, Canada's cod fishery is showing signs of recovery according to statements by the Canadian government.

Question 56

Turtle exclusion devices are used in the U.S.in the long lining of swordfish to prevent capture of cetaceans.

Question 57

____________________ whales are filter feeders.

Question 58

____________________ are used to prevent turtles from becoming caught by U.S.shrimp trawling boats.

Question 59

The greatest threat to the biodiversity of the world's oceans is the loss and degradation of habitats.

Question 60

Non-native species are an increasing threat to marine and freshwater biodiversity.

Question 61

Do international agreements work in protecting fish stocks?

Question 62

What are some ways to rebuild salmon populations?

Question 63

_____________________________________________ is a community-based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainably.

Question 64

Ducks Unlimited is a staunch defender of ____________________.

Question 65

What are the ethical reasons for not allowing whaling activities to increase?

Question 66

Canada's salmon populations fluctuate from year to year in response to a variety of influences, including changes in ocean ____________________.

Question 67

What ecological services do wetlands provide?

Question 68

Sackville Waterfowl Park is located in ____________________, New Brunswick.

Question 69

____________________% of the prairie pothole region has been lost due to human activities.

Question 70

New Brunswick's Sackville Waterfowl Park is home to roughly ____________________ species of plants.

Question 71

One way to help build Canada's salmon populations is to protect their ____________________ beds.

Question 72

The ________________________________________ approach takes into account interactions with other species and has some room for error.Many countries ignore this approach for short-term political and economic reasons.

Question 73

Some people suggest that _________________________ and escapees from Canadian salmon farming operations are negatively affecting stocks of wild salmon.

Question 74

The ____________________ mussel invaded the Great Lakes because European ships emptied their ballast waters into the lake system.

Question 75

How can invasions by non-native species be stopped?

Question 76

One reason for the decline in Canada's salmon stocks is that salmon fishing has ____________________ dimensions.

Question 77

Asian carp have escaped from ____________________ aquaculture sites and at least two species are headed toward the Great Lakes.