Deck 31: Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

Question 1

A plant stem modified for storage of food such as starch is called a

A)bulb.
B)tuber.
C)taproot.
D)runner.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following structures is found in both plant and animal cells?

A)chloroplasts
B)mitochondria
C)a large central vacuole containing fluid
D)cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following plant cells or tissues help regulate the movement of carbon dioxide into and out of a leaf?

A)guard cells
B)root hairs
C)sieve tubes
D)xylem

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Monocot floral parts usually occur in multiples of

A)five.
B)four.
C)two.
D)three.

Question 5

Which type of vascular tissue cell in a plant is dead at maturity?

A)vessel elements
B)companion cells
C)sieve-tube cells
D)parenchyma cells

Question 6

The tallest plant on Earth is

A)a 500-foot kelp living off the coast of California.
B)a 379-foot redwood tree in California.
C)a 740-foot white oak tree in Illinois.
D)a giant seed fern in southern Peru.

Question 7

Photosynthesis occurs in which type of plant tissue?

A)parenchyma
B)vascular cambium
C)epidermal tissue
D)collenchyma

Question 8

Which of the following statements is false?

A)The ground tissue system of a leaf is called the mesophyll.
B)Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both.
C)The pith of a stem is often important in food storage.
D)Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are known as the ground tissue system.

Question 9

Sieve-tube elements are plant cells that are part of a plant tissue called

A)xylem.
B)tracheids.
C)phloem.
D)sclereids.

Question 10

Removing the terminal bud of a plant that shows apical dominance will cause

A)an increase in the growth of the root system.
B)increased growth of the terminal bud.
C)increased growth of the axillary buds.
D)an immediate flowering of the plant.

Question 11

Which of the following substances, by providing strength, allows sclerenchyma cells to provide support and play a role analogous to that of an animal's skeleton?

A)lignin
B)sucrose
C)starch
D)chlorophyll

Question 12

In general, plant dermal tissues are found

A)at the outer surface of a plant.
B)near the center of the plant stems and roots.
C)lining the vascular tissue.
D)throughout the plant body.

Question 13

The cells that store starch in dicot roots are located between the

A)xylem and the phloem.
B)epidermis and the root hairs.
C)epidermis and the vascular cylinder.
D)epidermis and the cortex.

Question 14

Most angiosperms are dicots, and most dicots are

A)cycads.
B)gymnosperms.
C)eudicots.
D)mosses.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Stalks of celery are the petioles of the plant.
B)White potatoes are modified plant roots.
C)A carrot is an example of a taproot.
D)The layers of an onion are actually modified leaves.

Question 16

The chief function of root hairs is to

A)decrease the anchoring power of roots.
B)increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
C)provide a direct passageway from the soil to the vascular cylinder.
D)provide a home for symbiotic bacteria.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Stems and leaves depend on the water and minerals absorbed by the roots.
B)Roots depend upon sugars produced in photosynthetic organs such as leaves.
C)Plant root hairs help to absorb carbon dioxide from the soil.
D)The shoot system of a plant consists of the stems, leaves, and adaptations for reproduction.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of eudicots?

A)parallel leaf venation
B)vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
C)a flower with six petals
D)a taproot system

Question 19

What is the node of a plant stem?

A)the point of leaf attachment
B)the point of apical dominance
C)the area between the shoots and the roots
D)a small pore where gases are exchanged

Question 20

What event that occurred around 10,000 years ago led to genetic changes in many of the plants we are most familiar with?

A)the beginning of agriculture
B)the domestication of animals
C)the invention of genetic engineering
D)the mass extinction of herbivores

Question 21

Which of the following flower parts produces female gametophytes?

A)anthers
B)ovules
C)stigmas
D)sepals

Question 22

Bark consists of

A)functioning xylem, secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.
B)secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.
C)cork cambium and cork.
D)cork only.

Question 23

The growth that pushes a root down through the soil takes place through

A)cell elongation at the tip of the root cap.
B)cell division in the apical meristem.
C)cell elongation behind the root tip.
D)differentiation of xylem cells in the apical meristem.

Question 24

Before it opens up into full blossom, the outer green layer of a rosebud consists of the leaflike

A)sepals.
B)stamen.
C)ovary.
D)petals.

Question 25

The increase in girth associated with production of wood and bark in trees occurs as a consequence of

A)primary growth.
B)secondary growth.
C)growth in apical meristems.
D)indeterminate growth.

Question 26

Which of the following cells provide flexible support to the growing parts of plants?

A)collenchyma cells
B)sieve-tube elements
C)sclerenchyma cells
D)parenchyma cells

Question 27

How many chromosomes are there in a maize egg cell nucleus as compared to a maize pollen cell nucleus?

A)half as many
B)twice as many
C)the same number
D)half as many or the same number, depending on whether the pollen cell has divided to produce sperm or not

Question 28

In a flowering plant, the cells that give rise to sperm undergo meiosis in the

A)ovaries.
B)sepals.
C)anthers.
D)stigma.

Question 29

Which of the following is a function of tracheids?

A)food storage
B)photosynthesis
C)production of sex cells
D)water conduction

Question 30

The male organ of a flower is the

A)style.
B)stamen.
C)sepal.
D)carpel.

Question 31

How many layers of vascular cambium will there be in the trunk of a 10-year-old tree?

A)one
B)two
C)ten
D)thousands

Question 32

Flowers bear seeds that develop from ovules housed in protective chambers called

A)stamens.
B)sepals.
C)ovaries.
D)antheridia.

Question 33

Most trees and shrubs continue to grow year after year. Such plants are known as

A)biennials.
B)perennials.
C)annuals.
D)superannuals.

Question 34

The three tissue systems of a mature plant root complete their development in the root zone of

A)elongation.
B)cell division.
C)differentiation.
D)vascularization.

Question 35

A vascular cambium cell divides to produce an inner and an outer daughter cell. Which of the following represents the probable fate of these cells?

A)Both cells continue to divide to produce wood.
B)The inner cell will differentiate into xylem, and the outer cell will divide again.
C)The inner cell will differentiate into phloem, and the outer cell will differentiate into xylem.
D)Both cells will continue to divide without differentiating into specialized cells.

Question 36

If you carve your initials in the trunk of a tree, will they move up as the tree grows?

A)Yes. A tree elongates from the ground up.
B)Yes. Secondary growth will cause them to move up.
C)No. Elongation occurs just below the tips of growing stems in the apical meristems.
D)Yes. Growth continues in all parts of a plant throughout its life.

Question 37

New growth that increases stem length on a plant arises mainly from

A)the base of the stem.
B)apical meristems.
C)the tips of leaves.
D)the vascular cambium.

Question 38

What is the difference between the heartwood and sapwood of a tree?

A)Heartwood contains xylem, and sapwood contains phloem.
B)Sapwood contains xylem, and heartwood contains phloem.
C)Heartwood no longer transports water and minerals, and sapwood still conducts xylem sap.
D)Heartwood contains old phloem that no longer functions, and sapwood contains functioning phloem.

Question 39

A woody plant lives through five years of drought, followed by five years of good growing conditions. The ring of xylem cells formed during the five good years will

A)be thicker than those formed during the drought years.
B)be living, whereas those formed during the drought years will be dead.
C)be thinner than those formed during the drought years.
D)conduct a higher ratio of sugar to water than those formed during the drought years.

Question 40

In a showy flower such as a magnolia or rose, the flower parts that play the main role in attracting the notice of animal pollinators are the

A)petals.
B)sepals.
C)fruits.
D)stigmas.

Question 41

Which of the following is an advantage of cloning horticultural crops over sexual propagation?

A)Cloned plants are healthier and less susceptible to disease.
B)Cloning plants can allow growers to produce large numbers of plants with minimal effort and expense.
C)Cloned plants grow more slowly but have stronger stems.
D)Cloning provides more variation in flower color and size.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about germination is false?

A)The germination of a seed represents the beginning of life.
B)Germination usually begins when a seed takes up water.
C)A hydrated seed expands, rupturing its seed coat.
D)Germination usually takes place after a period of dormancy.

Question 43

The genetically identical organisms that result from asexual reproduction are called

A)clones.
B)seeds.
C)seedlings.
D)rootlets.

Question 44

The "halves" of an individual peanut, which represent its cotyledons, develop from the fertilized zygote and are composed of

A)triploid endosperm cells.
B)haploid endosperm cells.
C)diploid embryo sporophyte cells.
D)diploid maternal sporophyte cells.

Question 45

A seed develops from a(n)

A)pollen grain.
B)fruit.
C)ovary.
D)ovule.

Question 46

Which of the following is a function of fruits?

A)production of food for the developing embryo
B)pollen dispersal
C)seed dispersal
D)attracting pollinators

Question 47

How does the sperm of an angiosperm reach the egg?

A)via the pollen tube that grows from the pollen grain through the carpel tissues to the ovule
B)via the pollen tube that grows from the ovule to reach the pollen grain on the stigma
C)usually via an insect, which places sperm in the ovary while probing for nectar
D)by actively swimming down through the style to the egg

Question 48

Which of the following plant parts commonly contributes to asexual reproduction?

A)seeds
B)roots
C)flowers
D)fruits

Question 49

Foreign genes can be inserted into a single plant cell that is then cultured to produce

A)a genetically modified plant.
B)genetically modified seeds.
C)a new plant species.
D)clones of the organisms from which the genes were taken.

Question 50

Which of the following structures is the first to emerge from the germinating seed of a eudicot such as the garden bean?

A)the embryonic shoot hook
B)cotyledons
C)the embryonic root
D)the shoot sheath

Question 51

In angiosperms, the process of ________ ensures that the endosperm will develop only in ovules containing a fertilized egg.

A)cytogenesis
B)meiosis
C)double fertilization
D)cytokinesis

Question 52

While cleaning out the attic, you find a packet of seeds that your grandmother gathered from her garden. You plant them outside, and some of them sprout. What was the condition of these germinating seeds while they were in the attic?

A)The endosperm cells were dead; the embryo cells were alive but inactive.
B)They were dead, but the embryo cells revived in response to water.
C)They were alive and very metabolically active.
D)They were alive but dormant.

Question 53

A number of studies have found that for many plants there is an increase in seed production under conditions of elevated carbon dioxide levels. Which of the following is a likely explanation for this phenomenon?

A)The energy needed to produce seeds comes from carbon dioxide.
B)The carbon needed to produce new plant molecules through photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide.
C)Increased carbon dioxide levels cause increased cell respiration, which is needed to produce more seeds.
D)Increased carbon dioxide causes increased plant heating, which speeds up seed production.

Question 54

How many chromosomes are there in a maize embryo cell nucleus as compared to a maize endosperm cell nucleus?

A)half as many
B)two-thirds as many
C)the same number
D)twice as many

Question 55

In which of the following situations would plant reproduction be most likely to be pollinator-limited?

A)a very large field of a single crop covering a large area
B)a field of wildflowers in a very cold region
C)a species of plant with a very long growing season
D)plants that produce large fruits

Question 56

A mature ovary, specialized as a vessel that houses and protects seeds, is a

A)fruit.
B)ovule.
C)cotyledon.
D)seed coat.

Question 57

One assumption about plant reproduction is that because it requires so many resources (energy and molecules), reproductive output is resource-limited. Which of the following statements provides evidence that this assumption may be incorrect?

A)There is a correlation between the amount of sunlight a plant receives and how much fruit it produces.
B)Hand-pollinated plants produce more seeds than naturally pollinated plants.
C)Plants growing in moist conditions produce more flowers than plants growing in dry conditions.
D)Domesticated plants produce more seeds than wild plants.

Question 58

Which of the following is a disadvantage of cloning as a propagation technique?

A)Cloning produces monocultures that can potentially be wiped out by a single disease.
B)Cloning is more expensive and more difficult than growing from seeds.
C)Cloning is time-consuming, with slow results.
D)Cloned organisms are dangerous and unpredictable.

Question 59

What is the evolutionary advantage of the very long life span of some plants?

A)the ability to adapt to changing environments
B)the ability to develop resistance to many diseases
C)the ability to produce many offspring over many years
D)the ability to grow back after being damaged

Question 60

What happens to the cotyledons of pea and maize seeds?

A)They remain in the soil and decompose.
B)They form a protective sheath around the developing root system.
C)They surround the base of the shoot to provide additional strength.
D)They immediately begin to use the sun's energy in photosynthesis.

Question 61

In the figure above, which structure allows sufficient water to enter the leaf?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D

Question 62

In the figure above, which structure can change to regulate the amount of CO₂ entering the leaf?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D

Question 63

In the figure above, which structure transports the products of photosynthesis?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D

Question 64

Which structure in the image has a different number of chromosomes than the others?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D

Question 65

The part of corn that is used for fuel or food is the

A)fruit.
B)root.
C)zygote.
D)flower.

Question 66

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow
The redwood groves in Northern California are one of America's greatest natural resources. Redwoods can live more than 2,000 years and grow taller than 350 feet. When tourism became popular in the late 1800s, large tunnels were cut through the center of several of these giant trees to allow wagons to pass through (and to attract tourists to the location). Even today, visitors wait in line to be photographed driving their cars through a tunnel. When the groves were converted into national parks, the tunneling was discontinued, but several tunneled trees are still alive.
Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of tissues a tunnel would pass through (starting from the outer surface of the tree and passing through the central core)?

A)cork, cork cambium, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, sapwood, heartwood
B)epidermis, cortex, primary phloem, primary xylem, heartwood, sapwood
C)heartwood, wood rays, cork cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium
D)bark, wood rays, growth rings, lateral meristems, primary phloem, secondary phloem

Question 67

A 20-foot-tall tree that seemed to have stopped growing was cut down by the forester who had planted it 43 years earlier, who was concerned that it might be diseased. Measurements over the past 10 years had shown that the tree's height varied only 2 or 3 inches each year, some years with a height increase and some years with a height decrease. Other data indicated that the tree had 41 rings of similar width and had produced similar numbers of nuts every year for the last 30 years. Based on these data, which conclusion was most likely a part of the forester's report on the tree's health?

A)All growth in this tree stopped 10 years ago.
B)This was a healthy tree that had reached its mature height but otherwise continued normal growth.
C)Overactivity of the tree's apical meristems likely caused the stunted growth.
D)The tree did not grow taller because it was putting all of its energy production into nut production.

Question 68

This image represents monocots and eudicots. Which column shows traits that are incorrectly categorized?

A)column A
B)column B
C)column C
D)column D

Question 69

Which part of this seed contains stored food that allows the seed to grow until it can perform photosynthesis?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Question 70

In the figure above, which structures ensure that too much water does not leave the leaf?

A)structures A and B
B)structures B and C
C)structures C and D
D)structures D and A

Question 71

A florist assembles a bouquet of flowers from the following: 1. lilies, which have long leaves with parallel veins
2) Queen Anne's lace, also known as wild carrot because of its large taproot
3) buttercups, with their five lovely yellow petals
4) new shoots of daisies with two small cotyledons
This bunch of flowers contains

A)one eudicot and three monocots.
B)two eudicots and two monocots.
C)three eudicots and one monocot.
D)all eudicots and no monocots.

Question 72

Which part of this root tip is the apical meristem?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Question 73

In which structure will meiosis occur?

A)structure A
B)the petals of the flower
C)structure C
D)structure D

Question 74

In Utah there is a clone of aspen trees that covers over 100 acres. Such clones can be considered to be a single plant with many stems. It appears that the first stem of this clone originated over 80,000 years ago, even before there were humans in North America. Which of the following likely contributes most to the long-term survival (long life span)of aspens?

A)If parts of the organism (clone)are damaged, there are still other parts that can continue growing.
B)All parts of the clone carry the same genes.
C)A shared root system means that all stems receive the same nourishment.
D)Sexual reproduction can occur more frequently in clones.

Question 75

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow
The redwood groves in Northern California are one of America's greatest natural resources. Redwoods can live more than 2,000 years and grow taller than 350 feet. When tourism became popular in the late 1800s, large tunnels were cut through the center of several of these giant trees to allow wagons to pass through (and to attract tourists to the location). Even today, visitors wait in line to be photographed driving their cars through a tunnel. When the groves were converted into national parks, the tunneling was discontinued, but several tunneled trees are still alive.
When the redwood tunnels were first constructed, not much consideration was given to the long-term effects of a tunnel on a tree's health. Nevertheless, many trees have survived more than 100 years after a tunnel was cut through their trunks. This is possible because

A)the wood rays run laterally through the trunk, so water and nutrients can still travel to all the tree's tissues.
B)the remaining heartwood is able to transport water and nutrients through the trunk.
C)the secondary xylem and phloem run vertically on either side of the vascular cambium and are not completely disrupted by the tunnel.
D)mature cork cells are dead, so their loss does not disrupt nutrient and water transport.

Question 76

Aspen trees are the most widely distributed tree in North America. A forest of many aspen trees, some of which may be tens of thousands of years old, is actually one single clone. Which of the following is likely to be the greatest threat to the long-term survival of aspen forests?

A)insects, which may bore holes in the stems of trees
B)climate change, which alters aspen trees' typical environment from the usual moist and cool to dry and warm
C)a fungus that is often found associated with roots of some trees in the stand
D)lack of pollinators

Question 77

In the figure above, if the leaf is like a solar panel receiving light energy and converting it to another form of energy, structure A is like what part of the solar panel?

A)the clear covering that allows sunlight in where it can be converted to another type of energy
B)the wires leading the transformed energy to the point of energy use or storage
C)the point of attachment of the solar panel to a rooftop
D)the cells in the panel that trap light energy

Question 78

Which of the following statements, according to this figure, is true?

A)The efficiency of corn production (yield per area)in the United States has increased more than global efficiency.
B)The efficiency of global corn production (yield per area)has increased more than efficiency in the United States.
C)Global production efficiency was greater prior to 1980 than since 1980.
D)The efficiency of U.S. production has decreased.

Question 79

Which structure is the result of double fertilization?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D