Deck 15: Population, urbanization, and Environment

Question 1

Fecundity is a simple and useful way to measure population increase.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The forced transport of 10 million slaves from Africa to the Americas is an example of involuntary migration.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Thomas Robert Malthus expected population to increase according to an arithmetic progression.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The planet's population first reached 1 billion about the year 1500.

Question 5

An annual growth rate of about 2 percent will cause a society's population to double in about thirty-five years.

Question 6

Most people migrate due to a combination of "push-pull" factors.

Question 7

The infant mortality rate for African Americans is more than twice as high as it is for white people.

Question 8

The average life expectancy for U.S.children born today is about sixty years.

Question 9

To calculate a crude birth rate,divide the number of live births in a year into the total population and multiply the result by 1,000.

Question 10

People's movement out of a territory is called immigration.

Question 11

The crude birth rate in North America is lower than that for Asia.

Question 12

The crude death rate for the United States is very high by world standards.

Question 13

In general,low-income countries grow as much from immigration as from natural increase.

Question 14

Demographic transition theory states that humanity must act now to reduce fertility if we are to save the planet.

Question 15

Sex ratios are usually greater than 100 because men typically outlive women.

Question 16

Demography is the study of the size and composition of a society's population.

Question 17

The crude death rate is the most widely used measure of a society's population decline.

Question 18

An age-sex pyramid is useful,in part,because it helps predict the demographic future of a society.

Question 19

It would be fair to say that Malthus was a pessimist about the future of the world.

Question 20

In many low-income nations,parents value sons more than daughters,which explains why the age-sex ratio in these nations may be higher than 100.

Question 21

In general,the way of life of people living in low-income nations causes much more harm to the environment than the way of life of people living in high-income nations does.

Question 22

Protecting the rain forests is vital to maintaining the Earth's biodiversity.

Question 23

A metropolis is a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area.

Question 24

Because our planet is mostly covered with oceans,there is no shortage of fresh water.

Question 25

Environmental racism is a pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for the poor,especially poor minorities.

Question 26

As societies gain technological power,more population,and affluence,they have a greater and greater effect on the natural environment.

Question 27

"Zero population growth" refers to cases in which no more people are born.

Question 28

By 2012,the world is home to about how many people?

A)7 billion
B)4 billion
C)1 billion
D)700 million

Question 29

At the present rate of loss,almost all of the rain forests will be gone by the end of this century.

Question 30

The limits to growth thesis states that humans can expect to solve whatever environmental problems come along.

Question 31

Global warming could cause the oceans to fall by two to three feet during this century.

Question 32

For decades,China has regulated fertility with a "one-child" policy.

Question 33

In 2011,eighty nations had a birth rate below the zero population growth point.

Question 34

During the last decade,there has been a rebound in the rural population of the United States.

Question 35

Durkheim's concept of mechanical solidarity parallels Tönnies's concept of Gemeinschaft.

Question 36

In general,Snowbelt cities are larger in physical size than Sunbelt cities.

Question 37

Today,the three or four largest cities contain as many people as did the entire world some 12,000 years ago.

Question 38

Georg Simmel claimed that urbanites are so interested in each other's lives that there is little privacy in cities.

Question 39

Currently,about how many people are added to the world's population each year?

A)830,000
B)8.3 million
C)83 million
D)830 million

Question 40

The University of Chicago's sociology department had an early focus on cities and urban life.

Question 41

Which of the following four statements about migration is NOT true?

A)Migration can be voluntary or involuntary.
B)Movement into a territory is called immigration.
C)Movement out of a territory is called emigration.
D)Migration has little or no effect on population size.

Question 42

The United States is a high-income country;therefore,we would expect population increase to result from which of the following?

A)both immigration and natural increase
B)natural increase only
C)immigration only
D)emigration only

Question 43

If you were studying countries with very low infant mortality,in which of the following global regions would you be most likely to look?

A)Latin America
B)Africa
C)Europe
D)Asia

Question 44

When in history did global population begin to spike upward?

A)1500
B)1750
C)1900
D)1975

Question 45

Which of the following concepts refers to the number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population?

A)fertility
B)refined birth rate
C)crude birth rate
D)fecundity

Question 46

In terms of migration within the United States,the region of the country most often left behind is

A)the heartland or Great Plains,from North Dakota down to Texas.
B)the South.
C)the West Coast,from Washington down to California.
D)the Southeast.

Question 47

Looking at countries around the world,what is the relationship between average income level and rate of population increase?

A)The lower the average income,the greater the population increase.
B)All nations are increasing at about the same rate.
C)The higher the average income,the greater the population increase.
D)Poor nations are holding steady,rich nations are decreasing.

Question 48

In global perspective,the crude birth rate of high income nations such as the United States is

A)much higher than average.
B)slightly higher than average.
C)about equal to the average.
D)below average.

Question 49

Among which of the following categories of the U.S.population is fertility low?

A)Hispanics
B)Amish people
C)Asian Americans
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 50

Assume a country has a population of 400 million people and in a given year has 4 million births.What is this country's current crude birth rate?

A).1
B)1
C)10
D)4 million

Question 51

If a nation has a sex ratio of 108,as India does,it is very likely that parents there

A)value sons more than daughters.
B)value daughters more than sons.
C)value children of both sexes equally.
D)place little value on children.

Question 52

If you were to examine an age-sex pyramid for a low-income nation,you would expect to see which of the following patterns?

A)a wide base,indicating a high birth rate
B)a square shape,indicating a low birth rate
C)a bulge in the middle,indicating a "baby boom"
D)None of the other responses is correct.

Question 53

Demography is defined as the study of

A)democratic political systems.
B)human population.
C)changes in human culture.
D)the natural environment.

Question 54

Why are sex ratios usually below 100?

A)because many societies abort male fetuses
B)because more women than men are born
C)because women typically outlive men
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 55

Fertility refers to

A)life expectancy for a nation's population.
B)norms that encourages people to have children.
C)the maximum number of children a woman can have.
D)the incidence of childbearing in a nation's population.

Question 56

The demographic measure called the "sex ratio" refers to

A)how easily couples conceive children.
B)the number of males for every 100 females in the population.
C)the number of females for every 100 males in the population.
D)the ratio of children to adults in a population.

Question 57

When did the world's population reach 1 billion?

A)1600
B)1700
C)1800
D)1900

Question 58

Throughout most of human history,families had many children because

A)children were a source of needed labor.
B)birth control was not reliable.
C)high death rates meant that many children did not reach adulthood.
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 59

Which of the following concepts refers to the maximum possible childbearing for women?

A)the crude birth rate
B)fertility
C)fecundity
D)the refined birth rate

Question 60

One region of the world has both the highest birth rate and the highest infant mortality rate.Which is it?

A)Latin America
B)Africa
C)Europe
D)Asia

Question 61

With the Industrial Revolution,how did the physical design of cities change?

A)Cities took on a new focus on business.
B)Winding streets gave way to broad and straight boulevards.
C)Urban populations became much larger.
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 62

Most historians agree that the first city was

A)Ur.
B)Uruk.
C)Jericho.
D)London.

Question 63

About how long ago in history did the first cities emerge?

A)10,000 years ago
B)4,000 years ago
C)2,000 years ago
D)1,000 years ago

Question 64

In what year was half the U.S.population living in urban places for the first time?

A)1880
B)1920
C)1960
D)1985

Question 65

The Industrial Revolution had what effect on U.S.cities?

A)Buildings became much taller.
B)Cities became much larger and had many more people.
C)Cities stood at the center of an expanding urban region.
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 66

How much did the world's population increase during the twentieth century?

A)Not at all-it stayed about the same.
B)It doubled.
C)It tripled.
D)It quadrupled.

Question 67

Which of the following nations would you expect to be MOST concerned about declining population?

A)a landlocked country such as Chad
B)a large country such as Brazil
C)a high-income country such as Japan
D)a low-income country such as Bangladesh

Question 68

About when did urban centralization-the industrial metropolis-reach its peak in the United States?

A)1900
B)1925
C)1950
D)1975

Question 69

In the preindustrial stage of technological development,population

A)increases very slowly,with a high birth rate offset by a high death rate.
B)increases rapidly due mostly to natural increase.
C)increases rapidly due entirely to immigration.
D)decreases very rapidly.

Question 70

In low-income countries,increasing opportunities available to women are likely to

A)stimulate the economy,raising economic output.
B)lower the birth rate.
C)result in more education for women.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 71

Urban decentralization has led to

A)an expansion of suburbs.
B)the development of vast urban regions.
C)the growth of edge cities.
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 72

Currently,about how much of the global population increase is taking place in low-income nations?

A)33 percent
B)50 percent
C)75 percent
D)98 percent

Question 73

Which of the following statements correctly describes societies at the postindustrial level of technological development?

A)Birth rates are low.
B)Death rates are steady.
C)Both A and B are true.
D)None of the other responses is correct.

Question 74

In most poor nations of the world today,what is the average number of children born to a woman?

A)ten
B)eight
C)six
D)three

Question 75

The basic idea behind demographic transition theory is

A)population patterns reflect a society's level of technological development.
B)population increase will outstrip the planet's ability to support us.
C)population increase is now mostly in high-income nations.
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 76

In medieval cities of Europe,what was found at the city's center?

A)a central business district
B)the ghetto
C)government buildings
D)the cathedral

Question 77

Malthus argued that

A)population would increase in geometric progression.
B)food and other resources would increase in arithmetic progression.
C)people would reproduce to a point beyond what the planet could support.
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 78

Thomas Robert Malthus claimed that

A)the world could sustain an ever-larger population.
B)population increase would eventually bring chaos to the world.
C)industrialization would reduce the birth rate.
D)population decrease threatened the world in the future.

Question 79

The concept "zero population growth" refers to the level of reproduction that

A)produces a perfect age-sex pyramid.
B)keeps the sex ratio steady at 100.
C)maintains population at a steady level.
D)will take the population steadily downward to zero.

Question 80

In the United States,the birth rate is currently

A)at about the replacement level.
B)below the replacement level.
C)slightly above the replacement level.
D)well above the replacement level.