Deck 9: Viral Genomes and Diversity

Question 1

In T7,the proteins that inhibit the host restriction system are synthesized

A) before the entire T7 genome enters the cell.
B) while the T7 genome is entering the cell but before it enters the nucleus.
C) after the T7 genome is completely within the host cytoplasm.
D) in response to the T7 genome binding to the host chromosome.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

How are T7 genes transcribed?

A) Host RNA polymerase is modified to recognize the T7 promoter.
B) Host RNA polymerase directly translates the T7 genes.
C) T7 has its own RNA polymerase, which is packaged in its capsid and injected into the host during infection to transcribe T7 genes.
D) T7 has its own RNA polymerase, which must first be synthesized by the host.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Viruses that infect the hyperthermophilic Archaea tend to contain genomes that are composed of

A) ssDNA.
B) dsDNA.
C) ssRNA.
D) dsRNA.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How could overlapping genes in a positive ssDNA virus genome be predicted?

A) Convert the positive ssDNA into its complementary ssDNA and search for genes in the negative ssDNA strand for sequences used in more than one predicted gene.
B) Directly search the three frames of the positive ssDNA for genes that have sequences where more than one gene is predicted.
C) Convert the positive ssDNA into negative ssDNA and search all six possible frames for genes that use part of the same sequence.
D) Convert the positive ssDNA into its complementary ssDNA and search for genes in the negative ssDNA strand that also share a complementary gene in the positive strand.

Question 5

What will happen if the Mu repressor is not synthesized?

A) Genome replication will not be able to occur.
B) It will lyse its host.
C) Mu will improperly synthesize its capsid.
D) Transposition will not be possible.

Question 6

The Baltimore Scheme to classify viruses contains a total of ________ groups based on ________.

A) four / genome composition
B) four / genome composition and transcription mechanism
C) seven / genome composition
D) seven / genome composition and transcription mechanism

Question 7

Reoviruses contain ________ genomes,and their replication occurs within the host's ________.

A) ssDNA / nucleus
B) dsDNA / nucleus
C) ssRNA / cytoplasm
D) dsRNA / cytoplasm

Question 8

Mu is a ________ virus with a ________ tail.

A) ssRNA / filamentous
B) dsRNA / helical
C) ssDNA / filamentous
D) dsDNA / helical

Question 9

Which feature,if changed,would NOT abolish M13's utility as a cloning vector?

A) ssDNA genome becoming a dsDNA genome
B) loss of genes that make coat proteins
C) replacing the segment of non-coding DNA in its genome with an indispensible gene
D) switch from lysogenic to lytic lifestyle

Question 10

The phage Mu

A) has a circular genome.
B) repairs mutations in the host genome.
C) replicates by transposition.
D) has a circular genome, repairs host genome mutations, and can replicate by transposition.

Question 11

The filamentous DNA phages are unusual,because they

A) are released from the host without the host being lysed.
B) have linear genomes.
C) replicate without a host.
D) are released from the host without being lysed and have linear genomes.

Question 12

Which type of viruses generally has the smallest genome?

A) bacteriophage
B) DNA viruses
C) RNA viruses
D) viroids

Question 13

Integration of Mu DNA into the host genome is essential for

A) lytic growth.
B) lysogenic growth.
C) both lytic and lysogenic growth.
D) neither lytic nor lysogenic growth.

Question 14

A concatemer is a

A) combination of two or more repeated nucleotide sequences covalently linked together.
B) complex of RNA-specific polymerases found only in bacteriophages.
C) linker molecule that allows several phages to infect one host.
D) polymeric protein.

Question 15

Which type of viruses can be directly used for translation?

A) dsRNA
B) negative ssRNA
C) positive ssRNA
D) retroviruses

Question 16

If the hypothesis stating viruses evolved prior to living organisms on Earth is true,the first type of viruses in the world were likely

A) bacteriophage.
B) DNA viruses.
C) retroviruses.
D) RNA viruses.

Question 17

Unusually shaped viruses,such as lemon-shaped and spindle-shaped,have recently been discovered in

A) Archaea.
B) Bacteria.
C) Archaea and Bacteria.
D) Eukarya.

Question 18

Of the phage listed below,which creates mutations in its host genome via transposition?

A) lambda
B) M13
C) Mu
D) T7

Question 19

Most known plant viruses have ________-strand RNA genomes,because small genomes ________.

A) negative / facilitate cell-to-cell transfer
B) positive / facilitate cell-to-cell transfer
C) negative / interact more readily with host DNA
D) positive / interact more readily with host DNA

Question 20

Early and late viral proteins are classified according to their relative

A) evolutionary appearance in virus genomes.
B) stability during infection.
C) time of synthesis following host infection.
D) transmission into virions.

Question 21

Herpesviruses can cause all of the following diseases in humans EXCEPT

A) cancer.
B) chicken pox.
C) cold sores.
D) spongiform encephalopathy.

Question 22

The family of reoviruses contain dsRNA genomes that replicate from the template of ________ which makes it a ________ replication process.

A) only the positive ssRNA strand / conservative
B) only the positive ssRNA strand / semiconservative
C) both RNA strands /conservative
D) both RNA strands / semiconservative

Question 23

In designing a drug to inhibit pox viruses,the compound should localize in the host's ________ to be MOST effective.

A) nucleus
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) cytoplasm
D) Golgi complex

Question 24

Blocking polyomavirus SV40's ability to integrate its genome into host cells would

A) avoid cancer development from the virus.
B) increase the rate of transformation.
C) increase the latent period of SV40.
D) switch SV40 into a lytic lifecycle which would be especially harmful to the host cells.

Question 25

The hepadnavirus DNA polymerase acts as which of the following?

A) DNA polymerase
B) reverse transcriptase
C) protein primer for synthesis of a strand of DNA
D) DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, and protein primer for DNA synthesis

Question 26

The unconventional dsDNA genome replication mechanism where no lagging strand exists is a hallmark of which group of viruses?

A) adenoviruses
B) coronaviruses
C) herpes viruses
D) pox viruses

Question 27

Polyproteins made from human viruses such as poliovirus must be ________ in order to yield the required functional units of the virus.

A) able to interact with VPg proteins
B) chemically modified with either glycolation or methylation
C) post-translationally cleaved
D) properly folded into secondary and tertiary structures

Question 28

Spindle-shaped viruses have been shown to infect only

A) Eukarya.
B) Bacteria.
C) Archaea.
D) plants.

Question 29

What is unusual about phage MS2 infection of Escherichia coli?

A) All proteins are synthesized simultaneously during infection so there are no early and late proteins.
B) It attaches to the host's pilus rather than the cell's surface.
C) It enters through a host cell porin.
D) More than one MS2 phage can be present in an individual E. coli cell.

Question 30

As a consequence of the immune system in humans recognizing dsRNA as foreign,

A) dsRNA viruses rarely infect humans.
B) dsRNA viruses quickly transcribe their genes into mRNA which is insensitive to immune responses.
C) genomes of RNA viruses are often chemically modified to avoid recognition by human immune cells.
D) the genomes of dsRNA viruses must avoid human immune cells during infection, including replicating their genomes within their own nucleocapsids.

Question 31

Among the largest RNA genome viruses are ________ which contain a ________ genome.

A) coronaviruses / dsRNA
B) coronaviruses / positive ssRNA
C) polioviruses / dsRNA
D) polioviruses / positive ssRNA

Question 32

Gene therapy viruses are usually constructed from which type of virus?

A) adenoviruses
B) cytomegaloviruses
C) polyomaviruses
D) poxviruses

Question 33

A drug designed to inhibit reverse transcriptase activity would target

A) coronaviruses and rhabdoviruses.
B) hepadnaviruses and retroviruses.
C) retroviruses.
D) viruses with RNA genomes.

Question 34

In contrast to positive ssRNA viruses such as coronaviruses and polioviruses,the genome of retroviruses

A) lacks genes encoding for tRNA primers.
B) must first integrate into the host's genome before transcription.
C) is negative ssRNA.
D) lacks ribonuclease activity.

Question 35

Based on its function,which type(s)of viruses likely contain(s)a gene encoding for RNA replicase?

A) dsDNA and ssDNA viruses
B) positive ssRNA viruses
C) positive and negative ssRNA viruses
D) ssRNA and ssDNA viruses

Question 36

Proteins made by a ribosome reading through a transcript's stop codon without their own discrete ribosome binding sites

A) are thought to be a primitive mechanism to avoid host defenses.
B) appear most abundant in archaeal viruses and relatively uncommon in bacteriophage.
C) suggest a relatively low level of protein product is essential for the virus due to its rare frequency.
D) create opportunities for viruses to make different capsid proteins.

Question 37

To promote the translational activity of ribosomes in human cells for synthesizing viral proteins during viral infection,viruses

A) chemically modify (e.g., cap and methylate) the transcripts.
B) keep a ribosome binding site specific to human ribosomes on their genome.
C) maintain introns and sometimes extrons in their genomes to appear as eukaryotic mRNA.
D) only adhere to and infect metabolically active host cells where protein synthesis is high.

Question 38

Identifying proteases being essential for replication of a virus would suggest the virus

A) lyses its host following genome replication.
B) contains at least one polyprotein.
C) has a single-stranded RNA genome.
D) uses at least one set of overlapping genes.

Question 39

What is the purpose of synthesizing a negative strand RNA in positive stranded ssRNA viruses?

A) enable rolling circle amplification of the genome, which requires both strands of RNA
B) enable transcription of genes occurring on both the negative and positive strands of the genome, such as overlapping genes
C) proofreading of the genome to minimize mutations generated by the polymerase being passed onto virion progeny
D) to serve as the complementary template sequence in genome amplification of the positive strand

Question 40

Viruses are known to infect Bacteria,but no virus has yet been found that infects Archaea.

Question 41

Due to their indispensible role for copying its genome,an intracellular host protease that attacks the adenoviral protein ends would likely result in halting its replication.

Question 42

A bacteriophage that lacks its proteinaceous capsid structure is also called a viroid.

Question 43

Some virus shapes that infect members of Archaea are unique from other viruses that infect eukaryotes and bacteria.

Question 44

A negative-stranded RNA virus produces a complete positive-stranded RNA virus that serves as template DNA for other proteins in order to replicate the complete negative-stranded RNA genome.

Question 45

To date,no virus that infects Archaea is known to have an RNA genome.

Question 46

Nonfilamentous bacteriophage often can escape its host without lysing,whereas filamentous phage normally induce cell lysis once replicated inside their host.

Question 47

The Baltimore classification scheme is a useful way to categorize viruses based on their host infectivity.

Question 48

By nature of its infectivity,M13 phage can be used in the laboratory to continually propagate a particular DNA sequence inside of Escherichia coli by simply culturing infected E.coli in LB.

Question 49

One hypothesis on the origin of DNA points to RNA viruses evolving a modified nucleotide that is insensitive to ribonucleases.

Question 50

Varied transcription mechanisms distinguish the different DNA virus Baltimore classes,whereas varied translational mechanisms distinguish RNA viruses.

Question 51

Bacteriophage that have single-stranded genomes are specialized to minimize energy requirements because just one strand is necessary for replication.

Question 52

Genomics analysis of recently isolated viruses indicate some viruses contain larger genomes than the some bacterial genomes.

Question 53

Knowing the genome of Mu bacteriophage now enables researchers to locate where it incorporates into bacterial genomes.

Question 54

Viruses that contain positive-strand genomes are incompatible to share genetic elements other positive-strand genomes.

Question 55

Many human-infecting viruses that illicit a strong immune response cause additional harmful effects on humans,so the discovery of a virus that can induce an immune response but not cause harm made it attractive for vaccine development.

Question 56

The diversity of genome type and the overall number of bacteriophage that infect Escherichia coli is numerous,but many other bacterial taxa that thrive in the environment are likely infected by a variety of phage as well.

Question 57

Despite viruses require a living host's metabolism to replicate,it remains unclear whether viruses existed before living cells.

Question 58

Describe how bacteriophages influence the ocean's bacterial populations and nutrient cycling.

Question 59

Most archaeal viruses identified appear to have DNA genomes.

Question 60

Due to the genetic diversity of viruses and their lack of ribosomal RNA,nucleotide-based phylogeny studies are not applicable to virology.

Question 61

Why are phylogenetic studies of viruses more challenging than Bacteria? Explain how genes are selected in viruses for phylogeny and the constraints those create.

Question 62

Describe one use of bacteriophage Mu for a bacterial geneticist,and explain why it is useful.

Question 63

Explain why the viral genome of the MS2 phage can be immediately translated.What type of genome must it have for this to be the case?

Question 64

Defend why the discovery of prions and viroids changes our view on what it takes to be an infectious particle.Be sure to explain the feature of each that distinguishes them from traditional viruses.

Question 65

Why is so much emphasis placed on the genomic composition (e.g.,ssRNA,dsDNA)of individual viruses.Provide examples to support your explanation.

Question 66

Is there a certain type of virus morphology that is especially known to cause disease in humans? Explain your reasoning.

Question 67

Describe the hypothesis of viruses occurring before living cells and how DNA might have evolved.What is the current hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships between RNA,DNA,viruses,and cellular life?