Deck 12: Future Directions and Emerging Trends

Question 1

According to Foresight's Crime Prevention Panel, organizations everywhere "are adapting to the opportunities offered by the flexibility of the internet."

Answer 1

True

Question 2

On a global scale, there appears to be a shared agreement that society is experiencing a period of unprecedented change in both substance and pace.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Human smuggling can occur when victims are taken to another country or are moved from one place to another within the same country.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

All computer crime is committed for financial gain.

Question 5

"Software piracy" refers to the unauthorized and illegal copying of software programs.

Question 6

Transnational crime refers to unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across provincial boundaries.

Question 7

The United States military is currently using genetic testing to assign unique identification codes to each of its soldiers.

Question 8

The automated measurement of human traits and identifiers such as face, finger, and iris recognition is now a wide-spread practice among law enforcement agencies.

Question 9

According to the findings of Foresight's Crime Prevention Panel, technology offers individuals new opportunities to commit crimes that may be virtually unsolvable.

Question 10

Futurists are those criminologists who focus specifically on the problem of human trafficking.

Question 11

In many instances, revisions to legislation ensure that existing offences are defined in such a way as to address the new technological aspects of the crime.

Question 12

Viruses can spread from one computer to another via modem or high-speed cable and DSL connections and through networks or direct links.

Question 13

There are two categories of cybercrime recognized by the Canadian Police College - one in which a computer is the tool of the crime and one in which the computer is the object of the crime.

Question 14

Futurist criminology involves the study of likely futures as they relate to crime and its control.

Question 15

Biometric technologies are used for two main purposes: to identify individuals in a database and to support identity assurance, meaning that a user of a system is who he or she claims to be.

Question 16

Foresight's Crime Prevention Panel in Great Britain predicts that future criminal behaviour will become more global in scope.

Question 17

The globalization of crime has made it even more important for law-enforcement officials to focus only on the crimes occurring in their neighbourhoods.

Question 18

In the context of the use of biometrics in Canada, biometric technologies are currently being used in many commercial environments such as protection of physical and computer assets, and time and attendance applications.

Question 19

In 2007, officials of U.S.-based Chiquita Brands International admitted in federal court that executives within the company had paid protection money to Columbian terrorists to help secure their most profitable banana-growing operations.

Question 20

In response to the increasing risk of cybercrimes, all Canadian police services have implemented a specialized unit which is responsible for the definition, policies, procedures, and investigation of cybercrimes.

Question 21

Women and children comprise the largest group of victims in the crime of human trafficking.

Question 22

The ________ concerns itself with research into future crime-prevention and crime-control policies.

A) Society of Police Futurists International (PFI)
B) World Future Society
C) Foresight Criminology Program
D) Canadian Society of Criminological Futurists
E) Society of Future Anti-Social Behaviour

Question 23

The Convention on CyberCrime treaty, that was signed in 2001, lacks a(n) ________ provision, which means that an act can be investigated by two countries even though it might not be considered an offence in both countries.

A) dual criminality
B) individual criminality
C) mutually agreed upon criminality
D) double criminality
E) single criminality

Question 24

The task of the futurist is to distinguish effectively between the impending possibilities of multiple futures, assessing the likelihood of each, and _______________________.

A) make unrealistic assumptions about technology
B) making more or less realistic forecasts based on such assessments
C) make realistic arrest forecasts about transnational criminal activities
D) make realistic assumptions about biometric interventions
E) make unrealistic economic forecasts about law enforcement costs

Question 25

According to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) in the United States, transnational crime groups have profited more from globalization than ___________________.

A) legitimate business
B) human trafficking groups
C) global food companies
D) computer criminals
E) fraud investigators

Question 26

A ________ is a computer program that is designed to secretly invade computer systems and either modify the way in which they operate or alter the information they store.

A) macro virus
B) cyber virus
C) system virus
D) computer virus
E) polymorphic virus

Question 27

Canada is largely a destination and a transit country for women who are trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation.

Question 28

One of the most significant increases in organized transnational crime has been in the area of ________.

A) smuggling and trafficking of narcotics
B) smuggling and trafficking of currency
C) smuggling of persons and human trafficking
D) identity theft
E) smuggling and trafficking of nuclear materials

Question 29

The Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC) reports that today's organized crime syndicates have become quasi-corporate in their activities and are now involved in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) arms dealing
B) globalization
C) environmental crime
D) trafficking and smuggling of humans
E) money laundering

Question 30

The use of official-looking email messages to steal valuable information such as credit card numbers or user IDs is known as ________.

A) email phreaking
B) email fraud
C) internet piracy
D) phishing
E) softlifting

Question 31

The three tasks given to the experts who sat on the Foresight's Crime Prevention Panel were: to describe crimes of the near future; to decide what role science and technology will play in future criminality; and ________.

A) to outline the demographic characteristics of future criminals
B) to create successful intervention programs
C) to identify methods to reduce and detect those crimes
D) to predict which members of society will commit crimes
E) to predict which crimes will be the most prevalent

Question 32

According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the United States, having "databases to keep records of illegal client transactions" would be categorized as a(n) ________.

A) internal computer crime
B) crime in support of criminal enterprises
C) internet and telecommunications crime
D) computer-manipulation crime
E) hardware, software, and information theft

Question 33

Any crime that involves a computer as the object of the crime or as the tool used to commit a material component of the offence is known as ________.

A) Cross-national crime
B) Comparative crime
C) Multi-national crime
D) Cybercrime
E) Cross-cultural crime

Question 34

According to the United Nations, human smuggling and trafficking have become a worldwide industry that employs millions of people and leads to the annual turnover of _______________.

A) millions of people
B) billions of people
C) millions of dollars
D) billions of dollars
E) trillions of dollars

Question 35

In 2003, Canada refused to sign the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime.

Question 36

The increasing integration of previously isolated events in all spheres of endeavour, and their overlapping impact on people far and wide, are important aspects of globalization.

Question 37

Even with the appropriate legislation in place, it is difficult to lay charges for human trafficking as these are not regular criminal cases.

Question 38

In ________ Canada joined the 100 or so countries around the world that use e-passports, which allow automated facial recognition to positively authenticate that the holder is who he or she claims to be.

A) 2001
B) 2005
C) 2009
D) 2012
E) 1999

Question 39

All of the following statements indicate different challenges to the prevention and control of cybercrime EXCEPT ________

A) "a criminal can target victims all over the world."
B) "a criminal can store evidence in remote locations."
C) "a criminal can commit a crime from any country in the world."
D) "a criminal can hide his or her identity by using computer systems located in many different countries."
E) "a criminal can commit crimes at any time of the day or night."

Question 40

The World Future Society brings together ideas, knowledge, and ________ to prepare for the future.

A) criminologists
B) people
C) legal authorities
D) crime statistics
E) demographic information

Question 41

In Canada, trafficking in humans wasn't recognized as an offence until ___________.

A) November 2001
B) November 2003
C) March 2004
D) March 2008
E) April 2008

Question 42

What are the four main trends driving biometric technologies to more commonplace applications?

Question 43

Canada will soon include biometric technologies in its ________________, as the United Kingdom and the United States currently do.

A) Transnational criminal activity system
B) Visa application process
C) Information technology
D) Human trafficking system
E) Cybercrime system

Question 44

Based on various reports, the Criminal Intelligence Directorate (CID) of the RCMP estimates that anywhere between _________________ persons are trafficked from Canada into the United States each year.

A) 1 000 and 1500
B) 1500 and 2200
C) 2000 and 3000
D) 5000 and 10 000
E) 10 000 and 15 000

Question 45

According to the FBI, computer-manipulation crimes include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) embezzlement.
B) electronic money laundering.
C) electronic fund transfer fraud.
D) other fraud/phishing.
E) extortion threats/electronic terrorism.

Question 46

A number of specialized computer programs, such as ImAger and Compusketch assist police artists in rendering composite images of ______________.

A) veins in the face
B) radiant heat from a person's face
C) suspects and missing victims
D) lost pets
E) facial hairs on the chin of the subject

Question 47

Canada has been operating expedited traveller systems for the last decade, first with the CANPASS border clearance system and more recently with the ________ system for travellers into both Canada and the United States.

A) NextPass
B) CanPort
C) NEXUS
D) NextStop
E) CANUS

Question 48

The creation and transmission of destructive computer viruses and other malicious forms of programming code are a type of computer crime that is typically committed by ________.

A) adult males
B) adult females
C) young females
D) young males
E) young "disaffected technonerds"

Question 49

Foresight's Crime Prevention Panel outlines three social characteristics that are relevant to understanding and predicting future forms of criminality. They are: individuality and independence; Information Communication Technology (ITC) usage; and ___________________________.

A) Technology
B) Criminality
C) defensible space
D) Globalization (the increasingly international character of social life)
E) territorial reinforcement

Question 50

In 2010, Canada committed $8 million in its Cyber Security Strategy to combat cyber crimes. What are the three pillars that this strategy is built upon?

Question 51

According to Richter H. Moore, Jr., within a few decades, "criminal organizations will be able to afford ______________________."

A) biometric iris scanners
B) global storefront operations
C) their own satellites
D) enculturalization
E) new computers

Question 52

Biometric technologies typically involve ________ when they are used in the area of crime prevention.

A) Identification
B) Verification
C) hand geometry
D) finger scanning
E) recognition