Deck 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim

Question 1

In order to protect the identity of victims, a trial judge may override the fundamental principle of justice that trials be public.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to the most recent General Social Survey in Canada, the risk of victimization is greatest for those between the ages of 15-24, who are single, whose main activity is classified as "student," who occupy the lowest household income categories, who live in an urban setting, and who participate in evening activities outside the home more than 30 times per month, reflecting that youths partake in more than one activity per evening.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The responsibility for requesting restitution lies solely with the victim.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A victim surcharge is a mandatory, judicial imposition of a monetary fine administered in addition to a criminal sentence and used to finance victim services.

Question 5

Criminal victimization always results in the development of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.

Question 6

Police and prosecutors are not legally obligated to ensure that victims are notified or consulted regarding the particulars of their court cases and may violate a bill of rights with impunity.

Question 7

Current services for victims include police-based, Crown/Court-based, corrections-based, and systems-based services.

Question 8

Victim impact statements are used prior to the sentencing of convicted criminal defendants.

Question 9

A victim or the family of a victim is not automatically informed when a person convicted of a crime is granted a release from a correctional institution.

Question 10

Henry Ellenberger posits that life experiences can contribute to future victimization.

Question 11

Manitoba was the first province to place principles from the United Nations' Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuses of Power into provincial law.

Question 12

The Canadian Statement of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime (2003) serves as a guideline for the development of policy and legislation for victims of crime at both the federal and provincial levels.

Question 13

Victimogenesis referes to the contribution to victimization made by the background of the victim.

Question 14

Judges are not expected to consider victim impact statements before arriving at a sanction for the offender.

Question 15

The recognition of the victim's involvement and the need for support throughout the court process has resulted in a number of provisions outlined in the Criminal Code of Canada with special attention to victims of violence.

Question 16

Hans von Hentig is credited with coining the term "victimology."

Question 17

The Code of Hammurabi was an early set of laws established by the Babylonian King Hammurabi, who ruled the ancient city from 1792 to 1750 BC.

Question 18

Every province in Canada has a criminal injuries compensation program.

Question 19

Victim fine surcharges provide funds which supplement local victims' assistance programs.

Question 20

The term victimology refers to the study of victims and their contributory role, if any, in the criminal event.

Question 21

Section 486(3) of the Criminal Code of Canada states that judges can order "the identity of the complainant or of a witness and any information that could disclose the identity of the complainant or of a witness shall not be published in any document or broadcast in any way."

Question 22

This approach to victimology advocates that occurences of personal victimization are dependent upon the "routine" or "daily activities" of people and are the outcome of three elements: the motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardians.

A) Just deserts model
B) Opportunity model
C) Retribution model
D) Routine activity
E) Lifestyle model

Question 23

Kent Roach described the punitive approach model of victims' rights as resembling the ________ model because it focuses on the enactment of criminal law, prosecution, and punishment as ways to control crime.

A) crime control
B) punitive control
C) caveat control
D) directional control
E) defence counsel

Question 24

One of the earliest writers in the field of victimology, ________, wrote that the victim and the criminal are complementary partners and "the victim shapes and moulds the criminal."

A) Hans von Hentig
B) Stanton Samenow
C) Margaret Fry
D) Stephen Schafer
E) Ezzat Fattah

Question 25

________ is punishment through imposed responsibility.

A) Victim surcharge
B) Incarceration
C) Restitution
D) Compensation
E) Probation

Question 26

________, a Canadian criminologist, has integrated the lifestyle/opportunity theories into a comprehensive scheme.

A) Ezzat Fattah
B) Albert Cohen
C) Irvin Waller
D) Herbert Parker
E) Kent Roach

Question 27

A "victims' rights model" of criminal justice calls for more laws but fewer prosecutions and fewer support services for victims.

Question 28

Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felson put forth the routine activity approach to understanding victimization.

Question 29

The offender is directly involved in victim ________ programs.

A) compensation
B) impact
C) assistance
D) witness
E) restitution

Question 30

________ describes the relationship between victim and criminal in which an impersonal agency such as a business is victimized.

A) Victimology
B) Penal couple
C) Primary victimization
D) Secondary victimization
E) Victimogenesis

Question 31

________ programs involve the government repaying victims for their financial losses or physical injuries.

A) Victim compensation
B) Victim restitution
C) Victim fine surcharge
D) Victim impact
E) Victim-witness assistance

Question 32

Restitution is a criminal sanction, in particular the payment of compensation by the offender to the victim.

Question 33

________ is generally credited with creating the terms "victimology" and "penal couple."

A) Henry Ellenberger
B) Ezzat Fattah
C) Margaret Fry
D) Hans von Hentig
E) Benjamin Mendelsohn

Question 34

Post-crime victimization refers to problems in living that tend to follow from initial victimization, some of which may be related to the victim's interaction with the criminal justice system.

Question 35

________ refers to problems which follow from initial victimization.

A) Victim-proneness
B) Post-crime victimization
C) Penal couple
D) Victimogenesis
E) Victimology

Question 36

According to ________, a person can undergo life experiences which eventually place them in circumstances which contribute to their future victimization.

A) Benjamin Mendelsohn
B) Margaret Fry
C) Stephen Schafer
D) Henry Ellenberger
E) Herbert Packer

Question 37

________ is a term used to describe the relationship between victim and criminal.

A) Victim impact statement
B) Penal couple
C) Social process theory
D) Cohort analysis
E) Victim Crisis and Referral Service

Question 38

________ is a written document that describes the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by the crime victim or by the victim's survivors. Judges are expected to consider these effects in arriving at an appropriate sentence for the offender.

A) Victimogenesis
B) Victim impact statements
C) Victim/witness assistance programs
D) Victim crisis and referral services
E) Victims' Bill of Rights

Question 39

Victims receive information about the offenders who harmed them directly from the Minister of Corrections Canada.

Question 40

The ________ made 79 recommendations addressing the needs of victims and the requirements for victim services.

A) Canadian Statement of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime
B) Canadians Against Violence Everywhere Advocating its Termination
C) Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights
D) 1983 Federal Provincial Task Force on Justice for the Victims of Crime
E) An Act Respecting Victims of Crime - Victims' Bill of Rights Ontario

Question 41

Restitution works through court-imposed _________________.

A) sentences of house-arrest
B) sentences of jail time
C) fines and garnishments
D) job searches and mandatory employment
E) mandatory employment

Question 42

Section ________ of the Criminal Code of Canada allows a judge to place a ban on the publication of the name of a victim or witness.

A) 486(1)
B) 486(3)
C) 715.1
D) 486(1.2)
E) 722

Question 43

Central to the ________ of victimization, the risk of criminal victimization will vary in keeping with the circumstances and locations in which people place themselves and their property.

A) routine activity approach
B) lifestyle model
C) opportunity model
D) victimogenesis model
E) penal couple approach

Question 44

According to the most recent General Social Survey in Canada, ________ are at the greatest risk of victimization.

A) married individuals
B) mentally ill individuals
C) those with the highest household income
D) those who are single
E) those who are employed

Question 45

Thorstein Sellin and Marvin E. Wolfgang introduced a typology of victims based on victim-offender relationships. List and define the five (5) categories within this typology.

Question 46

The ________, one of the earliest legal codes, required that offenders make restitution.

A) Magna Carta
B) Twelve Tables
C) Code of Hammurabi
D) Criminal Code
E) Ten Commandments

Question 47

In ________, the Federal-Provincial Conference of Ministers Responsible for Criminal Justice formally brought the issue of victims' rights to the federal government.

A) 1983
B) 1988
C) 1986
D) 1993
E) 1979

Question 48

The "due process model" put forth by Herbert Packer focused on ________.

A) an assembly-line approach to justice
B) the efficient repression of crime
C) the safety of the community
D) the efficiency of the process
E) civil liberties and the importance of the verdict

Question 49

According to Ezzat Fattah's comprehensive victimization scheme, if one engages in deviant and illegal activities, one is participating in _____________ activities.

A) associative
B) high-risk
C) structural/cultural
D) exposure
E) motivated offender

Question 50

The victim-offender relationship that decribes the point in which an individual falls victim to crime is known as ________.

A) victimogenesis
B) primary victimization
C) secondary victimization
D) tertiary victimization
E) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Question 51

Define and briefly elaborate upon Irvin Waller's four (4) principles that all nations must adopt in order to recognize crime victims' needs and rights.

Question 52

The __________ model of understanding victimization claims that the likelihood that an individual will suffer a personal victimization depends heavily on the concept of lifestyle.

A) routine activity
B) opportunity
C) lifestyle
D) penological
E) systematic

Question 53

Much of the current academic debate centred on victim's rights continues to revolve around whether or not increased protection for victims can be achieved only at the expense of _____________________.

A) the formal court process
B) the rights of the accused
C) an extensive revision of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
D) large expenditures of taxpayer dollars
E) the re-training and re-education of lawyers

Question 54

___________________ is the victim-offender relationship in which the participants willingly involve themselves in crime (e.g., drug sales, gambling, prostitution).

A) Primary victimization
B) Mutual victimization
C) Secondary victimization
D) Tertiary victimization
E) No victimization

Question 55

If a parent reads into evidence at a criminal court sentencing of the impact that their daughter's murder has had upon herself and upon her family, then this person is participating in the process known as a ________________________.

A) victim/witness assistance program
B) victim impact statement
C) statement of claim for justice
D) civil lawsuit
E) parole limitation suit