Deck 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour

Question 1

Psychotherapy holds that the frequency of any behaviour can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment, and/or association with other stimuli.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Armin Meiwes used the internet to lure victims into his cannibalistic rituals.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A psychopath (also called a sociopath) is a person with a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behaviour, and who is lacking in empathy.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Poverty is considered a psychological determinant of criminal behaviour.

Question 5

Dr. Ivan Pavlov won a Nobel prize for his demonstration that animal behaviour could be predictably altered through association with external changes arising from the environment surrounding the organism.

Question 6

Modelling Theory, a form of social learning theory, asserts that people learn how to act by observing others.

Question 7

According to Freud, the prerequisite motivation to become murderers, sexual aggressors, and thieves lies within the ego of every person.

Question 8

Forensic psychiatry views crime as a result of the interaction between the environment and the psychological urges every individual experiences.

Question 9

Behaviour theory is a psychological perspective positing that individual behaviour that is rewarded will increase in frequency and behaviour that is punished will decrease.

Question 10

Neurosis refers to disorders of the mind or of the emotions. Such disorders involve anxiety, phobia, or other abnormal behaviour.

Question 11

When one aspect of consciousness is symbolically substituted for another it is referred to as sublimation.

Question 12

Psychological profiling is based on the belief that almost any form of conscious behaviour (including behaviour engaged in by the offender during a criminal episode) is symptomatic of an individual's personality.

Question 13

Selective incapacitation is a social policy that seeks to protect society by incarcerating those individuals deemed to be the most dangerous.

Question 14

According to Hervey Cleckley, the indicators of psychopathy appear early in life, often in the teenage years, and include lying, fighting, stealing, and vandalism.

Question 15

According to Freud, all living things have a fundamental desire to descend into an inanimate state, or death.

Question 16

According to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective of crime, a person might never commit a crime because he or she has a poorly developed sublimation process.

Question 17

A finding of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) acknowledges that the accused committed the offence but finds that the accused suffered from a mental disorder that made him or her incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of his or her actions or that the actions were wrong.

Question 18

Psychiatric criminology, also known as forensic psychiatry, envisions a complex set of drives and motives operating from hidden recesses deep within the personality to determine behaviour.

Question 19

At the beginning of any criminal trial the defendant is assumed to be innocent and sane.

Question 20

In the case of R. v. Swain the Supreme Court of Canada deemed unconstitutional the automatic and indefinite detention for those found legally insane.

Question 21

The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behaviour of certain types of offenders based upon behavioural clues they provide is referred to as ________.

A) psychological profiling
B) substantial capacity testing
C) operant conditioning
D) psychiatric criminology
E) forensic psychiatry

Question 22

All offenders found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder must be detained in a custody hospital for an indeterminate period of time.

Question 23

Behaviour theory differs from other psychological theories in that the major determinants of behaviour are envisioned as existing in the environment surrounding the individual rather than ________________.

A) in irresistible impulses
B) in the individual
C) in mental illness
D) in psychological profiling
E) in the dangers of the mind

Question 24

When a verdict of "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" (NCRMD) is made, a ______________________ is ordered to assess whether or not the accused poses any threat to the public or to him- or herself.

A) Life sentence hearing
B) indefinite hearing
C) provisional hearing
D) disposition hearing
E) Mental Health Act hearing

Question 25

________ is a branch of forensic psychology which is concerned with the diagnosis and classification of offenders, the treatment of correctional populations, and the rehabilitation of inmates and other law violators.

A) Correctional psychology
B) Psychopathology
C) Forensic psychiatry
D) Psychological profiling
E) Conditioning

Question 26

Most psychological theories of crime causation make the following assumption: that personality is the major motivational element within individuals because it is the seat of drives and the source of motives.

Question 27

According to ________, crime is the result of fundamental personality characteristics linked to individual central nervous system characteristics.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Albert Bandura
D) Hans Eysenck
E) Robert Hare

Question 28

________ refers to a legally established inability to understand right from wrong, or to conform one's behaviour to the requirements of the law. Also, a defence allowable in criminal courts.

A) Neurosis
B) Guilty but mentally ill
C) Mental disorder (legal)
D) Dangerousness
E) Psychopathy

Question 29

________ are said to be characterized by disordered or disjointed thinking, in which the types of logical associations they make are atypical of other people.

A) Psychopaths
B) Persons with asocial personalities
C) Schizophrenics
D) Persons with antisocial personalities
E) Sociopaths

Question 30

________________ may be either organic (resulting from physical damage to, or abnormalities in, the brain) or functional (having no known physical cause).

A) Operant behaviour
B) Alloplastic adaptation
C) Autoplastic adaptation
D) Psychosis
E) Social learning

Question 31

Clifford Olson, the notorious Canadian serial killer, has never shown any guilt or remorse for the 11 young people he murdered in British Columbia in the early 1980s

Question 32

An Electroencephalogram, or EEG, measures what?

A) Poor behavioural controls
B) The gaseous content of an individual
C) The inability to establish relationships
D) A low tolerance for frustration
E) Brainwave activity

Question 33

________ is defined as a functional disorder of the mind or of the emotions involving anxiety, phobia, or other abnormal behaviour.

A) Psychosis
B) Operant behaviour
C) Sociopath
D) Psychopathy
E) Neurosis

Question 34

The Frustration-Aggression Theory holds that frustration is a natural consequence of living and a root cause of crime.

Question 35

Although Freud wrote little about crime per se, he did spend much of his time attempting to account for a variety of abnormal behaviours, many of which might lead to violations of the criminal law.

Question 36

The theory of human psychology founded on the concepts of the unconscious, resistance, repression, sexuality, and the Oedipus complex is ________.

A) psychotherapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) psychological profiling
D) autoplastic adaptation
E) psychopathy

Question 37

Behavioural conditioning is based on the work of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov.

Question 38

________ is the study of pathological mental conditions.

A) Psychopathy
B) Psychopathology
C) Psychiatric criminology
D) Correctional psychology
E) Forensic psychology

Question 39

The ________ is a standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong.

A) substantial capacity test
B) irresistible impulse test
C) McNaughten rule
D) Durham rule
E) Brawner rule

Question 40

If a person was identified as a "paranoid schizophrenic," this person would be deemed to be suffering from delusions and hallucinations.

Question 41

The ________ is the reality testing part of the personality, also called the reality principle.

A) Thanatos
B) Oedipus complex
C) Psychosis
D) autoplastic adaptation
E) Ego

Question 42

Giving a good child candy is an example of a ________.

A) positive reward
B) negative reward
C) positive punishment
D) negative punishment
E) neither a reward nor a punishment

Question 43

Individuals manifesting characteristics of ASPD are __________________________.

A) not likely to ever meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder
B) likely to remain in prison indefinitely
C) not likely to offend
D) likely to be successful in treatment programs
E) likely to run afoul of the law

Question 44

Briefly elaborate upon the use of and advantage of psychological profiling.

Question 45

The burden of proof for a claim of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder is on the ________.

A) crown attorney
B) judge
C) defendant
D) bailiff
E) victim

Question 46

Criminal investigators and law enforcement officers have often referred to psychological profiling as __________________________.

A) correctional psychology
B) selective incapacitation
C) operant behaviour
D) autoplastic adaptation
E) criminal profiling

Question 47

Hervey Cleckley, Robert Hare and others are best known for this category of psychological and psychiatric theory.

A) Alloplastic Adaptation
B) Psychoanalytic Criminology
C) Operant behaviour
D) Psychiatric Criminology
E) Modelling

Question 48

The offender who is able to deny responsibility for other failures by turning to crime is said to be ________.

A) practicing sublimation
B) seeking alloplastic adaptation
C) seeking autoplastic adaptation
D) suffering from an antisocial personality
E) practicing operant conditioning

Question 49

Section ________________ of the Criminal Code of Canada permits the defence of insanity.

A) 35 (1) and (2)
B) 219
C) 212
D) 273 (1)
E) 16 (1), (2), and (3)

Question 50

________ is a centralized computer bank containing details of violent crimes that assists police in recognizing patterns among violent offences and offenders.

A) The V-chip
B) The Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS)
C) The Violent Crime Psycho Analysis System (ViCLAS)
D) The Canadarm
E) PCL-R

Question 51

Perhaps the most commonly used classification instrument in correctional facilities today is the MMPI, or the _________________.

A) Mass Mutant Personality Icon
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C) Minnesota Mental Purpose Illness Test
D) Mississippi Multiphasic Personality Item Listing
E) Massachusetts Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Question 52

Individuals with ________ personality are said to be basically unsocialized and whose behaviour pattern brings him or her into repeated conflict with society.

A) an antisocial or asocial
B) a schizophrenic or paranoid schizophrenic
C) a sociopathic or psychopathic
D) an antisocial or paranoid schizophrenic
E) a compulsive or obsessive compulsive

Question 53

A(n) _________________ is a form of adjustment resulting from changes in the environment surrounding an individual.

A) fMRI
B) Autoplastic adaptation
C) Alloplastic adaptation
D) electroencephalogram
E) electrocardiogram

Question 54

Clifford Olson, the notorious Canadian serial killer, murdered _____ young people in British Columbia in the 1980s.

A) 9
B) 11
C) 15
D) 17
E) 21

Question 55

Briefly distinguish between the concepts of id, ego, and superego.

Question 56

________ is based upon the notion that behaviour is determined by the consequences it produces.

A) Psychiatric criminology
B) Psychopathy
C) Social learning theory
D) Psychopathology
E) Behaviour theory

Question 57

The ________ is the moral aspect of the personality, much like the conscience. More formally, it is the division of the psyche that develops by the incorporation of the perceived moral standards of the community, is mainly unconscious, and includes the conscience.

A) Psychotherapy
B) Psychoanalysis
C) Superego
D) Ego
E) Id