Deck 32: Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases

Question 1

An untreated Entamoeba histolytica infection can invade the

A)liver.
B)lungs.
C)brain.
D)liver,lungs,and brain.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the infective form of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis?

A)cysts
B)trophozoites
C)merozoites
D)sporozoites

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living ________ that causes infection by ________.

A)amoeba / entering through the nose and burrowing into the brain
B)fungus / entering the lungs when contaminated soil is disturbed
C)flagellated protist / crossing the intestinal mucosa into the blood
D)protist / entering the vagina in women,the prostate and seminal vesicles of men,or the urethra of both males and females

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The MOST serious types of fungal infections are

A)subcutaneous infections.
B)mycotoxic infections.
C)systemic mycoses.
D)superficial mycoses.

Question 5

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are highly resistant to

A)heat.
B)filtration.
C)desiccation.
D)chlorine.

Question 6

A common mechanism in fungal diseases is

A)endotoxin production.
B)intracellular invasion.
C)hypersensitivity reactions.
D)red blood cell lysis.

Question 7

The treatment regimen for people with normal immunity recovering from cryptosporidiosis includes

A)multiple antibiotics.
B)antihelmenthic chemotherapy.
C)multiple antibiotics and careful monitoring of fluid levels.
D)oral rehydration only.

Question 8

Trichomoniasis vaginalis is a sexually transmitted disease that can also survive on moist surfaces and in urine for several hours.As a result,trichomoniasis

A)is difficult to treat.
B)is not a good candidate for eradication.
C)can be spread by contact with contaminated toilet seats,sauna benches,and towels.
D)is more common in males.

Question 9

Giardia cysts are able to withstand

A)chemical disinfection.
B)filtration.
C)clarification.
D)chemical disinfection,filtration,and clarification.

Question 10

The microorganism Cryptosporidium parvum is a

A)fungus.
B)bacterium.
C)protozoan.
D)virus.

Question 11

Athlete's foot is an example of a

A)protozoal infection.
B)superficial fungal infection.
C)superficial parasitic infection.
D)hypersensitivity reaction.

Question 12

Which of the following are malaria vaccines currently in development?

A)synthetic peptide vaccines
B)recombinant particle vaccines
C)DNA vaccines
D)synthetic peptide,recombinant particle and DNA vaccines

Question 13

The initial infective stage of the malarial parasite is the

A)sporozoite.
B)merozoite.
C)schizont.
D)plasmodyite.

Question 14

Which of the following human mutations correlates with resistance to plasmodial infections in West Africa?

A)hemoglobin S
B)one particular MHC class I gene
C)one particular set of MHC class II genes
D)hemoglobin S and particular class I and class II genes

Question 15

The organism causing giardiasis is a

A)gram-negative spirochete.
B)flagellated protozoan.
C)retrovirus.
D)type of yeast.

Question 16

Malaria is

A)the most common cause of death due to infectious disease worldwide.
B)prevented or treated with chloroquine.
C)controlled by reducing the population of the mosquito vector.
D)the most common cause of death due to infectious disease worldwide,although it can be controlled by reducing the population of the mosquito vector and prevented or treated with chloroquine.

Question 17

Which of the following is MOST likely to cause an infection in HIV/AIDS patients?

A)Candida albicans
B)Giardia intestinalis
C)Leishmania tropica
D)Schistosoma mansoni

Question 18

A common method used in the diagnosis of giardiasis is detection of Giardia

A)cysts in stool.
B)antigens in blood.
C)antigens in stool.
D)cysts or antigens in stool.

Question 19

ALL fungal infections can broadly be termed

A)benign.
B)systemic.
C)superficial.
D)mycoses.

Question 20

Many fungi produce ________ that can cause significant disease.

A)cellulases
B)mycotoxins
C)endotoxins
D)chitinases

Question 21

Humans are incidental hosts for ________,thus infected humans CANNOT spread the disease.

A)Toxoplasma gondii
B)Trichomoniasis vaginalis
C)Entamoeba histolytica
D)Plasmodium vivax

Question 22

Giardia intestinalis and Trichomoniasis vaginalis lack ________ and have ________.

A)a flagellum / cilia instead
B)mitochondria / an anaerobic metabolism
C)a cell wall / a rigid cell membrane
D)cysts / sporozoites instead

Question 23

Which of the following is the MOST common mode of transmission of parasitic infections?

A)direct person-to-person contact
B)contaminated fomites
C)contaminated food or water
D)contaminated needles and syringes

Question 24

Trypanosoma and Leshmania species are transmitted by

A)direct person-to-person contact.
B)insect vectors.
C)contaminated food or water.
D)contaminated needles and syringes.

Question 25

Based on the life cycle of Schistosoma species,which of the following would be MOST effective in controlling schistosomiasis?

A)elimination of stagnate water
B)bed nets
C)proper sewage and water treatment
D)frequent sanitization of shared toilets,showers,and saunas

Question 26

How are trypanosome diseases similar to malaria?

A)They are transmitted by insect vectors.
B)They cause intermittent fevers.
C)They are acute,self-limiting diseases.
D)They are all endemic to Africa.

Question 27

Plasmodium vivax causes a more serious form of malaria than does P.falciparum.

Question 28

Giardia cysts are found in MOST surface water sources in the United States.

Question 29

Systemic fungal infections are often transmitted by ________; however,a recent outbreak of fungal disease was traced to ________.

A)accidental inhalation of spores / contaminated injectable pharmaceuticals
B)ingestion of contaminated food / contaminated toilet seats
C)direct contact with skin lesions / sexual contact
D)sexual contact / contaminated toilet seats

Question 30

As a malarial infection (Plasmodium falciparum)progresses,gametocytes are formed.The gametocytes unite in the bloodstream before being picked up by the insect vector.

Question 31

Which of the following filariases are transmitted by insect vectors?

A)elephantiasis
B)river blindness
C)trichinosis
D)elephantiasis and river blindness

Question 32

MOST fungi are harmless to humans,although certain superficial infections are quite common.

Question 33

Schistosoma and Plasmodium species both require

A)direct sexual contact for transmission.
B)immunocompromised hosts.
C)transmission by insect vectors.
D)two hosts to complete their life cycle and reproduce.

Question 34

The MOST effective malarial control measure is to interrupt the life cycle of the parasite by eliminating the obligate host,the Anopheles mosquito.

Question 35

Which of the following filariases can be controlled by thoroughly cooking pork and wild game?

A)elephantiasis
B)river blindness
C)trichinosis
D)schistosomiasis

Question 36

Roughly half of all adults in the United States are infected with ________ but are asymptomatic.

A)Toxoplasma gondii
B)Trichomoniasis vaginalis
C)Cryptosporidium parvum
D)Cyclospora cayetanensis

Question 37

Protists that produce spores are especially difficult to kill because they contain cell membranes that are resistant to common disinfecting chemicals.

Question 38

Hemoflagellates cause tropical diseases such as sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease that are ALL transmitted by

A)contact with fecal contaminated soil.
B)contact with contaminated water.
C)insect vectors.
D)sexual contact.

Question 39

The malarial parasite growing within erythrocytes is more resistant than the free parasite to the drug chloroquine.

Question 40

Which of the following is considered an opportunistic pathogen?

A)Toxoplasma gondii
B)Trichomoniasis vaginalis
C)Candida albicans
D)Plasmodium vivax

Question 41

Systemic fungal infections are difficult to treat because active antifungal drugs cause significant host toxicity.

Question 42

Parasitic helminths only cause very rare tropical diseases.

Question 43

How does insect ecology and the life cycle of Plasmodium impact the epidemiology and pathogenesis of classic malaria?

Question 44

Why are systemic fungal infections seen only in a subset of the population,even though most people contact fungi and fungal spores in soil and dust all of the time? Contrast the epidemiology of systemic fungal infections with giardiasis,which infects virtually everyone that comes in contact with the pathogen.

Question 45

Why do so many eukaryotic pathogens cause highly refractory and long-term chronic infections that are difficult to treat in contrast with prokaryotic pathogens?

Question 46

With respect to their life cycles,how are fungal pathogens different than bacterial pathogens?

Question 47

Eukaryotic human parasites are ALL respiratory aerobes.

Question 48

You and your friends are hiking the Appalachian trail in North Carolina.You run out of water and your friends want to fill up from a beautiful clear stream in the middle of the forest.What precautions should you take before drinking the water and why?

Question 49

How are trypanosome diseases similar to malaria? How are they different than malaria?

Question 50

Fifteen high school students visited a local farm in central Wisconsin for a weekend where they enjoyed petting farm animals,riding horses,and campfire meals.With sanitation in mind,only one individual remembered to wash her hands with water pumped from a well after petting the animals before dinner.After two weeks of the girl passing out at random occasions,she was rushed into the emergency room where doctors determined she was severely dehydrated.Explain how it took direct observation of a fecal sample to solve this potential life-threatening disease and how this disease was treated in the otherwise healthy girl.Also mention any necessary precautions the individual should have taken after being diagnosed with the disease.

Question 51

Use the events in the life cycle of Schistoma mansoni to propose two different strategies to reduce the incidence of snail fever.