Deck 17: Making Decisions About Computers, Information, and Society

Question 1

The more you compress music data, the more sound quality you gain. _________________________

Answer 1

False
lose

Question 2

An ethical dialectic usually has a clean stopping point.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

All music artists are naturally opposed to MP3 copying.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The digital representation of audio information can produce massive and unwieldy data files, which can be reduced by using a compression algorithm such as FTP.

Question 5

Using the utilitarians' criterion requires subjective judgments. _________________________

Question 6

A compression ratio of 12 to 1 has become popular, with the resulting sound quality almost comparable to a music CD that has not been compressed. _________________________

Question 7

____ answer the question "Good for whom?" with a hearty, "Good for everyone!".

A) Deontologists
B) Consequentialists
C) Utilitarians
D) Intelligent agents

Question 8

The Napster software set up what's called ____ file sharing.

A) freeware
B) MP3
C) peer-to-peer
D) client-server

Question 9

In 1997, Tomislav Uzelac, a software developer at Advanced Multimedia Products, created what is regarded as the first commercially viable WMF playback program. _________________________

Question 10

By most accounts, the majority of MP3 music that Napster users "shared" was copyrighted, and most of the copyright holders objected to the copying of their music without royalty payments.

Question 11

What would a careful utilitarian declare an act if HAPPINESS_AFTER = HAPPINESS_BEFORE?

A) good
B) evil
C) ethically neutral
D) none of the above

Question 12

MP3 file copying has encouraged CD buying as a long term effect.

Question 13

In ____, the Fraunhofer Institute patented MP3 in Germany, and a few years later MP3 became an international standard.

A) 1989
B) 1999
C) 2000
D) 2002

Question 14

Most ethicists agree that since there are many more music publishers than listeners, MP3 copying is okay.

Question 15

The most well-known consequentialists are the neo-Luddites. _________________________

Question 16

Some people view hackers as social gadflies, people who raise important, but irritating, questions about society.

Question 17

Making critical decisions about computing technology is unavoidable.

Question 18

The MP3 protocol allows one level of compression.

Question 19

Napster lost the case accusing it of copyright infringement but won subsequent appeals.

Question 20

Apple's iTunes music store accounts for more than ____ of music sales in the United States.

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 66%

Question 21

The power of ____________________ is that it can transfer our understandings and intuitions about something well known to a situation or entity that is less well known.

Question 22

Ethicists depend on what is called a(n) ____ to try to make better and better ethical decisions.

A) PGP
B) dialectic
C) MP3
D) deontology

Question 23

A(n) ____ is someone who breaks into computer systems, launches Internet worms and viruses, or perpetrates other dubious computer-related vandalism.

A) encryption
B) PGP
C) utilitarian
D) hacker

Question 24

The opponents to ____________________ copying hold that in the long run there may be far less music available for copying because artists and publishers will have far less incentive to create and disseminate music.

Question 25

The "hacker ethic" makes the claim that ____.

A) all hacking is positive hacking
B) information sharing is a powerful positive good
C) hackers are ethically ok as long as they have fun
D) hacking is acceptable as long as it is a solitary activity

Question 26

A fundamental question in ____________________ is what criteria to use when "measuring" the rightness or wrongness of a particular act.

Question 27

The final step of the paramedic method is to ____.

A) make a decision or loop again
B) identify stakeholders
C) identify what is at stake
D) think of analogies

Question 28

Perhaps the most famous deontologist was the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who was born in the ____ century.

A) sixteenth
B) seventeenth
C) eighteenth
D) nineteenth

Question 29

The new way of thinking about making and sharing music will deemphasize the need for large ____ companies.

A) record
B) music
C) software
D) publishing

Question 30

A ____ focus more on the duties of the person acting and the way the act impinges on the rights of others.

A) utilitarian
B) consequentialist
C) hacker
D) deontologist

Question 31

The philosopher ____ was known to say "never treat a fellow human merely as a means to an end."

A) Descartes
B) Turing
C) Aristotle
D) Kant

Question 32

Ideally, in a(n) ____________________, the ultimate goal is for both sides to "win" by moving closer to the truth from two different perspectives.

Question 33

One of the challenges when using a(n) ____________________ argument in a dialectic about hacking is that it is sometimes difficult to predict consequences with any accuracy.

Question 34

Social ____ are people who raise important, but irritating, questions about society.

A) gadflies
B) gadabouts
C) hackers
D) dialectics

Question 35

In a(n) ____, we move back and forth between different viewpoints, criticizing each and trying to learn from each.

A) encryption scheme
B) dialectic
C) utilitarian scheme
D) PGP

Question 36

Kant came up with ____ that characterized the duties we humans have to each other.

A) ten laws
B) a mathematical formulation
C) categorical imperatives
D) an algorithm

Question 37

The first step in the paramedic method is to ____.

A) ask what is at stake
B) identify stakeholders
C) identify duties and responsibilities
D) think of analogies

Question 38

The word ____ is from the Greek and means "the study of duty."

A) encryption
B) hacker
C) deontology
D) modus ponens

Question 39

____ calls can be made from any place that the user can get an Internet connection.

A) FTP
B) VoIP
C) Linux
D) MP3

Question 40

A ____ focuses on the consequences of an act to determine if the act is good or bad.

A) consequentialist
B) universalist
C) PGP
D) dialectic

Question 41

Using the VoIP case from this chapter, walk through the interested parties and how the establishment of lawful intercepts affects the happiness of these parties.

Question 42

What are the components of the "hacker ethic" described in the text?

Question 43

Define cyberbullying.

Question 44

What is Anonymous? What are its best-known actions?

Question 45

What are two of these major leaks in which WikiLeaks has been involved?

Question 46

What is impersonation, in the context of cyberbullying?

Question 47

Explain what sexting is.

Question 48

Explain what WikiLeaks is, how it operates, and what its goal is.

Question 49

What is Kant's second categorical imperative?

Question 50

What are two challenges associated with using a utilitarian argument in a dialectic about hacking?