Deck 21: Genomics, bioinformatics, and Proteomics

Question 1

Name the two strategic methods that scientists are using to sequence genomes.

Answer 1

clone-by-clone method and shotgun cloning

Question 2

What is the typical gene density per kilobase in prokaryotes?

A) 426,000
B) 3000
C) 1200
D) 1
E) 12

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A bacterial polygenic transcription unit ________.

A) contains information for one protein product
B) contains information for more than one protein product
C) is capped at the 5'end and carries a poly-A tail at the 3'end
D) is void of start (AUG) and termination (UAA, UGA, UAG) triplets
E) None of the answers listed is correct.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The term paralog is often used in conjunction with discussions of hemoglobin genes.What does this term mean,and how does it apply to hemoglobin genes?

Question 5

The Human Genome Project,which got under way in 1990,is an international effort to ________.

A) determine the base sequence of the human genome and to identify all the genes within
B) collect samples of cells from all parts of the world in order to preserve human genetic diversity
C) collect plant seeds in order to reduce the impact of human activity on plant extinction
D) clone deleterious genes from humans and study their mode of action
E) clone beneficial genes from humans for eventual use in gene therapy

Question 6

Proteomics is the ________.

A) process of defining the complete set of proteins encoded by a genome
B) harvesting of proteins from a cell to determine their economic value
C) manipulation of amino acid sequences in proteins to alter their function
D) changing of the terminal sequences of proteins to alter their function
E) rational design of drugs based on protein structure

Question 7

What is ELSI?

Question 8

In general,the organization of genes in bacteria is different from that in eukaryotes.In E.coli,approximately 27 percent of all genes are organized into contiguous,functionally related units containing multiple genes under coordinate control that are transcribed as a single unit.Such contiguous gene families are called ________.

A) transcriptomes
B) proteomes
C) contigs
D) operons
E) pseudogenes

Question 9

What is meant by the term pseudogene?

Question 10

One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain internal sequences,called ________,that get removed in the mature message.

Question 11

The human genome contains approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes,yet it has the capacity to produce several hundred thousand gene products.What can account for the vast difference in gene number and product number?

A) Alternative splicing occurs.
B) There are more introns than exons.
C) There are more exons than introns.
D) Much of the DNA is in the form of trinucleotide repeats, thus allowing multiple start sites for different genes.
E) Every gene can be read in both directions, and each gene can have inversions and translocations.

Question 12

What is one major limitation of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE)?

A) It is extremely costly to execute in a typical molecular biology laboratory.
B) When products are separated, they tend to leach out of the gel matrix.
C) Only the most abundant products are detected.
D) 2-DGE can be run only on nucleic acids.
E) 2-DGE is useful only in separating eukaryotic gene products.

Question 13

Most of the bacterial genomes described in the text have fewer than ________.

A) 10,000 genes
B) 5000 base pairs
C) 500 genes
D) 10,000 base pairs
E) 50 genes

Question 14

Intron frequency varies considerably among eukaryotes.Provide a general comparison of intron frequencies in yeast and humans.What about intron size?

Question 15

What is meant by the term low gene density? Give an example of an organism with low gene density.

Question 16

Compared with eukaryotic chromosomes,bacterial chromosomes are ________.

A) large, mainly organized in single gene transcription units without introns
B) small, mainly organized in single gene transcription units with introns
C) large, mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns
D) small, with high gene density
E) large, triple-helix, Z-DNA, organized in single gene units with introns

Question 17

Compared with prokaryotic chromosomes,eukaryotic chromosomes are ________.

A) large, mainly organized in single gene transcription units without introns
B) small, mainly organized in single gene transcription units with introns
C) large, mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns
D) small, mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns
E) large, linear, less densely packed with protein-coding genes, mainly organized in single gene units with introns

Question 18

Numerous scientists around the world have proposed to sequence 10,000 vertebrate genomes in five years.What is the name of this plan?

A) Genome 10K
B) Bigger Than Life Plan
C) 10K or Bust
D) Vertebrate Beginnings
E) Vertebrate Enlightenment

Question 19

What appears to be the range of the number of protein-coding genes per genome in eukaryotes?

Question 20

Which two factors contribute significantly to the wide ranges of genome size among eukaryotes?

Question 21

The terms proteomics and genomics mean essentially the same thing.

Question 22

The Human Genome Project is an international effort to construct a base sequence of the approximately 3 billion base pairs in the haploid human genome.

Question 23

In humans,no genes are larger than 2 kb.

Question 24

Archaea (formerly known as archaebacteria)is one of the three major divisions of living organisms; the other two are eubacteria and eukaryotes.Speculate on how an organism such as Nanoarchaeum equitans with one of the smallest genomes known,about 0.5 Mb,can complete its life cycle with so little genetic material?

Question 25

Typically,bacterial DNA contains less repetitive DNA than eukaryotic DNA.

Question 26

Sequencing the dog genome has indicated that a single locus on chromosome 15 may play a major role in genetically distinguishing large dog breeds from small dog breeds.

Question 27

Introns are found only in prokaryotic genomes.

Question 28

It appears as if about 5000 functional genes is the minimum genome size necessary for life of a prokaryote.

Question 29

Present an overview of the gene organization in large-genome plants.

Question 30

Explain the goal of the emerging discipline called systems biology.

Question 31

A number of generalizations can be made about the organization of protein-coding genes in bacterial chromosomes.First,the gene density is very high,averaging about ________.

Question 32

Present a general definition for a multigene family and how it relates to a superfamily.

Question 33

What is comparative genomics?

Question 34

Briefly describe general trends relating to DNA content and gene number in major groups of organisms.

Question 35

Describe the relationship between introns (size and number)and organismic complexity in eukaryotes.

Question 36

How are pseudogenes formed?

Question 37

In what way will the discipline called metagenomics contribute to human health and welfare?

Question 38

Describe the organization of the α-globin gene in humans.

Question 39

The dog (Canis familiaris)genome has recently been sequenced.About how many of the dog's genes are shared with humans?

Question 40

The genomic organization of all living creatures is identical.

Question 41

Multigene families are characterized by clusters of tandemly arranged unique pseudogenes organized as operons.

Question 42

Bacterial genes have introns,and eukaryotic genes lack introns.

Question 43

There is a general inverse relationship between DNA content and organismic complexity.

Question 44

Humans have more DNA and more genes than any other organism.