Deck 7: Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1815-1848

Question 1

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) In 1828, Parliament removed certain restrictions against Catholics and Nonconformists.
B) In 1832, the right to vote was extended to the working class.
C) In 1833, the slave trade was abolished in the British Empire.
D) In 1835, the Municipal Corporations Act tightened London's authority over other towns.
E) In 1848, revolution on the continent caused a delay in the passage of a Public Health Act in England.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Outside France after the French Revolution and defeat of Napoleon

A) local governments gained considerable autonomy.
B) methods of state censorship and repression collapsed.
C) much of the Old Regime managed to survive.
D) aristocrats lost their monopoly on the army and administration.
E) all tax exemptions were eradicated in favor of new economic policies.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

All of the following experienced at least one revolution in the 1820s.The only revolution to succeed was in

A) Spain.
B) southern Italy.
C) Greece.
D) Russia.
E) northern Italy.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Austria's objective and/or strategy at the Congress of Vienna was to

A) ​restore a balance of power in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon.
B) ​install new rulers responsive to the will of the people.
C) ​support liberalism and nationalism.
D) ​foster the political awareness of the middle classes.
E) ​all of the above

Question 5

What sparked the Revolution of 1830in France?

A) Louis XVIII died.
B) Charles X invalidated an election, changed the election laws, and censored the press.
C) The revolutions in Belgium and Poland ignited revolutionary fervor in France.
D) Without warning, Charles X abdicated and retired to the south of France.
E) Industrialization drove the urban working class to revolt.

Question 6

The French government whose ouster in 1848 sparked revolutions throughout Europe was run by

A) the ultras who aimed to bring back the Old Regime.
B) moderate monarchists who supported Louis XVIII's Charter.
C) the wealthy bourgeoisie and some aristocrats.
D) neo-Jacobins who worked towards a restoration of the Republic.
E) socialists who tried to make worker cooperative the basis of a new economic order.

Question 7

The Chartists' demands for all of the following eventually succeeded EXCEPT

A) the secret ballot.
B) salaries for members of Parliament.
C) universal manhoodsuffrage.
D) annual parliamentary elections.
E) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament.

Question 8

Which of the following sought to create a European community based on Christian teachings and aroused distrust among other diplomats at the Congress of Vienna?

A) Alexander I
B) Talleyrand
C) Castlereagh
D) Metternich
E) Hardenberg

Question 9

Who was the dominating influence at the Congress of Vienna?

A) Castlereagh
B) Alexander I
C) Metternich
D) Talleyrand
E) von Hardenberg

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about Britain before the revolutions of 1830?

A) Britain was the freest state in Europe.
B) Britain was a democracy.
C) Its social and political systems were dominated by aristocratic interests.
D) Many towns were governed by corrupt groups.
E) The new industrial towns had virtually no representation in Parliament.

Question 11

One may correctly say of the Concert of Europe that

A) its members always agreed with the actions of the alliance.
B) it was another name for the Quadruple (or Quintuple) Alliance.
C) it was willing to threaten, but not to act.
D) it successfully prohibited all movements for national independence in the 1820s.
E) France was never accepted as a member.

Question 12

Revolutionary movements in Poland and Italy from 1830 to 1832

A) were both crushed by Russia.
B) were both crushed by Austria.
C) both succeeded in securing national independence.
D) possessed leaders who failed to rally the peasant masses to the cause of unity.
E) resulted in new liberal governments.

Question 13

Who warned the French Chamber of Deputies that by not responding to the working class,they were "sleeping on a volcano"?

A) Blanc
B) Lamartine
C) de Tocqueville
D) Cavaignac
E) Blanqui

Question 14

Sparsely populated regions that sent representatives to the House of Commons were known as

A) empty boroughs.
B) abandoned boroughs.
C) stale boroughs.
D) rotten boroughs.
E) field boroughs.

Question 15

Which of the following is the best assessment of the Chartist movement?

A) It failed.
B) Although it did not accomplish its goals, the Chartist movement did pacify the restive working class.
C) Some of the Chartist demands were eventually met.
D) The movement died out just as most of Europe erupted in revolution.
E) All Chartist demands were met by 1848.

Question 16

During the Bourbon restoration,King Louis XVIII did all the following EXCEPT

A) resisting the demands of the ultras to completely erase the changes that had occurred since the beginning of the Revolution.
B) issuing a Charter that declared his power came from God.
C) issuing a Charter that recognized the freedom of thought and religion and also equality before the law.
D) creating a two-house parliament.
E) granting wide suffrage to the French people.

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Congress of Vienna?

A) a balance of powers that lasted until the 1870s
B) the avoidance of a major European war for about a hundred years
C) growing pressure to satisfy the national aspirations of a number of European people denied statehood
D) the disarming and isolation of France
E) subordination of the interests of smaller states for the sake of peace among the Great Powers

Question 18

The Revolution of 1830in France resulted in

A) a constitutional monarchy with strong ties to the upper bourgeoisie.
B) the nearly twenty-year rule of Louis Philippe.
C) lingering resentment among Parisian workers who had fought the revolution but gained essentially nothing in return.
D) sparkingrevolutions in Belgium, Poland, and Italy.
E) all of the above

Question 19

The Reform Bill of 1832

A) increased the number of voters in Britain to about two million.
B) was supported from its formulation by the House of Lords.
C) gave the vote for the first time to workers.
D) may have helped to avert revolution in Britain.
E) all of the above

Question 20

Who was the minister in Louis Philippe's government who declared "Get rich,then you can vote" when criticized about the narrow franchise?

A) Lamartine
B) Guizot
C) Ledru-Rollin
D) Michelet
E) Michelin

Question 21

What united the French peasantry,bourgeoisie,and aristocracy against the national workshops and the June Revolution?

A) a fear that the monarchy would be abolished
B) a revulsion against the pub-oriented working class culture
C) a fear that the sanctity of private property was being violated and thatall property was threatened
D) a suspicion that the workers identified more with the workers of the world than they did with the French nation
E) all of the above

Question 22

How far did the efforts to unite Germany proceed in 1848-1849?

A) The process ended with elections to a national assembly.
B) A popularly elected assembly was unable to decide whether or not the Hapsburg lands should be included.
C) A popularly elected national assembly approved a federation with a Parliament and headed by the Prussian king.
D) The Prussian king refused to accept the invitation from the national assembly to be king of a unified Germany and the effort ended.
E) The national assembly continued to operate after the Prussian king's rebuff and successfully united Germany within a generation.

Question 23

Although not solving the root problems of the working class,the new republican government in France

A) instituted universal manhood suffrage.
B) ended censorship.
C) limited the workday to ten hours.
D) legalized labor unions.
E) all of the above

Question 24

According to the text,the major impact of the 1848 revolutions in Germany was

A) the firm establishment of socialism as part of the German political scene.
B) recognition by the Prussian nobility that compromise with liberalism was necessary.
C) the thwarting of liberal ambitions and the ultimate adoption of nationalism by the German middle classes.
D) the permanent weakening of Prussia.
E) continued Austrian domination of Germany.

Question 25

Which veteran of the Congress of Vienna was still trying to contain the forces of liberalism and nationalism at the beginning of the revolutions of 1848?

A) von Hardenberg
B) Talleyrand
C) Metternich
D) Alexander I
E) Castlereagh

Question 26

Which of the following did NOT fit into the pattern of the revolution of 1848in Germany?

A) Widespread popular disturbances frightened the ruling princes.
B) The ruling princes made liberal concession such as establishing parliaments and granting constitutions.
C) Liberal or democratic forces created effective armies to preserve their gains.
D) After some time, the princes recovered from the initial shock.
E) The original ruling princes used their armed forces to reverse all the revolutions.

Question 27

The provisional government established after the abdication of Louis Philippe consisted almost exclusively of

A) rural peasants.
B) bourgeois leaders.
C) urban laborers.
D) aristocrats.
E) none of the above

Question 28

Which of the followingsocial groups participated in the February Revolution?

A) the laboring poor hurt by poor harvests and unemployment
B) artisans who had manned the barricades in 1830 and favored a democratic republic
C) professionals and small tradesmen not wealthy enough to vote
D) intellectuals and nationalists
E) all of the above

Question 29

All of the following is true of Viennese revolutionaries in 1848 EXCEPT

A) they included students and workers who demonstrated against Hapsburg absolutism.
B) they won from the government the promise of a constitution.
C) they secured the resignation of Metternich.
D) they were quickly subdued by the force of government authorities.
E) they were able to win freedom of the press.

Question 30

In the debate at the Frankfurt Assembly (National Assembly)in1848,Wilhelm Jordan described Poles as a people

A) who did not possess the same measure of "human content" as the Germans.
B) worthy and capable of self government.
C) who historically have embodied the spirit of revolution.
D) who were the equals of the Germans and endowed with the right to unity.
E) unfairly partitioned by Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Question 31

How did the June Revolution differ from previous revolts and prefigure some twentieth century revolutions?

A) It was a working class revolt led by a conspiracy of professional revolutionaries.
B) The June Revolution was a respectable revolution of the middle class to defend its interests against the lower classes.
C) It was a peaceful realignment of political parties in the parliament that made possible the passage of radical legislation.
D) The June Revolution was a working class revolt intended to redistribute the country's wealth and eliminate poverty.
E) It was a working class revolt that required foreign intervention to preserve the status quo.

Question 32

Historian and statesman Frantisek Palacky

A) wrote his major works in German.
B) declined to participate in the revolution of 1848.
C) rejected the reforms of the French Revolution.
D) put Czech nationalism above the ideals of the Enlightenment.
E) was a leader in the cultural revival known as the "Czech renaissance."

Question 33

The goals of German liberal-nationalists in 1848 according to Carl Schurz included all of the following EXCEPT

A) a powerful national German Empire.
B) equality before the law.
C) civil rights and liberties.
D) representative government.
E) the elimination of autonomy for the communes.

Question 34

Who demanded that the French government establish cooperative workshops in 1848?

A) François Guizot
B) Alexis de Tocqueville
C) Louis Blanc
D) Louis Philippe
E) Louis Napoleon

Question 35

Factors that relate to the German revolutions of 1848 include each of the following EXCEPT

A) discontent of artisans.
B) the impact of hunger and discontent.
C) strong Marxian influence among German workers.
D) reform-minded middle-class liberals.
E) peasants hard-pressed by crop failure, demands by the aristocracy, and debt.

Question 36

The Czech renaissance refers to the

A) founding of the university in Prague in 1348.
B) Hussite revolt in the fifteenth century.
C) defenestration of Prague in 1618.
D) Czech cultural revival in the first half of the nineteenth century.
E) Pan-Slavic Congress in Prague.

Question 37

After initial victories by revolutionaries,the tide turned in favor of the Hapsburg authorities as the result of

A) conflicting national interests among the revolutionaries.
B) disillusionment with the Constitutional Assembly.
C) a lack of agreement on further revolutionary actions.
D) the government's victory over the Czechs in Bohemia.
E) assistance from Russia.

Question 38

In 1848,the Hapsburg Empire was held together by

A) the emperor and a common parliament.
B) nationality and religion.
C) the emperor, his army, and bureaucracy.
D) the traditional Three Estate system.
E) none of the above

Question 39

The bulk of the population in the Hapsburg Empire was

A) of mixed ethnic background.
B) Slavic.
C) Hungarian.
D) German.
E) Romance.

Question 40

The "shock troops" of the revolutions in Germany were

A) the factory workers.
B) the bourgeoisie.
C) artisans hard-pressed by industrialization.
D) unemployed college graduates.
E) Freemasons.

Question 41

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
national workshops

Question 42

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Congress of Vienna

Question 43

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
universal manhood suffrage

Question 44

Liberal gains due to the revolutions of 1848include

A) universal manhood suffrage in France.
B) abolition of serfdom in Austria.
C) establishment of parliaments in Prussia and other German states.
D) adoption of elements of the liberal agenda by conservatives who held on to power.
E) all of the above

Question 45

At mid-century,where did revolutionary discontent erupt even before the Parisians rebelledin the February Revolution?

A) Baden Baden
B) Sicily
C) Hungary
D) Piedmont
E) Papal States

Question 46

The "Five Glorious Days" occurred when

A) the people of Milan successfully expelled the Austrians in March 1848.
B) revolutionaries established "a pure democracy with the glorious name of the Roman Republic."
C) Louis Napoleon and the French regained the city of Rome for the Pope.
D) Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia expelled the Austrians from Lombardy and Venetia.
E) revolutionaries in Naples forced the king to grant the country a liberal constitution.

Question 47

Revolutionary movements against absolutism in Central Europe were destroyed by

A) agricultural collapse.
B) obstinate nationalist animosities.
C) the failure to industrialize.
D) the tight organization of the Hapsburg Empire.
E) an unshakable loyalty for tradition.

Question 48

Louis Kossuth is associated with

A) working-class leadership in Vienna in 1848.
B) directing the bombardment of Prague by conservative forces.
C) leading the Magyars of Hungary as they sought liberal reforms.
D) military leadership of a pro-Hapsburg Croat army.
E) the great landlords' opposition to liberalization in Hungary.

Question 49

Long-term consequences of the 1848 revolutions include all the following EXCEPT

A) the end of the revolutionary alliance between the bourgeoisie and the working class.
B) the willingness of Germans nationalists to sacrifice liberalism for national unity.
C) the end of liberalism throughout the continent.
D) the beginning of "the Great European War of every nation against its neighbors."
E) a general acceptance that popular uprisings were ineffective tools for changing society.

Question 50

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Reform Bill of 1832

Question 51

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Concert of Europe

Question 52

Before seceding from the Hapsburg Empire,the Hungarians

A) abolished serfdom.
B) instituted freedom of religion and the press.
C) terminated the privileges of the nobility and the Church.
D) extended the right to vote to all men who could speak some Magyar and owned some land.
E) all of the above

Question 53

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
February Revolution

Question 54

Russian intervention was the primary reason for the failure of revolution in which of the following?

A) Hungary
B) Bohemia
C) Germany
D) Italy
E) all of the above

Question 55

During the revolutions of 1848-1849,Hungarian liberalism was accompanied by

A) economic interests.
B) an intense sense of superiority over non-Hungarians in Hungary.
C) religious interests.
D) loyalty to the Hapsburg dynasty.
E) none of the above

Question 56

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
ultras

Question 57

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Louis Philippe

Question 58

The most serious threat to Hapsburg power was the disposition of the

A) Czechs.
B) Viennese.
C) Croats.
D) Magyars.
E) Rumanians.

Question 59

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Old Order

Question 60

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Chartists

Question 61

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).


-Locate and label the following sites of revolutionary developments of 1848: Paris,Budapest,Vienna,Prague,Berlin,Posen,Frankfurt,Milan,Venice,Rome,and Dresden.

Question 62

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

It has been said that the delegates to the Congress of Vienna produced long-lasting results because they acted according to rational principles rather than acting according to popular emotions.Do you agree? Support your conclusion.

Question 63

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

What were the legacies of the revolutions of 1848? Who gained,and who lost,and why?

Question 64

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Why was Britain exempt from truly violent revolutionary turmoil in 1848?

Question 65

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Identify and explain both the liberal and the nationalist aims which were present during the revolutions of 1848 in Italy.

Question 66

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

How realistic was Metternich's "dissolution complex"? Explain your position using at least two examples to support your conclusion.

Question 67

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

How does the Hungarian revolution of 1848 illustrate both the great-mindedness and the small-mindedness of the champions of nationalism?

Question 68

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Why were the revolutions of 1848 unsuccessful?

Question 69

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

What were the main political problems that England faced in the first half of the nineteenth century? How didthe government respond to these tensions?

Question 70

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
dissolution complex

Question 71

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Comment on the dissatisfaction of the working class of Europe in 1848.Were the problems confined to specific areas?

Question 72

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

What goals and principles shaped the Congress of Vienna,and how did it define Europe during the first half of the nineteenth century?

Question 73

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Five Glorious Days

Question 74

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Mark the borders of each of the following as of 1815: the Kingdoms of Spain,France,Prussia,Sardinia,and the Two Sicilies; the empires of Russia and Austria; the German Confederation; and the Papal States.

Question 75

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Compare and contrastthe reactions of Louis Philippe,Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia,and Nicholas I to the revolutions of 1848.

Question 76

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
June Revolution

Question 77

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

The textbook states that "repression could not contain the liberal and nationalist ideals unleashed by the French Revolution".Is that a true assessment for the years between 1815 and 1848? Why or why not?

Question 78

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Czech renaissance

Question 79

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
democratic idealists