Deck 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality

Question 1

Which of the following is the concept sociobiologists use to describe "the process by which the individuals that are best adapted to their environment,survive,reproduce,and pass on their genes"?

A)sexual strategies
B)natural selection
C)environmental physiology
D)gender schemas

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Mike and Cindy have a predictable first date where they both expect to do the same things in a relatively specific order: getting to know one another,evaluating,eating out,making out,and then going home.They are following what is known as a sexual script.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The distinction that Freud and many of the followers of psychoanalytic theory have made between a vaginal orgasm and a clitoral orgasm in women is best described as erroneous.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Queer theory focuses specifically on research relating to sexual orientation.

Question 5

The gender schemas that exist in the members of any society respond relatively quickly to change in society and what men and women do in that society.

Question 6

According to Symbolic Interaction Theory,people can communicate successfully with one another only to the extent that they ascribe similar meanings to objects and people.

Question 7

Freud saw that one of the key factors in the development of the human personality in males was the resolution of their desire to kill their fathers and possess their mothers.

Question 8

If we believe that sexual behaviour and beliefs can be changed at just about any time during our lives rather than in only our childhood,we are adherents to psychoanalytic theory.

Question 9

For the most part in Canadian society,the institution of religion has had little influence in the shaping of sexual norms because of the emphasis in Canada upon the freedom of the individual to decide what's best for each person.

Question 10

Sexual behaviour is a result of extensive prior learning that teaches us sexual etiquette and how to interpret specific situations.

Question 11

In Canada,a charge of nudity carries a sentence of 6 months and/or $5,000.

Question 12

Feminist theory was proposed by a single theorist - the well-known Virginia Johnson is often referenced with her partnership - Masters and Johnson.

Question 13

According to evolutionary psychology,successful long-term sexual strategies in mate-selection often are not based on the same criteria used in successful short-term sexual strategies.

Question 14

An example of symbolic communication is a flower representing the womb in art.

Question 15

Sociobiology has been criticized since the 1980s for embracing an outmoded and naïve version of evolutionary theory.

Question 16

Social exchange theory sees social relationships as exchanges of goods and services between people.

Question 17

According to Freud,the ego develops first,followed by the id and superego.

Question 18

Sexual Interference is described in the Canadian Criminal Code as an act that direct or indirect touching (for a sexual purpose)of a person under the age of 16 using a part of the body or an object.

Question 19

Classical conditioning can affect sexual behaviours.

Question 20

A sociobiologist would suggest that the nuclear family structure of a man,woman,and offspring functions positively for reproductive success because it perpetuates pair-bonding and attachment between parent and infant.

Question 21

Which component of the personality operates on the reality principle?

A)the ego
B)the id
C)the superego
D)Eros

Question 22

According to sociobiology theory,homosexuality may be explained by which of the following?

A)The lack of sexual reproduction between homosexuals gives them the evolutionary advantage of having more resources available to themselves.
B)Homosexuality likely evolved to provide more care-giving individuals within a community.
C)Homosexuality likely evolved as a fourth sexual selection strategy in communities with an over-representation of one gender.
D)Because of its focus on reproduction,sociobiological theory cannot explain homosexuality.

Question 23

When a group of males at a party compete to catch the attention of one particularly beautiful and intelligent female,they are displaying a behaviour called

A)gender schema
B)latency
C)sexual selection
D)parental investment

Question 24

Some theorists suggest we may look at a partner's physique and complexion to estimate their

A)social status
B)sexual experience
C)genetic structure
D)reproductive potential

Question 25

What do sociobiologists believe that human sexual behaviours are primarily the result of?

A)Observational learning
B)Personal experience
C)Evolution
D)Cultural influences

Question 26

Pair-bonding and attachment increase reproductive success.Which example illustrates these mechanisms?

A)A mother and father are emotionally involved and share finances.
B)A mother and her child have a loving relationship and the father provides finances.
C)A mother and father are emotionally involved and both have a loving relationship with the child.
D)A father and his child have a loving relationship and the mother provides stability.

Question 27

Which of the following is a popular criticism of Sigmund Freud's work?

A)The idea that the unconscious cannot be studied scientifically.
B)The idea that there are stages of sexual development.
C)The "Inductor Theory of Primary Sexual Differentiation".
D)His forward thinking in terms of male and female equity.

Question 28

A weakness of Freud's theory of psychosocial development was his belief that not much happened sexually during the

A)oral stage
B)latency stage
C)anal stage
D)genital stage

Question 29

Which of the following is a sexual strategy which would be considered an effective evolutionary psychological mechanism?

A)A male choosing a fertile female who appears unhealthy.
B)A male chooses a sexually available female for both short-term and long-term relationships.
C)A male choosing a sexually available female for a short-term relationship,but avoiding such females for a long-term relationship.
D)A female choosing a partner for the short-term relationship because of immediate resource availability but not considering the implication for the long term.

Question 30

Professor Jones is studying the sexual behaviour of a heterosexual couple.She is interested in how the behaviour of this couple evolved and how it is similar to the behaviour she observed last week in the monkeys in her backyard.The concept expressed here is part of which approach?

A)sociobiological approach
B)social learning approach
C)mixed species approach
D)conflict approach

Question 31

Professor Jones is studying a heterosexual couple's sexual behaviour.She is interested in how the psychological mechanisms they used in choosing each other were shaped by natural selection.What approach is she using?

A)sociobiological
B)evolutionary psychology
C)psychoanalytic
D)learning theory

Question 32

Jane and Jeff are on a date at the zoo.During their visit to the wild cat sanctuary,they come upon a male and female lion mating.While they are giggling at the cats' public display,Jane notices that she is becoming aroused.Jeff,on the other hand,is experiencing no arousal except for some discomfort with the lion's ongoing encounter.How might some researchers interpret Jane and Jeff's responses as a demonstration of natural selection?

A)Historically,men who have sex with felines do not reproduce;therefore,Jeff is not sexually aroused by the sexual scene.
B)Jane has likely experienced sexual arousal to animals having sex in her past and is now conditioned to respond to the sexual scene.
C)Historically,finding humour in uncomfortable situations is a valuable trait to have in a mate;therefore,Jane is aroused by Jeff.
D)Historically,women who had automatic physiological responses to a wide range of stimuli were more likely to survive;therefore,Jane is aroused by the sexual scene.

Question 33

Which theoretical formulation has been criticized for an over-emphasis on reproduction?

A)sociology
B)sociobiology
C)social learning theory
D)script theory

Question 34

Let's say you are a person who is willing to have sex with anyone,anytime,anyplace.According to Freud,you have an overactive

A)pituitary and hypothalamus
B)id
C)ego
D)superego

Question 35

A psychology student studies the "wedding ring" effect,the idea that people who are already in a committed relationship seem to be more attractive to opposite-sex singles.Using the ideas in sexual strategy,why might this be so?

A)A person in a committed relationship must only want a sexual encounter,making them a good short-term partner and that is what both men and women desire.
B)A person in a committed relationship must have the qualities of a good long-term partner and that is what both men and women desire.
C)A man in a committed relationship would not be available,making him attractive to single women who generally desire a long-term partner only.
D)A woman in a committed relationship would not be available,making her attractive to single men who generally desire a short-term partner only.

Question 36

Which of the following supports the sociobiological theory of parental investment?

A)Fathers spend an equal amount of money on their genetic children and their current stepchildren.
B)Fathers spend more money on their genetic children than on stepchildren from past relationships.
C)Fathers spend less money on their genetic children than on their current stepchildren.
D)Fathers' spending habits are entirely dictated by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Question 37

A girl is impressed with her boyfriend's ambition.She feels he will make a good husband and father.She accepts his proposal of marriage.What is this an example of?

A)Sexual selection
B)Natural selection
C)Cognitive selection
D)Social display

Question 38

What term did Freud use to describe the sex drive?

A)evolution
B)libido
C)thanatos
D)evolutionary imperative

Question 39

According to Freud,identification with the same-gender parent occurs at the conclusion of the stage of psychosexual development called the

A)anal stage
B)oral stage
C)genital stage
D)phallic stage

Question 40

A married man who refrains from flirting with a female in front of his wife is being guided by which of the following?

A)id
B)ego
C)libido
D)pleasure principle

Question 41

A teacher wants to use the concept of self-efficacy when she teaches her class on condom use.Which activity should she incorporate?

A)demonstrate how to put on a condom using a dildo
B)display pictures showing the steps of how to put on a condom
C)talk to the students about problems they have while putting on condoms
D)have each of the students practice putting a condom on a dildo

Question 42

A woman who constantly smokes cigarettes and chews gum would be said to be fixated at the:

A)phallic stage
B)genital stage
C)oral stage
D)penis envy stage

Question 43

Young boys living in Melanesia are forced to perform fellatio on an enemy boy in the dark after being exhausted in initiation rites.This reduces the erotic effects of homosexual behaviour and is an example of

A)observational learning
B)imitation
C)aversion conditioning
D)cognitive restructuring

Question 44

Using learning theory terminology presented in the text,the negative experience of contracting a sexually transmitted disease following sexual intercourse would be called a(n)

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)operant

Question 45

Freudian psychoanalysts believe development ___________ whereas modern psychoanalysts believe development _______________.

A)ends in adolescence;is lifelong
B)is lifelong;ends in adolescence
C)is biological;is sociological
D)depends on parents;depends on genetics

Question 46

What are the two main concepts of social learning theory?

A)identification and imitation
B)operant conditioning and classical conditioning
C)reinforcement and punishment
D)aversion and imitation

Question 47

At around two years old,parents typically potty train their children.In Freud's view,this behaviour is an example of what stage of development?

A)oral stage
B)phallic stage
C)genital stage
D)anal stage

Question 48

Jody's first serious girlfriend often would wear lycra workout shorts when "serious" sexual intimacies were on the agenda in the back seat of his car.Now whenever he sees a female attired in the same way,he feels sexually aroused.Jody's reaction is an example of

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)sexual conditioning
D)social conditioning

Question 49

Because stimulation of the clitoris and stimulation of the penis is automatically pleasurable,the sexual pleasure derived from such stimulation is classified as a(n)

A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 50

A therapist uses a schedule of immediate rewards and punishments for appropriate and inappropriate sexual arousal to images on a screen.What type of therapy is the therapist using?

A)psychoanalysis
B)behaviour therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)social learning therapy

Question 51

Which of the following is most consistent with operant conditioning?

A)Continuing to have sexual intercourse because of having experienced painful intercourse on a consistent basis.
B)Becoming sexually aroused in a new circumstance that is similar to one's past sexual experiences.
C)Masturbating as a child even when we know that we will be punished if we are caught.
D)Sexually responding to our image of what the other gender is doing.

Question 52

Food is a __________ reinforcer,and sex is a ________ reinforcer.

A)primary;primary
B)conditioned;conditioned
C)primary;conditioned
D)conditioned;primary

Question 53

Imagine that you have learned to become aroused to your partner's cologne or perfume.In conditioning terms,the cologne or perfume would be referred to as a(n)

A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 54

One of the principles of operant conditioning is the delay factor where punishment is not very effective in stopping the behaviour.This principle can be seen in

A)engaging in sexual intercourse after watching pornography
B)becoming sexually aroused in a new circumstance that is similar to one's past sexual experiences.
C)continuing to engage in unprotected oral sex after having been diagnosed with Chlamydia in the throat.
D)becoming sexually aroused after imagining a sexual activity.

Question 55

Which is NOT one of Freud's important contributions to sexuality?

A)Making sex something the public could talk about.
B)Showing that sex was an appropriate topic for scientific research.
C)Showing that sex is a natural and inseparable part of human life.
D)His identification of the latency period of childhood.

Question 56

The theorists/researchers who believe that all or almost all of our adult sexual behaviour is determined by our childhood experiences use which of the following approaches?

A)social learning
B)sociobiology
C)structural functional
D)psychoanalytic

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a feminist critique of how Freud viewed women's psychosocial development?

A)Women are inferior because they do not have a penis.
B)A vaginal orgasm is more mature than a clitoral orgasm.
C)Women are the source of boys' Oedipus complex.
D)There are differences between vaginal and clitoral orgasms.

Question 58

What is one of the main criticisms of Freud's work?

A)He claimed children were sexual beings.
B)His data almost exclusively from his work with patients who sought therapy from him.
C)He suffered from acute depression himself.
D)The sample on which he based his findings was too large.

Question 59

In Freudian terms,a child who steals a cookie from the jar and then feels guilty has a

A)strong libido
B)strong id
C)weak superego
D)strong superego

Question 60

Neuropsychoanalysis research has provided support for Freud's theories by showing that

A)the temporal lobe likely contains the ego.
B)the unconscious can be accessed with electrical stimulation.
C)parts of the limbic system are active during strange dreams.
D)parts of the frontal lobe are active during strange dreams.

Question 61

Operant conditioning might posit the following regarding homosexuality:

A)It is due to a reinforcement of sexual actions toward same-sex individuals.
B)Stereotypes of homosexuals persist because we filter out stereotype-inconsistencies.
C)Over time,homosexuality should be less common because of a lack of offspring resulting from homosexual pairings.
D)It is a result of genetic imprinting.

Question 62

The fact that males living in Melanesia spend 10 or more years in exclusively homosexual relationships,then spend the remainder of their lives in exclusively heterosexual relationships shows that:

A)ultimately psychoanalytic ideas of parental influence are most important.
B)sexuality is not necessarily fixed,and may be changeable in some societies by social learning and cognitive restructuring.
C)sexual selection does not occur within this culture.
D)legality is the only barrier to homosexuality.

Question 63

Males living in Melanesia who shift from a pattern of exclusive homosexuality to a pattern of exclusive heterosexuality are instructed that there are several stages through which a boy must pass to become a masculine man.These boys also participate in initiation ceremonies that involve first giving fellatio to older boys/men and then receiving fellatio from younger boys.The structure of this cultural tradition combines which two theories of sexuality?

A)operant and classical conditioning
B)cognitive theory and learning theories
C)schema processing and evolutionary theory
D)psychoanalysis and sociobiology

Question 64

Which theory explains relationships in terms of rewards and cost?

A)Social learning theory
B)Symbolic interaction theory
C)Social exchange theory
D)Social economic theory

Question 65

Cognitive psychologists believe that distress is caused by which of the following?

A)physiological and/or biochemical changes
B)reinforcement of negative moods
C)unpleasant,exaggerated and/or distorted thoughts
D)pressures from competing demands of family,work,and religious beliefs

Question 66

How does gender schema theory explain why stereotypes about homosexuals,heterosexuals,males,females,sexual behaviour,etc.,are very slow to change?

A)we remember events and people in ways that fit better with our stereotypes
B)we learn what to expect of people by observing what they do
C)we learn to expect certain things from certain people and situations
D)we tend to give the same meaning to people across different contexts

Question 67

Let's say that you are trying to explain some kinds of sexual behaviour as resulting from exposure to erotica obtained from "adult" websites.You believe that people will use the techniques they observe in the erotica if they have positive results from trying them.The theory which you are drawing on to explain the sexual behaviour is

A)sociobiology
B)operant conditioning
C)script theory
D)social learning theory

Question 68

Lee has been going on dates with both Terri and Joe.Terri is wealthy and takes Lee on extravagant trips paying for everything;but he often travels for work for long periods of time.Joe is more modest and most of their dates involve spending time in common activities together.Lee is looking for loving companionship.First,according to social exchange theory,which dating partner is Lee likely to choose?

A)Neither
B)Terri
C)Joe
D)A new person

Question 69

Second,what social exchange principle is demonstrated in the scenario in the question above?

A)Comparison level for alternatives
B)Comparison level
C)Balance of rewards and costs
D)Vicarious learning

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT explained by the principles of reinforcement in social exchange theory?

A)Change
B)Selection
C)Stability
D)Satisfaction

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT crucial to understanding human sexuality according to cognitive psychologists?

A)perception
B)labeling
C)evaluation
D)modification

Question 72

What does equality mean in social exchange theory?

A)That both partners receive the same rewards.
B)That neither partner receives costs.
C)That both partners receive the same profits.
D)That men do the same number of chores as women.

Question 73

According to critics,what concept in relationships does social exchange theory NOT explain well?

A)Partner Selection
B)Love
C)Infidelity
D)Sexual Satisfaction

Question 74

In social exchange terminology,what is the balance of rewards to cost called when there are more rewards than costs?

A)Profit
B)Deficit
C)Reinforcement
D)Product

Question 75

Toni has high expectations for having consistently great sex in her relationships.Although she enjoys having sex with Brett,Toni would like to have more regular,more varied,and longer sexual encounters.Toni has been feeling less sexually attractive because of her perceived limited sex life with Brett.Brett is very happy with the sex that they have.How would Byers and her colleagues expect Toni to rate her level of sexual satisfaction?

A)Very high
B)Very low
C)Non-existent
D)Not great

Question 76

Which is an example of equity?

A)Jane and John experience the same profit in their relationship.
B)Jane believes that John experiences more costs in their relationship than she does.
C)John believes that Jane receives as many rewards as she should and fewer costs than she should in their relationship.
D)Jane and John believe that the rewards they get are proportional to the costs they bear in their relationship.

Question 77

What is a schema?

A)A general knowledge framework
B)A sneaky way of being
C)A technique to identify the sex of a baby
D)A stereotyped behaviour

Question 78

A researcher team is interested in couples' sexual satisfaction.They ask people about what parts of their sexual relationship are positive,which parts are negative,and whether overall they find their sexual relationship to as good/bad as they expected.What theory of sexual relationships is this research team investigating?

A)Symbolic interaction theory
B)Social exchange theory
C)Sociobiology
D)Social learning theory

Question 79

Jen's friend Sandra lends her a lawn mower because last week Jen took care of Sandra's dog while she was out of town.This example demonstrates how _______________ views social relationships.

A)social learning theory
B)social exchange theory
C)evolutionary theory
D)symbolic interaction theory

Question 80

According to schema theory,seeing pictures of little boys playing with dolls is information that is called

A)schema-resistant
B)schema-malignant
C)stereotype-inconsistent
D)stereotype-distorted