Deck 15: Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of

A)10 weeks, called quarters.
B)8 weeks, called quintiles.
C)4 months, called semesters.
D)3 months, called trimesters.
E)5 weeks, called periods.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following nutrients taken as a prenatal supplement has been found to be associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects?

A)Iron
B)Folate
C)Calcium
D)Cobalamin
E)Iodine

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has

A)spina bifida.
B)macrosomia.
C)anencephaly.
D)FAS.
E)spinal agenesis.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the recommended range of weight gain, in lbs, during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman?

A)10-18
B)19-24
C)25-35
D)36-44
E)45-55

Question 5

Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during the

A)last trimester of pregnancy.
B)second trimester of pregnancy.
C)second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
D)month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy.
E)prior to conception but stopping when pregnancy occurs.

Question 6

A newly fertilized egg is known as a(n)

A)fetus.
B)ovum.
C)zygote.
D)embryo.
E)blastocyst.

Question 7

What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status?

A)Infant's birthweight
B)Mother's weight before pregnancy
C)Mother's weight gain during pregnancy
D)Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy
E)Maternal age

Question 8

A newborn infant at full gestational age has an average length of

A)15 inches.
B)17 inches.
C)20 inches.
D)22 inches.
E)2 feet.

Question 9

Which of the following describes the capacity of a man to produce sperm and a woman to periodically produce a normal egg?

A)Zygote
B)Fertility
C)Conception
D)Implantation zone
E)Reproductive competence

Question 10

What is macrosomia?

A)A neural tube defect
B)A high-birthweight infant
C)Excessive weight gain of the mother
D)Abnormal cravings for carbohydrate during pregnancy
E)Abnormal weakness of uterine muscles

Question 11

What is the recommended range of weight gain, in lbs, during pregnancy for an underweight woman?

A)15-25
B)28-40
C)42-50
D)55-62
E)65-80

Question 12

What is the term for the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth?

A)Fetus
B)Ovum
C)Zygote
D)Embryo
E)Blastocyst

Question 13

What organ is most affected in anencephaly?

A)Liver
B)Heart
C)Brain
D)Pancreas
E)Lungs

Question 14

Approximately what percentage of pregnancies in the United States are unplanned?

A)10
B)20
C)35
D)50
E)75

Question 15

The neural tube develops into the

A)umbilical cord.
B)liver and pancreas.
C)gastrointestinal tract.
D)brain and spinal cord.
E)cardiovascular system.

Question 16

Which of the following increases the risk of macrosomia?

A)Folate deficiency
B)Prepregnancy obesity
C)Postpregnancy infection
D)Gestational oxygen deprivation
E)Very young maternal age

Question 17

The process by which maternal nutrient intake affects the child's development of diseases later in life is known as

A)retrogenetics.
B)reverse genetics.
C)fetal programming.
D)postpartum degenerative expression.
E)genetic mutation.

Question 18

What name is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?

A)Period of maximal sensitivity
B)Critical period
C)Fertility period
D)Conceptual period
E)Teratogenic period

Question 19

What is the placenta?

A)An organ from which the infant receives nourishment
B)A muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth
C)The developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth
D)The developing infant during its second through eighth week after conception
E)The sac in which the developing infant is contained prior to birth

Question 20

At what stage of pregnancy does an embryo show a beating heart and a complete central nervous system?

A)8 weeks
B)12 weeks
C)16 weeks
D)20 weeks
E)24 weeks

Question 21

The amount of vitamin D needed in pregnancy can be obtained by consumption of fortified milk and

A)low-mercury fish.
B)exposure to the sun.
C)tropical fruit juices.
D)vitamin D supplements.
E)tree nuts.

Question 22

Which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells?

A)Protein and chromium
B)Folate and vitamin B₁₂
C)Calcium and vitamin A
D)Vitamin E and vitamin C
E)Selenium and iron

Question 23

For the normal-weight woman, weight gain ideally follows a pattern of ____ during the first trimester and ____ per week thereafter.

A)1 pound; 2 pounds
B)1½ pounds; 2 pounds
C)2 pounds; 1 pound
D)2½ pounds; 2 pounds
E)3½ pounds; 1 pound

Question 24

Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in pregnancy?

A)The RDA increases by over 100%.
B)Calcium absorption increases substantially.
C)Supplements are required for most women due to the increased needs.
D)Transfer of calcium from maternal stores to the fetus increases rapidly at the beginning of the second trimester and falls during the last trimester.
E)During the last trimester, about 500 mg of calcium are transferred from the mother to the fetus each day.

Question 25

Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores?

A)Iron
B)Protein
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin B6
E)Essential fatty acids

Question 26

The component of weight gain during pregnancy that is similar to the average weight of the infant at birth is the

A)placenta.
B)amniotic sac fluid.
C)maternal fat stores.
D)uterus and supporting muscles.
E)additional blood volume.

Question 27

What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake, in kcal, for the third trimester of pregnancy?

A)200
B)340
C)450
D)540
E)600

Question 28

What is the minimum recommended weight gain for the obese pregnant woman?

A)5 lbs
B)8 lbs
C)11 lbs
D)14 lbs
E)17 lbs

Question 29

Which of the following describes a relationship between body weight and pregnancy?

A)Overweight women bear the greatest number of low-birth-weight infants.
B)Weight gain during pregnancy is the sole determinant of fetus's weight at birth.
C)The increased incidence of neural tube defects of infants born to underweight women is due primarily to folate insufficiency.
D)Underweight women who gain 30 lbs during pregnancy tend to birth smaller babies than heavier women who gain 30 lbs.
E)Amniotic fluid accounts for nearly 1/3 of pregnancy-associated weight gain.

Question 30

What is the most likely reason for a pregnant woman to crave pickles?

A)A change in hormones
B)A hypoglycemic episode
C)A physiologic need for fluid
D)A physiologic need for sodium
E)Cultural expectations that she will crave them

Question 31

During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption?

A)Salt and sugar
B)Protein and fat
C)Calcium and iron
D)Thiamin and ascorbic acid
E)Copper and magnesium

Question 32

Which of the following is one of the recommendations to treat pregnancy-associated heartburn?

A)Eat many small meals.
B)Drink fluids only with meals.
C)Exercise within 30 minutes after eating.
D)Lie down within 30 minutes after eating.
E)Recline while eating.

Question 33

In pregnant women unable to meet their calcium needs, a daily supplement providing how many mg of calcium is advised?

A)150
B)300
C)600
D)1000
E)1200

Question 34

What is the recommended minimum weight gain, in lbs, of a normal-weight woman who is expected to bear twins?

A)22
B)37
C)45
D)55
E)62

Question 35

In obese pregnant women, the risk for neural tube defects in the infant is believed to result from

A)insufficient exercise.
B)poor glycemic control.
C)insufficient folate intake.
D)higher prevalence of cesarean section.
E)inadequate fetal circulation.

Question 36

Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium nutrition in pregnancy?

A)Calcium intakes usually meet the recommendations.
B)The RDA for calcium is the same as before pregnancy.
C)Calcium absorption efficiency is the same as before pregnancy.
D)Calcification of the fetal skeleton begins during the 14th week of pregnancy.
E)It is better for pregnant women to take a calcium supplement than to increase dairy intake.

Question 37

Which of the following statements reflects current knowledge of food choices in pregnancy?

A)A craving for pickles is a strong indicator that the body needs salt.
B)A craving for milk is a strong indicator that the body needs calcium and/or phosphorus.
C)Careful and appropriate selection of foods can prevent food cravings for most women.
D)Cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by hormones.
E)Aversions to specific foods often indicate that the woman has a deficient diet.

Question 38

Which of the following is a characteristic of body weight changes associated with pregnancy?

A)Weight gain is generally steady throughout pregnancy for normal-weight women.
B)Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy.
C)Sudden, large weight gain in pregnancy may signal the development of hypotension.
D)Overweight pregnant women should gain as much weight as underweight pregnant women.
E)Exercise is the best way to lose weight after pregnancy.

Question 39

Usually, what is the first sign of preeclampsia?

A)Fall in blood pressure
B)Elevated blood glucose
C)A large weight gain over a short time
D)Chronic episodes of pica over the last 2 trimesters
E)Mental confusion

Question 40

Jenny has just learned that she is one month pregnant (1st trimester). She has been looking forward to all the ice cream, chips, and cakes she has seen women on TV and in the movies eating when they are pregnant. What is the most appropriate advice for Jenny?

A)She can eat these foods, but only up to 340 kcalories extra per day.
B)She can eat these foods, but only up to 550 kcalories extra per day.
C)She does not have increased energy needs in the first trimester and should not indulge herself.
D)She should not eat these foods, but rather include one extra serving from each food group per day.
E)While she should avoid salty foods like chips, she is free to indulge in all of the other treats she wants.

Question 41

Which of the following recommendations for pregnant women and alcohol intake has been issued by the U.S. Surgeon General?

A)They should drink absolutely no alcohol.
B)They should refrain from drinking hard liquor only.
C)They are permitted to ingest no more than 2 drinks per day.
D)They are permitted to ingest small amounts of alcohol during the first 3 months but none thereafter.
E)Organic beer and wine is acceptable.

Question 42

Which of the following is a feature of lactation?

A)Breast milk protein content may be enhanced by moderate exercise.
B)The volume of breast milk may be increased by drinking plenty of fluid.
C)The iron content of breast milk may be increased by taking iron supplements.
D)Breast milk quantity but not quality is most affected by nutritional inadequacies.
E)Breastfeeding is an automatic physiological response.

Question 43

Why might a lactating woman need to take an iron supplement?

A)To improve the flavor of breast milk
B)To increase iron content of breast milk
C)To replace the iron stores she lost during pregnancy
D)To account for the re-start of menstruation that usually occurs 1-2 months postpartum
E)To increase the volume of breast milk

Question 44

Which of the following is a characteristic of gestational diabetes?

A)It predicts risk of diabetes for the infant.
B)It leads to type 2 diabetes in some women.
C)It occurs in over one-half of normal weight women.
D)It occurs more often in women with a history of having premature births.
E)It may be dangerous for the woman but has little impact on the developing fetus.

Question 45

Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol intake and lactation?

A)Alcohol easily enters breast milk.
B)Alcohol actually stimulates lactation.
C)Infants drink slightly more breast milk when the mother consumes up to 1 drink per day.
D)The small amounts of alcohol that are secreted along with breast milk stimulate infant digestion.
E)The positive impact of alcohol consumption on the mother outweighs any slight negative impact on the infant.

Question 46

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with adolescent pregnancy?

A)The recommended weight gain is approximately 35 lbs.
B)The incidence of stillbirths and preterm births is 5-10% lower compared with adult women.
C)The incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension is 5-10% lower compared with older women.
D)The time in labor is usually shorter than for older women because there are fewer overweight teenagers.
E)Maternal death rates are 5 to 7 times greater among adolescent mothers in the developed world.

Question 47

What is gestational diabetes?

A)A severe form of type 1 diabetes in newborns.
B)Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy.
C)Reactive hypoglycemia expressed during the third trimester of pregnancy.
D)A temporary loss of insulin secretion during the first trimester of pregnancy.
E)A complication of pre-existing diabetes that can occur during pregnancy.

Question 48

Which of the following is a feature of heavy metal intake and pregnancy?

A)Mercury, but not lead, can easily cross the placenta.
B)Lead and mercury both damage the fetal nervous system.
C)Pregnant women are advised to limit consumption of shark and swordfish to no more than once per week.
D)Pregnant women are advised to avoid shellfish around the critical period of brain development but may resume normal intake thereafter.
E)King mackerel and tilefish are both safe to consume as much as desired.

Question 49

A feature of heavy caffeine use in human pregnancy is that it may

A)worsen edema.
B)increase the risk of preterm birth.
C)increase the risk of birth defects.
D)increase the risk of stillborn infants.
E)dampen respiratory function

Question 50

Which of the following is an effect of alcohol intake in the mother who breastfeeds?

A)It alters the flavor of the breast milk.
B)It stimulates lactation.
C)It passes into the breast milk and stimulates the infant's acceptance.
D)It first appears in the breast milk approximately 12 hours after ingestion.
E)It has no clinically significant impact.

Question 51

The number of extra kcalories per day needed to produce a normal supply of milk during the first six months of lactation is approximately

A)100.
B)250.
C)500.
D)1000.
E)1500.

Question 52

Which of the following is a feature of the WIC program?

A)It caps the number of children in the program at 2 million.
B)It is strictly remedial and available chiefly to women living in the inner city
C)It offers assistance to all at-risk pregnant women regardless of economic means
D)It saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent
E)It serves pregnant and nursing women as well as children up to age 7

Question 53

What is the benefit of postpartum amenorrhea?

A)It stimulates milk production.
B)It conserves iron in the mother.
C)It stimulates the let-down reflex.
D)It stimulates the suckling reflex in the infant.
E)It is a reliable form of birth control.

Question 54

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of eclampsia?

A)Convulsions by the mother
B)Convulsions by the newborn
C)Low blood pressure in the mother
D)Low blood pressure in the newborn
E)Poor glycemic control in mother and infant

Question 55

Which of the following is the standard classification for a very-low-birthweight infant?

A)3 ¹/₂ lbs or less
B)4 ¹/₂ lbs or less
C)5 ¹/₂ lbs or less
D)6 ¹/₂ lbs or less
E)7 ¹/₂ lbs or less

Question 56

Which of the following statements describes a relationship between alcohol intake and fetal development?

A)Birth defects are most severe when the woman drinks around the time of conception.
B)Infants born with fetal alcohol syndrome typically show immediate signs of brain impairment.
C)Eating well and maintaining adequate nutrient stores will prevent alcohol-induced placenta damage.
D)Toxicity to the fetus begins to occur when fetal blood alcohol levels rise above maternal blood alcohol levels.
E)Most of the fetal abnormalities associated with maternal alcohol consumption can be corrected after birth.

Question 57

Which of the following is the standard classification for a low-birthweight infant?

A)3 ¹/₂ lbs or less
B)4 lbs or less
C)5 ¹/₂ lbs or less
D)6 ¹/₂ lbs or less
E)9 lbs or less

Question 58

What causes the "let-down reflex"?

A)Oxytocin
B)Estrogen
C)Prepartum amenorrhea
D)Postpartum amenorrhea
E)FSH

Question 59

What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressureand protein in the urine of a pregnant woman?

A)Preeclampsia
B)Gestational diabetes
C)Teratogenic hypertension
D)Pregnancy-induced blood pressure crisis
E)Malignant renal hypertension syndrome

Question 60

Which of the following statements describes an association between nutrient intake and lactation?

A)Milk production is increased by higher fluid intake.
B)Ingestion of garlic may lead to an off-flavor of the milk.
C)Inadequate protein intake lowers the protein concentration of the milk.
D)The energy RDA for milk production calls for an additional 1000 kcalories per day.
E)Nicotine does not pass into a woman's breast milk.

Question 61

Which of the following is a characteristic of preterm infants?

A)They are often underweight and have difficulty breathing.
B)Even with adequate nutrition support, they rarely show catch-up growth.
C)If they are merely small-for-gestational age, they usually show catch-up growth.
D)They are typically born to women of high socioeconomic status.
E)Even very-low birthweight infants typically have good survival and outcomes.

Question 62

Low-birthweight infants are defined as infants who weigh ____________________ or less.

Question 63

Which of the following is a characteristic of low-birth-weight infants?

A)They show greater prevalence for liver fat infiltration.
B)They demonstrate catch-up growth within 3 months of birth.
C)They have an increased risk for insulin resistance later in life.
D)They have proportionately larger kidneys and greater risks for low blood pressure.
E)They are more commonly born to upper socioeconomic status women.

Question 64

The "bag of waters" in the uterus, in which the fetus floats is called the ____________________.

Question 65

What is a blastocyst?

A)The 5-day-old zygote that becomes implanted in the uterine wall
B)The terminal end of the umbilical cord that attaches to the placenta
C)Fingerlike projections on the uterine wall that act to separate fetal from maternal tissues
D)The network of placental blood vessels that exchanges nutrients and waste products from mother to fetus
E)The structure that develops in place of the brain in an anencephalic infant

Question 66

Which of the following physical activities would be permitted for the pregnant woman?

A)Scuba diving
B)Water aerobics
C)Exercising in hot, humid weather
D)Exercising while lying on her back
E)Kick boxing

Question 67

A newly fertilized ovum is called a(n) ____________________.

Question 68

The embedding of the blastocyst in the inner lining of the uterus is called ____________________.

Question 69

An infant with a birthweight at the 90th percentile or higher for gestational age (roughly 9 pounds or higher) is said to have ____________________.

Question 70

The developing infant from 2 to 8 weeks after conception is called a(n) ____________________.

Question 71

The influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in later life is called ____________________.

Question 72

The recommended gain for a woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight and is carrying a single fetus is ____________________ to ____________________ pounds.

Question 73

What is an acceptable range of weight (lbs) of a healthy newborn infant?

A)4-4 ½
B)5-6
C)6 ½-8
D)8 ½-10
E)10 ½-12

Question 74

What is the acronym for the food assistance program designed to help nutritionally at-risk children, infants, and pregnant women?

A)FAP
B)WIC
C)EAT
D)MOW
E)ARND

Question 75

The developing infant from 8 weeks after conception until term is called a(n) ____________________.

Question 76

The ropelike structure through which the fetus's veins and arteries reach the placenta is called the ____________________.

Question 77

Which of the following is a feature of being overweight and pregnant?

A)Folate-related neural tube defects
B)Increased prevalence of caesarian section
C)Inability to carry twins to birth completion
D)Increased risk of birthing a small-for-gestational age infant
E)Decreased risk of gestational hypertension

Question 78

Approximately how many infants each year are born in the United States with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A)2,000
B)4,000
C)6,000
D)12,000
E)18,000

Question 79

Which of the following is a feature of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

A)FAS cannot be treated, only prevented.
B)Cognitive function is affected the least when physical abnormalities are most severe.
C)Diagnosis is apparent within 6 months of birth for virtually all children with FAS.
D)The most severe physical abnormalities in most FAS children are covert rather than overt.
E)No harm will result to the infant unless the mother is actually drunk.

Question 80

Which of the following is a feature of hypertension in pregnancy?

A)Chronic hypertension increases risk for stillbirth.
B)Chronic hypertension often leads to macrosomia.
C)Gestational hypertension usually develops in the first trimester.
D)Gestational hypertension is most common in women who had normal blood pressure before pregnancy.
E)Gestational diabetes typically persists after pregnancy.