Deck 17: Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years

Question 1

What would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter, whose physical health is average for her age?

A)25 years
B)50 years
C)70 years
D)125 years

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Once a woman reaches the age of 75 years, about how many more years of survival would be expected?

A)9
B)11
C)13
D)15
E)17

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic of the response to stress?

A)Men often follow a pattern of "tend-and-befriend"
B)Women usually engage in the "fight-or-flight" response
C)Older men and women tend to lose their ability to adapt to stress
D)Common psychological stressors in older people include alcohol abuse and smoking
E)The physiologic responses triggered by stress decrease the likelihood of physical responses to the stressors

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats?

A)Restriction of specific nutrients exerted antiaging effects
B)Energy-restricted diets led to life extension in 90% of the rats
C)Energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature
D)Restriction of food intake only after rats reached maturity, but not before, resulted in extension of the life span
E)Although early research was encouraging, more recent research has found that the effects are much smaller than hoped

Question 5

Approximately what fraction of the U.S. population is at least 65 years old?

A)1/100
B)1/30
C)1/10
D)1/8
E)1/3

Question 6

People who persistently restrict energy intake by 30% for 30 years can expect to increase longevity by up to how many years?

A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12
E)15

Question 7

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?

A)21-34 years
B)35-49 years
C)50-64
D)65-84 years
E)Over 85 years

Question 8

What was the average life expectancy of a person born in the year 1900?

A)47 years
B)55 years
C)61 years
D)68 years
E)71 years

Question 9

Approximately how many years is the maximum human life span?

A)75
B)100
C)115
D)130
E)145

Question 10

What minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids?

A)10%
B)15%
C)20%
D)25%
E)30%

Question 11

What is the life expectancy of white males and females in the United States?

A)62 (males), 68 years (females)
B)77 (males), 81 years (females)
C)82 (males), 86 years (females)
D)87 (males), 90 years (females)
E)89 (males), 93 years (females)

Question 12

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for energy restriction and improved longevity in animals?

A)Reduced oxidative stress
B)Increased metabolic rate
C)Enhanced lipid oxidation
D)Accelerated growth and development
E)Decreased physiologic arousal to stress

Question 13

Which of the following is a feature of the stress response in men and women?

A)Women's general reactions to stress are different than those of men.
B)The ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men.
C)The secretion of epinephrine is suppressed in elderly women compared with elderly men.
D)Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much less well by elderly men compared with elderly women.
E)There are no clinically important differences in men's and women's responses to stress.

Question 14

In people who practice energy restriction to prolong life, hunger becomes persistent when kcal intake first drops by what percentage?

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40
E)50

Question 15

What is the life expectancy of black males and females in the United States?

A)72 (males), 78 years (females)
B)78 (males), 85 years (females)
C)81 (males), 86 years (females)
D)85 (males), 89 years (females)
E)90 (males), 93 years (females)

Question 16

What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years?

A)BMI
B)Alcohol use
C)Chronological age
D)Regular physical activity
E)Good genes

Question 17

Which of the following is a feature of energy intake and longevity?

A)Improvements in longevity with energy restriction depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount of body fat
B)Restriction of energy intake in genetically obese animals does not seem to improve longevity
C)Biochemical markers for longevity in humans are improved only when energy intake is reduced by at least one-third
D)The activities of the genes of older mice on energy-restricted diets are similar to those of mice on standard diets
E)Research with humans has found a substantial increase in longevity with a 5% reduction in energy intake

Question 18

Longevity is defined as

A)long duration of life.
B)a person's age in years from date of birth.
C)maximum number of years of life attainable by a species.
D)average number of years lived by people in a given society.
E)the years of life left for someone who has attained a given age.

Question 19

By 2030, what proportion of the U.S. population is expected to be 65 years of age or older?

A)1 in 7
B)1 in 6
C)1 in 5
D)1 in 4
E)1 in 3

Question 20

The CDC recommends older adults engage in strength training at least two (non-consecutive) days a week, at a moderate to high intensity for ____ repetitions.

A)5-10
B)10-15
C)15-20
D)20-25
E)25-30

Question 21

A person with dysphagia has

A)no teeth.
B)low immunity.
C)difficulty swallowing.
D)diminished muscle mass.
E)impaired cognitive function.

Question 22

Which of the following is a research finding on vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?

A)Self-synthesis capacity is high.
B)The skin's capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced.
C)The presence of atrophic gastritis reduces bioavailability of the vitamin.
D)Symptoms of deficiency include dermatitis and diminished taste acuity.
E)Deficiency is rarely a problem.

Question 23

Which of the following describes the nutrient needs of older people?

A)They vary according to individual histories.
B)They remain the same as in young adult life.
C)They increase; therefore, supplementation is required.
D)They decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition.
E)They rarely change from middle-age onward.

Question 24

The evidence from studies to date shows that nutritional interventions designed to relieve depression

A)may or may not be effective.
B)are mildly effective.
C)are moderately effective.
D)are greatly effective.
E)may worsen depression in very old individuals.

Question 25

Which of the following terms describes an immune system that is inefficient and overactive in the aged?

A)Inflammaging
B)Dysphagic cell mass
C)Sarcopenic undermining
D)Endentulous-induced wasting
E)Cachexia of aging

Question 26

Which of the following is a characteristic of aging and the immune system?

A)Immunity in older people does not seem to be affected by regular exercise.
B)In the United States, infectious diseases are a minor cause of deaths in the elderly.
C)Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition.
D)Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems.
E)In elderly persons, nutritional status rarely influences immune functioning.

Question 27

The calcium Dietary Reference Intake for women 50 and older is

A)800 mg.
B)1000 mg.
C)1200 mg.
D)1400 mg.
E)1600 mg.

Question 28

Adults aged 71 and older who engage in minimal outdoor activity need ____ micrograms of vitamin D daily.

A)15
B)20
C)25
D)30
E)35

Question 29

What fraction of eligible seniors participate in the SNAP?

A)1/4
B)1/3
C)1/2
D)2/3
E)3/4

Question 30

Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in the elderly?

A)The DRI is 800-1000 mg.
B)Calcium intakes are well below recommendations.
C)Calcium supplements are not effective sources of calcium due to poor digestibility.
D)Calcium from food is not well absorbed due to the intake of calcium-binding laxatives.
E)An elderly individual who lacks sufficient calcium stores can rarely be helped by supplementation.

Question 31

Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism?

A)They may not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth.
B)They have a higher total body water content compared with younger adults.
C)They show increased frequency of urination, which results in higher requirements.
D)They frequently show symptoms of overhydration such as mental lapses and disorientation.
E)Overhydration increases risk of pressure ulcers and urinary tract infections.

Question 32

What percentage of older adults live in poverty?

A)7
B)9
C)11
D)13
E)15

Question 33

What is sarcopenia?

A)Loss of central visual activity
B)Loss of muscle mass and strength
C)Aging-induced chronic inflammation of the stomach
D)Intestinal dysmotility from excessive use of laxatives
E)Paralysis of GI tract muscles

Question 34

For adults older than ____, mortality is lowest among individuals who are moderately overweight (BMI 23.5-27.5)

A)45
B)55
C)65
D)75
E)85

Question 35

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?

A)Most elderly receive near-RDA amounts of the vitamin.
B)Aging reduces the kidneys' ability to convert vitamin D to its active form.
C)The RDA for vitamin D in the elderly is lower due to less excretion by the kidneys.
D)Most elderly rely primarily on self-synthesis of the vitamin due to their greater time spent outdoors.
E)Elderly individuals need at least 40 micrograms per day.

Question 36

A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to her

A)skin.
B)colon.
C)mouth.
D)stomach.
E)small intestine.

Question 37

A person who is edentulous has

A)no teeth.
B)low immunity.
C)difficulty swallowing.
D)diminished muscle mass.
E)limited lower body mobility.

Question 38

Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old versus a 30 year old?

A)2
B)10
C)20
D)30
E)40

Question 39

What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults?

A)4
B)6
C)8
D)10
E)12

Question 40

Approximately what percentage decline in basal metabolism is seen in an 80-year-old person compared with a 40-year-old?

A)1-2
B)2-4
C)4-8
D)8-16
E)16-24

Question 41

Approximately what percentage of U.S. adults are affected by Alzheimer's disease after age 65?

A)1
B)5
C)12
D)33
E)50

Question 42

What is the main reason for dieting in the elderly?

A)To economize when food prices increase
B)To improve appearance among their peers
C)To pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose
D)To reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia
E)Unintentionally, as a result of depression or dementia

Question 43

What proportion of persons in the U.S., age 65 and older, have a cataract?

A)About 1 in 50
B)About 1 in 20
C)About 1 in 10
D)About 1 in 5
E)More than half

Question 44

Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation?

A)High in simple sugars, low in canned fruit
B)High in animal protein, low in canned fruit
C)Low in polyunsaturated fat, high in oleic acid
D)Low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids
E)High in animal protein and both omega-3 fatty acids and oleic acid

Question 45

Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol use in the elderly?

A)Binge drinking is more frequent in the elderly than in younger persons.
B)The proportion of binge drinkers in greater in the elderly than any other age group.
C)In elderly individuals, unlike in younger individuals, alcohol use is not associated with other risky behavior such as illicit drug use.
D)Alcohol withdrawal is much more difficult for older persons than for younger persons.
E)Elderly individuals are rarely successfully treated for alcohol abuse and dependence.

Question 46

Which of the following is a characteristic of nutrition and cataract formation?

A)Obese and lean people have the same risk for cataracts.
B)Adequate intakes of biotin and inositol seem to delay the onset of cataract formation.
C)Nutrition seems to play little, if any, role in the onset of cataracts.
D)Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts.
E)Antioxidant supplements appear to slow the progression of cataracts.

Question 47

Which of the following is a feature of zinc nutrition in the elderly?

A)Zinc intake is insufficient in older people.
B)Excess zinc from supplements blunts the taste buds.
C)Zinc deficiency stimulates the appetite for high-fat foods.
D)Most medications affect zinc excretion but not absorption.
E)Excess zinc increases the risk of pneumonia.

Question 48

Which of the following is thought to promote the development of brain senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles?

A)Oxidative stress
B)Excess acetylcholine
C)Dietary deficiency of choline
D)Low blood levels of homocysteine
E)Inability to adequately metabolize protein

Question 49

What disorder is associated with the body's breakdown of purines?

A)Gout
B)Dysphagia
C)Sarcopenia
D)Senile dementia
E)Macular degeneration

Question 50

What organ is affected by macular degeneration?

A)Bone
B)Eyes
C)Liver
D)Kidneys
E)Spinal cord

Question 51

Which of the following is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers' markets and roadside stands?

A)Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program
B)Food Security for the Disadvantaged Elderly
C)Old Age and Survivors Health Benefits Program
D)Elderly Nutrition and Maintenance Food Co-Op
E)Eldercare Food Assistance

Question 52

What is a congregate meal?

A)A meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center
B)A meal prepared for the elderly that meets one-third of the Dietary Recommended Intakes
C)A meal prepared for disadvantaged people of all ages to encourage communal gathering of diverse population groups
D)A meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for the elderly and served primarily to church congregations
E)A meal prepared by a community organization and delivered to home-bound individuals where they live

Question 53

Which of the following is a feature of food choices and eating habits of older people?

A)The quality of life among older people has not improved since 1995.
B)Older people spend less money on foods to eat at home than younger people.
C)People over 65 are less likely to diet to lose weight than are younger people.
D)Most older people think of themselves as generally unhappy and in poor health.
E)Older people tend to be adventuresome eaters who enjoy breaking away from traditional foods.

Question 54

Which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults?

A)Zinc intake is adequate for about 95% of this group.
B)Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity.
C)Calcium intakes of females are near the RDA for this group.
D)Calcium allowances for this group have recently been increased by the Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes.
E)Folate excesses are fairly common.

Question 55

What is thought to be the most important nutrition concern for people with Alzheimer's disease?

A)Maintenance of appropriate body weight
B)Ensuring adequate intakes of antioxidant nutrients and DHA
C)Monitoring intake of medications that may interfere with nutrient bioavailability
D)Treatment for iron overload to prevent formation of new neurofibrillary tangles
E)Taking vitamin and mineral supplements appropriate for dementia treatment

Question 56

A condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is

A)lack of intrinsic factor.
B)loss of iron due to menopause.
C)blood loss from yearly physical testing procedures.
D)poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids.
E)the body's need for iron increases well into old age.

Question 57

Which of the following would be the most effective substitute for fresh milk for the elderly person living alone?

A)UHT milk
B)Low-cost expired milk
C)Calcium carbonate tablets
D)Greens with highly bioavailable calcium
E)Sweetened condensed milk

Question 58

Which of the following foods seems to relieve rheumatoid arthritis in some people?

A)Milk
B)Olive oil
C)Iodized salt
D)Refined cereals
E)Beef and pork

Question 59

What are the thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye, thereby affecting vision, especially in the elderly?

A)Retinitis
B)Keratoids
C)Cataracts
D)Rhodolipids
E)Glaucoma

Question 60

Which of the following is true of food assistance programs for older Americans?

A)Persons aged 70 and older are eligible.
B)There are no income limits for eligibility.
C)Meals on Wheels is generally preferred to congregate meals.
D)Meals on Wheels requires that individuals be permanently disabled in order to receive meals.
E)Congregate meals and Meals on Wheels are funded by the Social Security Administration.

Question 61

What nutrient is known to interfere significantly with the utilization of the antibiotic tetracycline?

A)EPA
B)Zinc
C)Calcium
D)Vitamin B₁₂
E)Sodium

Question 62

____________________ is a person's age as estimated from her or his body's health and probable life expectancy.

Question 63

____________________ are damage to the skin and underlying tissues as a result of compression and poor circulation.

Question 64

What is a common side effect from taking certain prescription drugs and consuming grapefruit juice?

A)A metallic taste in the mouth appears.
B)Blood concentrations of the drugs increase.
C)The bioavailability of the drugs falls substantially.
D)The bioflavonoids in the juice bind to the drugs and promote formation of uric acid crystals.
E)Absorption is greatly reduced.

Question 65

____________________ is the average number of years lived by people in a given society.

Question 66

What are the known consequences of taking a single two-tablet dose of aspirin?

A)It inhibits monoamine oxidase activity.
B)It doubles the bleeding time of wounds.
C)It increases production of prostaglandins that enhance fever.
D)It is excreted very rapidly in people taking vitamin C supplements.
E)In it insufficient to reduce risk of heart attack in at-risk individuals.

Question 67

How does aspirin reduce inflammation and pain?

A)It acts as a sedative and barbiturate.
B)It promotes wound healing and blood clotting.
C)It interferes with the synthesis of prostaglandins.
D)It binds to nerve receptors involved in pain perception.
E)It stimulates endorphin release.

Question 68

What ingredient commonly used as an additive in liquid medicines often causes diarrhea?

A)Sorbitol
B)Maltose
C)Saccharin
D)Aspartame
E)Lactulose

Question 69

What is the primary action of the medication megestrol acetate?

A)It relieves depression.
B)It promotes weight loss.
C)It promotes weight gain.
D)It lowers blood pressure.
E)It is used to treat moderate dementia.

Question 70

Any threat to a person's well-being or a demand placed on the body to adapt is referred to as ____________________.

Question 71

____________________ is a person's perceived physical and mental well-being.

Question 72

____________________ is the maximum number of years of life attainable by a member of a species.

Question 73

Which of the following foods in particular must be restricted in the diet of a person taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug?

A)Red meat
B)Aged cheeses
C)Fresh fish
D)Cruciferous vegetables
E)Chocolate

Question 74

Which of the following is a feature of warfarin use and vitamin K utilization?

A)Warfarin blocks vitamin K absorption.
B)Orange juice intake interferes with warfarin's effects on vitamin K.
C)Dietary vitamin K intake determines the amount of warfarin prescribed.
D)The tyramine content of aged meats interferes with binding of vitamin K to warfarin.
E)Vitamin K can dangerously potentiate warfarin's anticlotting actions.

Question 75

Difficulty swallowing is called ____________________.

Question 76

The medical term for loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and quality is ____________________.

Question 77

The combination of an inefficient and overactive response in aging-known as
"____________________"-results in a chronic inflammation that accompanies frailty, illness, and death .

Question 78

The medical term for a person who lacks teeth is ____________________.

Question 79

Your father was recently prescribed an anticoagulant medicine and was surprised that the doctor advised him to maintain consumption of consistent amounts of green leafy vegetables every day. You inform your father that

A)these vegetables significantly reduce absorption of the drug.
B)these vegetables significantly increase absorption of the drug.
C)variable intake of green leafy vegetables will affect activity of monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
D)inconsistent intakes of green leafy vegetables will interfere with the regular action of the drug.
E)he is confused - green leafy vegetable intake is unrelated to anticoagulant action.

Question 80

What percentage of all prescription drugs sold in the United States is taken by people over 65 years of age?

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40
E)50