Question 1

Food is propelled through the esophagus by&#10;A) gravity.&#10;B) salivary fluids.&#10;C) cardiac sphincter suction.&#10;D) peristalsis.

Accepted Answer

The functions of the esophagus are to accept a bolus of food from the oropharynx,transport the bolus through the esophageal body by gravity and peristalsis,and release the bolus into the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter.This process is known as swallowing.

Question 2

Bacteroides,Lactobacillus,and Clostridium organisms are commonly found in the:&#10;A) stomach.&#10;B) small intestine.&#10;C) large intestine.&#10;D) liver.

Accepted Answer

The colon contains billions of anaerobic bacteria that putrefy remaining proteins and indigestible residue; synthesize folic acid,vitamin K,nicotinic acid,riboflavin,and some B vitamins; and convert urea salts to ammonium salts and ammonia for absorption into the portal circulation.Common colonic bacteria include Bacteroides,Lactobacillus,and Clostridium organisms.

Question 3

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system produces which of the following effects on the gastrointestinal system?&#10;A) Decreased peristalsis&#10;B) Increased secretion of watery saliva&#10;C) Decreased colonic activity&#10;D) Increased release of gastrointestinal hormones

Accepted Answer

The salivary glands are regulated by the autonomic nervous system,with parasympathetic effects predominating.Whereas increased parasympathetic stimulation results in profuse secretions of watery saliva,decreased parasympathetic stimulation results in inhibition of salivation.

Question 4

The intestinal hormone responsible for stimulating the pancreas to secrete fluid into the duodenum is&#10;A) secretin.&#10;B) chyme.&#10;C) gastrin.&#10;D) pepsin.

Accepted Answer

The entry of chyme into the duodenum stimulates the production of secretin,which in turn stimulates the pancreas to secrete a highly alkaline fluid into the duodenum.In the small intestine,the chyme mixes with pancreatic enzymes,intestinal enzymes,and bile from the liver and gallbladder and is then reduced to absorbable elements of proteins,fats,and carbohydrates.The nutrients are absorbed through the villi and transported to the liver via the portal system for further processing.

Question 5

Which organ lies obliquely beneath the cardiac sphincter and above the pyloric sphincter?&#10;A) Esophagus&#10;B) Stomach&#10;C) Duodenum&#10;D) Ileum

Accepted Answer

The stomach lies obliquely beneath the cardiac sphincter at the esophagogastric junction and above the pyloric sphincter.The duodenum and ileum are part of the small intestine.The esophagus is located below the epiglottis and empties into the stomach at the cardioesophageal sphincter.

Question 6

The liver receives nutrient-rich blood from the gut,pancreas,spleen,and stomach from the&#10;A) hepatic artery.&#10;B) hepatic vein.&#10;C) portal vein.&#10;D) intralobular veins.

Accepted Answer

The liver receives one-third of the total cardiac output from two major sources: the hepatic artery,which provides oxygenated blood,and the portal vein,which is supplied with nutrient-rich blood from the gut,pancreas,spleen,and stomach.The portal vein,which accounts for 75% of the total liver blood flow,branches into sinusoids to transport blood to each lobule.Intralobular veins empty into larger veins and then into the hepatic vein,which empties on the posterior surface of the liver and eventually into the vena cava.The hepatic artery also divides and subdivides between the lobules,supplying sinusoids with oxygenated blood before emptying into the hepatic vein.

Question 7

An important role of saliva is that it&#10;A) washes away bacteria.&#10;B) provides the body's main source of potassium.&#10;C) contains hydrochloric acid for breakdown of protein.&#10;D) stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Salivation has an important role in the first stage of digestion because it lubricates the mouth,facilitates the movement of the lips and the tongue during swallowing,and washes away bacteria.Saliva consists of approximately 99.5% water that contains a large amount of ions such as potassium,chloride,bicarbonate,thiocyanate,and hydrogen,as well as immunoglobulin A,which is vital for destroying oral bacteria and mucus.

Question 8

Which of the following statements are correct regarding epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa?&#10;A) They prevent diffusion of hydrogen into the mucosa.&#10;B) They secrete bicarbonate to neutralize hydrogen ions.&#10;C) They have the ability to increase blood flow to facilitate removal of toxic metabolites.&#10;D) They break down prostaglandins.

Accepted Answer

The epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa are packed very close together and serve as a protective barrier,preventing diffusion of hydrogen ions into the mucosa.The mucus further protects the gastric mucosa by delaying back diffusion of hydrogen ions and trapping them for neutralization by the secreted bicarbonate.The gastric mucosa also has the ability to increase blood flow,providing an additional buffer for acid neutralization and aiding in the removal of toxic metabolites and chloride ions from injured mucosa.The gastric mucosal cells synthesize a family of unsaturated fatty acids known as prostaglandins.

Question 9

The distal end of the stomach connecting the antrum to the duodenum is known as the&#10;A) fundus.&#10;B) body.&#10;C) cardiac orifice.&#10;D) pylorus.

Accepted Answer

The anatomic divisions of the stomach are the cardia (proximal end),fundus (portion above and to the left of the cardiac sphincter),body (middle portion),antrum (elongated,constricted portion),and pylorus (distal end connecting the antrum to the duodenum).

Question 10

Which laboratory value is reflective of hepatocellular dysfunction?&#10;A) Elevated blood glucose level&#10;B) High levels of unconjugated bilirubin&#10;C) Decreased prothrombin time&#10;D) Decreased partial thromboplastin time

Accepted Answer

High levels of unconjugated or indirect bilirubin in the blood suggest hepatocellular dysfunction.In comparison,high levels of conjugated or direct bilirubin suggest biliary tract obstruction.

Question 11

When the ileum is distended,the ileogastric reflex inhibits&#10;A) gastric absorption.&#10;B) absorption in the jejunum.&#10;C) gastric motility.&#10;D) ileum motility.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When the ileum is distended,the ileogastric reflex...

Question 12

The innermost layer of the stomach that allows for expansion and secretion of gastric juice is the&#10;A) serosa.&#10;B) muscularis.&#10;C) submucosa.&#10;D) mucosa.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The innermost layer of the stomach that...

Question 13

The gastrointestinal system plays a vital role in detoxification and elimination of&#10;A) viruses.&#10;B) chemical toxins.&#10;C) drugs.&#10;D) bacteria.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The gastrointestinal system plays a vital role...

Question 14

The function of bile is mainly to&#10;A) emulsify fat globules.&#10;B) serve as a reservoir for bilirubin.&#10;C) maintain triglyceride levels in the blood.&#10;D) aid in detoxification of drugs in the liver.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The function of bile is mainly to&#10;A)...

Question 15

The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine properties.Which of the following are produced by the exocrine function?&#10;A) Gastrin&#10;B) Trypsin&#10;C) Amylase&#10;D) Lipase

Accepted Answer

The answer of The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine...

Question 16

Liver failure may affect the synthesis of fibrinogen,resulting in&#10;A) jaundice.&#10;B) fluid retention and ascites.&#10;C) delayed clotting.&#10;D) hepatomegaly.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Liver failure may affect the synthesis of...

Question 17

Which layer of the large intestine consists of longitudinal and circular muscles?&#10;A) Serosa layer&#10;B) Muscularis layer&#10;C) Submucosa layer&#10;D) Mucosa layer

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which layer of the large intestine consists...

Question 18

Which component of gastric juice is necessary for the breakdown of proteins?&#10;A) HCl&#10;B) Pepsin&#10;C) Intrinsic factor&#10;D) Potassium

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which component of gastric juice is necessary...

Question 19

The role of the liver in response to glycogen is to&#10;A) decrease blood sugar levels when insulin production is inadequate.&#10;B) synthesize amino acids.&#10;C) break down the glycogen to glucose to maintain blood sugar levels.&#10;D) produce amino acids.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The role of the liver in response...

Question 20

What is the pH of gastric juices prior to being mixed with food?&#10;A) 1.0&#10;B) 3.0&#10;C) 5.0&#10;D) 7.0

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the pH of gastric juices...

Deck 28: Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology