Deck 20: Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Pregnancy and the First Year of Life

Question 1

Which of the following fatty acids is uniquely critical to fetal neurologic and eye development?

A)stearic acid
B)oleic acid
C)docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
D)palmitic acid

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the sperm is called:

A)implantation.
B)conception.
C)parturition.
D)gestation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A full-term pregnancy lasts about ________ weeks.

A)28-30
B)38-42
C)44-46
D)48-52

Answer 3

B

Question 4

At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate the MOST important?

A)during the first four weeks
B)during the middle trimester
C)during the last trimester
D)immediately prior to parturition (delivery)

Question 5

The recommended protein intake during the full 9 months of pregnancy is:

A)0)8 g/day per kg body weight.
B)1)1 g/day per kg body weight.
C)1)4 g/day per kg body weight.
D)2)0 g/day per kg body weight.

Question 6

A substance that causes a birth defect is called a:

A)teratogen.
B)parturition.
C)blastocyst.
D)neural tube defect.

Question 7

Inadequate intakes of ________ during pregnancy are associated with neural tube defects in the fetus.

A)protein
B)iron
C)folate
D)calcium

Question 8

A low-birth-weight infant will weigh:

A)less than 5.5 pounds.
B)less than 6.0 pounds.
C)less than 6.5 pounds.
D)less than 7.0 pounds.

Question 9

During the first trimester,women are advised to gain no more than:

A)3-5 pounds.
B)5-10 pounds.
C)10-15 pounds.
D)15-20 pounds.

Question 10

During the first trimester it is generally recommended that pregnant women increase their daily Caloric intake by ________ kcal.

A)100-200
B)350-450
C)450-550
D)zero

Question 11

From the third month to term,the developing human is called a(n):

A)fetus.
B)embryo.
C)zygote.
D)blastocyst.

Question 12

At approximately day 15,when the implanted blastocyst differentiates into distinct layers of cells,the mass is called a(n):

A)fetus.
B)infant.
C)embryo.
D)placenta.

Question 13

Women with a pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI)________ have the lowest risk for a complicated pregnancy and delivery.

A)less than 18.5
B)between 19.8 and 26.0
C)between 25.5 and 30.0
D)greater than 30.0

Question 14

A preterm infant is one who is born:

A)weighing less than 5.5 lbs.
B)less than 17 inches long.
C)before 38 weeks' gestation.
D)prior to the full development of the respiratory system.

Question 15

The embryo is most vulnerable to teratogens during which stage of pregnancy?

A)1st trimester
B)2nd trimester
C)3rd trimester
D)Teratogens do not affect the embryo.

Question 16

How many pounds lighter can a woman expect to be immediately after birth?

A)10-20
B)3-5
C)9-10
D)8-9

Question 17

An undernourished mother is MOST likely to give birth to:

A)a low-birth-weight infant.
B)a high-birth-weight infant.
C)an extended term infant.
D)a healthy infant.

Question 18

During the second and third trimesters,the Caloric needs of a pregnant woman increase by about ________ kilocalories (kcal)per day.

A)100-200
B)350-450
C)450-550
D)750-850

Question 19

To avoid ________ contamination during pregnancy,fish consumption should not exceed 12 oz.per week.

A)mercury
B)lead
C)arsenic
D)nitrogen

Question 20

Recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the mother's prepregnancy weight and:

A)the mother's weight at the end of the first trimester.
B)the size of the fetus at 3 months' gestation.
C)whether the pregnancy involves one or mutiple fetuses.
D)the mother's age.

Question 21

A craving for nonfood substances such as dirt and chalk is called:

A)malnutrition disorder.
B)pica.
C)post-natal cravings.
D)non-supplemental distress.

Question 22

Zinc absorption is inhibited by ________,when both are ingested together with water.

A)calcium supplements
B)iron supplements
C)vitamin D supplements
D)excessive carbohydrate

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a significant risk factor for developing gestational diabetes?

A)obesity
B)BMI of 20 to 24
C)previousdelivery of a large-for-gestational-age baby
D)35 years of age or older

Question 24

Macrocytic anemia results from a deficiency of:

A)folate and vitamin B₁₂.
B)vitamin B₆ and vitamin C.
C)vitamin B₁₂ and vitamin D.
D)niacin and folate.

Question 25

Fetal demand for iron is highest during the:

A)first trimester.
B)second trimester.
C)third trimester.
D)entire gestational period.

Question 26

Spina Bifida and anencephaly are associated with inadequate ________ intake prior to or during pregnancy.

A)niacin
B)folate
C)vitamin C
D)iron

Question 27

What approximate percentage of pregnancies in the United States are complicated by some form of hypertension?

A)1-3%
B)7-8%
C)10-15%
D)25%

Question 28

The AI for fluid intake during pregnancy is ________ liters per day.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 29

It is important for the fetus to store adequate iron during gestation because:

A)breast milk is low in iron.
B)iron derived from breast milk and formula is poorly absorbed.
C)the fetus loses a great deal of iron during delivery.
D)during the first month of life,the infant is unable to store iron.

Question 30

The BEST recommendation for pregnant women experiencing constipation is to:

A)stay rested and use over-the-counter fiber supplements.
B)increase fiber and water intake and keep active.
C)take prescription-strength laxatives.
D)take over-the-counter laxatives.

Question 31

Which of the following is associated with gestational diabetes?

A)delivery of a low-birth-weight infant
B)increased maternal risk of developing type 2 diabetes
C)decreased maternal risk of developing preeclampsia
D)decreased fetal risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Question 32

The RDA for folate for all women capable of becoming pregnant is:

A)200 µg.
B)300 µg.
C)400 µg.
D)600 µg.

Question 33

A sudden increase in maternal blood pressure with the presence of swelling,rapid weight gain,and protein in the urine is characteristic of a condition called:

A)preeclampsia.
B)gestational diabetes.
C)gestational hypertension.
D)distress.

Question 34

The only thing that will "cure" preeclampsia is:

A)delivery of the infant.
B)hypertensive medication.
C)low sodium diet.
D)bed rest.

Question 35

The BEST advice for women who are or may be pregnant to avoid fetal alcohol syndrome in their developing fetus is:

A)consume no more than two alcohol-containing drinks per day.
B)avoid distilled ("hard")liquors during pregnancy;stick to beer or wine.
C)consume only one alcohol-containing drink per day.
D)practice total alcohol abstinence.

Question 36

The RDA for calcium ________ during pregnancy,assuming adequate vitamin D status.

A)does not change
B)increases
C)often fluctuates,depending on the mother's prepregnancy calcium status
D)decreases

Question 37

The primary cause of heartburn during pregnancy is:

A)increased stress.
B)overeating by the mother.
C)intolerance to prenatal vitamins.
D)relaxation of the smooth muscles in the lower esophageal muscle.

Question 38

Unpasteurized milk and cheeses should be avoided during pregnancy because they may contain:

A)salmonella.
B)trichonosis.
C)listeria monocytogenes.
D)mercury.

Question 39

Which hormone stimulates breast milk production?

A)estrogen
B)prolactin
C)luetin stimulating hormone
D)cortisol

Question 40

Nausea and vomiting during the first trimester ofpregnancy is commonly referred to as:

A)a hangover.
B)morning sickness.
C)fetal distress.
D)psychosomatic disorder.

Question 41

The ________,which limits an infant's ability to accept solid foods,usually begins to recede around 4 to 5 months of age.

A)insistence on sitting upright
B)frequency of burping
C)condition of colic
D)extrusion reflex

Question 42

A generally temporary condition in which a pregnant woman produces insufficient insulin or becomes insulin resistant is called:

A)pica.
B)type 1 diabetes.
C)spina bifida.
D)gestational diabetes.

Question 43

An organization that is specifically dedicated to supporting nursing mothers and encouraging breastfeeding is called:

A)La Leche League International.
B)the World Health Organization (WHO).
C)Planned Parenthood.
D)a health maintenance organization (HMO).

Question 44

The stimulus needed for continued and sustained production of breast milk is:

A)high fluid intake by the mother.
B)high protein intake by the mother.
C)infant suckling or a breast pump.
D)ovulation.

Question 45

Milk that is high in fat,produced late in a nursing session,and thought to satiate an infant is termed:

A)hindmilk.
B)colostrum.
C)final milk.
D)foremilk.

Question 46

The term used to describe the period from conception to birth is:

A)fertilization.
B)post-pregnancy.
C)ovulation.
D)gestation.

Question 47

The condition of relentless crying spells in infants for no clear reason is called:

A)pica.
B)an allergic reaction.
C)colic.
D)gastroesphageal reflux.

Question 48

A pregnancy-specific organ formed from maternal and embryonic tissues and which exchanges nutrients,oxygen and waste products between mother and infant is called:

A)a blastocyst.
B)placenta.
C)amniotic fluid.
D)the umbilical cord.

Question 49

Throughout a year of breastfeeding,the Caloric needs of the mothers over age 19 increase by an additional ________ kcal/day.

A)100
B)330-400
C)450-650
D)750

Question 50

The growth of the human brain is more rapid during ________ than at ay other time.

A)the first year
B)the first four years
C)the first three years
D)the first five years

Question 51

Baby Billy is currently five months old.Since his birth,Billy's weight and height have been in the 95th percentile on the growth charts.What does this tell you about Billy's growth and expected development?

A)Billy is underweight and is not growing well.
B)Billy is overweight and is consuming too many Calories.
C)Billy is growing consistently;he may grow to be a larger,but healthy,adult.
D)Billy is growing normally;he may grow to be a smaller,but healthy,adult.

Question 52

With the exception of special needs for iron and zinc,for the most part pregnant women who ________ have no additional nutritional challenges beyond what most pregnant women have.

A)are lacto-ovo vegetarians
B)are strict vegans who consume plenty of juic
C)are vegetarians who consume eggs but no dairy products or other animal-based food
D)are strict vegans who take a standard daily vitamin supplemen

Question 53

The definition for the term "neonatal" is:

A)referring to the first two years of life.
B)referring to the mother-infant bond.
C)referring to a newborn infant.
D)referring to a miscarriage.

Question 54

In certain communities,experienced local mothers who accompany other women through labor and birth,and who often support the breastfeeding process following birth,are called:

A)social workers.
B)life coaches.
C)doulas.
D)complementary mothers.

Question 55

Throughout the first year,early solid foods should ________ breast milk or iron-fortified formula.

A)be avoided completely,as the infant is only capable of ingesting
B)just supplement,not substitute for,
C)focus on sugars and starches,as they best replicate the properties of
D)be increasingly introduced and eventually fully replace

Question 56

Corn syrup and honey can be dangerous for infants because they may contain:

A)Salmonella.
B)Clostridium botulinum spores.
C)too much fat.
D)too much sugar.

Question 57

The recommended AI for fluid intake during breast feeding is:

A)64 oz/day.
B)2 liters/day.
C)4)5 liters/day.
D)3)8 liters/day.

Question 58

A dangerous,sudden increase in maternal blood pressure,swelling,and protein in the urine is characteristic of:

A)preeclampsia.
B)gestational diabetes.
C)a urinary tract infection.
D)anencephaly.

Question 59

A single,fertilized human egg is referred to as a(n):

A)fetus.
B)blastocyst.
C)zygote.
D)embryo.

Question 60

Due to their immature kidney development,no more than 20% of an infant's daily energy requirement should come from _________.

A)starches
B)protein
C)sugars
D)fats

Question 61

In breastfeeding,the "let-down" hormone is called:

A)prolactin.
B)colostrum.
C)lactation.
D)oxytocin.

Question 62

Even after several years,children born to women who used illicit drugs during pregnancy have a greater risk for developmental problems and learning impairments.

Question 63

During pregnancy,women cannot safely consume any fish or fish products.

Question 64

Alcohol use during pregnancy is a risk factor for ________ in the offspring.

A)milk anemia
B)the extrusion reflux
C)fetal alcohol syndrome
D)colic

Question 65

During pregnancy,it is difficult for many women to obtain adequate iron from diet alone.

Question 66

Environmental contaminants,including pesticides and heavy metals,can pass into breast milk.

Question 67

Exercise and physical activityis not recommended while pregnant.

Question 68

Maternal obesity increases the risk for developing gestational diabetes,and hence type 2 diabetes.

Question 69

The RDA for vitamin D does not increase during pregnancy.

Question 70

An infant's overall rate of growth during its first year of life is more rapid than it will ever be again.

Question 71

Lactation is Calorically more demanding than pregnancy itself.

Question 72

There is currently no state-level legislation in the U.S.dedicated to supporting women's right to breastfeed in public.

Question 73

Flouride supplementation for young infants is strongly advised.

Question 74

Milk-producing glands in the breasts are called:

A)meconium.
B)alveoli.
C)nipples.
D)milk ducts.

Question 75

Breastfeeding can help mothers lose some of their pregnancy weight after giving birth.

Question 76

Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy can cause birth defects.

Question 77

There are few ways that fathers and siblings can bond with an infant while it is very young.

Question 78

Premilk,also known as ________,is rich in immune factors and protein.

A)prolactin
B)colostrum
C)lactation
D)oxytocin

Question 79

Vitamin B₁₂ is efficiently absorbed during pregnancy.

Question 80

There is no safe level of caffeine consumption during pregnancy.