Deck 8: Emotions

Question 1

The research evidence for self-enhancement motivation shows that stronger self-enhancement motivations are associated with

A) high scores-above the midpoint-on self-esteem questionnaires.
B) more objective responses when evaluating one's positive characteristics.
C) perceptions that the self is average in relation to others.
D) greater use of upward social comparison.
E) weaker self-serving biases.

Answer 1

high scores-above the midpoint-on self-esteem questionnaires.

Question 2

Hasan, an American college student, is enrolling in a cultural psychology course next semester.He has to decide between two different sections of the course, with two different professors.To help him make a decision, Hasan reads the reviews for these professors on a popular college course review website.Based on research on promotion and prevention orientation, which review is MOST consistent with Hasan's motivational orientation?

A) "Both Dr.A and Dr.B are great professors."
B) "You should think carefully about which class you want to take.They both have their downsides."
C) "Dr.B really cares about her students and goes out of her way to help them succeed."
D) "Dr.A's exams are very difficult.She tests you on information that is not discussed in class."
E) "Dr.B has a monotone voice, which makes her class sessions super-boring."

Answer 2

"Dr.B really cares about her students and goes out of her way to help them succeed."

Question 3

Which of the following statements is TRUE about face?

A) People can increase their face by focusing on their positive qualities.
B) All people have roughly the same amount of face.
C) Face is more easily lost than it is gained.
D) Face is negatively correlated with self-esteem.
E) The importance of face is unrelated to collectivism.

Answer 3

Face is more easily lost than it is gained.

Question 4

Choong-hyun is motivated to maintain face, especially among his co-workers.Consequently, Choong-hyun is also motivated to

A) ensure that he views himself positively.
B) ensure that his coworkers view him positively.
C) avoid spending time with his co-workers.
D) try to spend more time with his co-workers.
E) engage in behaviors that show that he is an average person and no better than anyone else.

Question 5

Recall that the textbook describes several different explanations for the origins of cultural differences in self-enhancement motivation.How is the Protestant Reformation relevant to the question of why Westerners self-enhance so much?

A) The Christian doctrine that all of God's creations should be respected requires that people respect themselves and come to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms.
B) Because God loves everybody, it follows that people should also love themselves.
C) Catholicism emphasizes confession, which involves a recognition of one's faults.The shift to Protestantism led Protestants to avoid thinking about their faults.
D) People are motivated to believe that they are predestined to go to heaven, and this leads them to interpret their behavior in an unrealistically positive light.
E) None of these statements is relevant.

Question 6

The self-serving bias is ________.This explains why Spencer, an American college student, is likely to recall more ________ compared to Hirohito, a Japanese college student, who is likely to recall more ________.

A) more common among Westerners than East Asians; failure memories; success memories
B) more common among Westerners than East Asians; success memories; failure memories
C) more common among East Asians than Westerners; failure memories; success memories
D) more common among East Asians than Westerners; success memories; failure memories
E) equally common among East Asians than Westerners; success memories; failure memories

Question 7

Which of the following people is displaying a self-serving bias?

A) Joan, who remembers more of her past failures than her past successes
B) Jeannette, who ignores negative feedback about her academic performance
C) James, who perceives himself as well above average in creativity, considerateness, and loyalty
D) Jill, who has high self-esteem
E) Jacob, who has low self-esteem

Question 8

If a person basks in the reflected glory of his or her group, which of the following is most likely?

A) The person will not engage in self-serving biases.
B) The person has a stronger endowment effect than East Asians would exhibit.
C) The person has a prevention orientation.
D) The person has an entity theory of the world.
E) The person is not someone who engages in self-enhancement.

Question 9

You are on a committee tasked with hiring new employees.Given what you know about the self-serving bias, you are concerned that applicants may exaggerate their qualifications in their application or during their interview.What can you do to prevent applicants' self-serving biases from influencing the interview process?

A) Ask applicants to complete a questionnaire rating their qualifications during the application process, then ask the same questions during the interview to see if applicants are providing consistent ratings.
B) Focus your attention to how applicants discuss their weaknesses, and place less importance on their descriptions of their strengths.
C) Focus your attention on qualifications that are clearly observable and backed up by concrete evidence.
D) Ask applicants to complete a self-esteem questionnaire, then only invite candidates with high self-esteem to interview.
E) Ask applicants to complete a self-esteem questionnaire, then only invite candidates with low self-esteem to interview.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is MOST likely to encourage self-enhancing motivations?

A) "You can only rely on yourself, so you better be good enough."
B) "The path you travel in life is yours, and yours alone."
C) "From the moment you are born, you are connected to others."
D) "You always have people to turn to in times of need.You are never really alone."
E) "It is better to be overly positive about your future than overly negative."

Question 11

Ichiro, a Japanese student, wants to sell a used book that he's had for a decade.Kent, an American student, wants to sell the same book, which he has also owned for a decade.They price their respective books depending on how much they think the books are worth.The books themselves are valued at $50.Which of the following best predicts what the two price tags will most likely be?

A) Ichiro: $50; Kent: $50
B) Ichiro: $20; Kent: $20
C) Ichiro: $70; Kent: $70
D) Ichiro: $70; Kent: $30
E) Ichiro: $30; Kent: $70

Question 12

Claudia and Hideki are math students.Claudia has a self-enhancement orientation, whereas Hideki has a self-improvement orientation.The best way to encourage them both to persist when studying for their upcoming math exam is to give

A) both students very difficult sample questions to study.
B) both students very easy sample questions to study.
C) Claudia very easy sample questions but give Hideki very difficult sample questions.
D) Claudia very difficult sample questions but give Hideki very easy sample questions.
E) both students a mixture of easy and difficult questions.

Question 13

Do East Asians really self-enhance less than North Americans? Research has examined a number of alternative explanations.These include all of the following EXCEPT

A) East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans but Western biases in our research methods prevent us from seeing these motivations.
B) East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans but only when researchers measure traits that are important to East Asians.
C) East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans and studies that say otherwise are flawed because they aren't measuring people's true feelings and are instead inadvertently measuring cultural norms for describing oneself.
D) East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans if researchers go beyond measuring adult college students and also study children and groups with less traditional educational experiences.
E) All of these alternative explanations were discussed in the textbook.

Question 14

Based on the biases self-enhancers have, which of the following is someone who self-enhances most likely to say after failing a chemistry test?

A) "Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics."
B) "I failed this chemistry test, so I have to study even harder in this class."
C) "This test was fair; I just didn't work hard enough."
D) "Chemistry is still very important to me."
E) "Lex did so well! I need to work hard to be more like him."

Question 15

Kosuke is a Japanese student who has just won a drawing competition.Jack is a Canadian student who has also just won a drawing competition.Immediately after their victories, they are asked to create another drawing.Compared to Kosuke, what is Jack more likely to do?

A) spend more time drawing than Kosuke
B) stop drawing earlier than Kosuke
C) draw for about the same amount of time as Kosuke
D) spend less time drawing than he would if he had not won
E) move on to a different task

Question 16

Raquel recently did poorly on a sociology exam.Which of the following strategies should she AVOID if her goal is to engage in self-enhancement?

A) disregard the importance of sociology
B) blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam
C) think about how the student with the lowest score in class did
D) focus on how other classmates from her track and field team did really well
E) compare herself with how the best student in her class did

Question 17

Tara is studying self-enhancement in South Korea compared to the United States.Her results suggest that Americans describe themselves more positively on a variety of personality dimensions than do South Koreans, but she is worried that this effect isn't real and that what is really happening is that the South Korean participants feel compelled to be modest.Do you think this alternative explanation is credible?

A) Not really: If Tara's study examines a wide range of personality dimensions, the study is comprehensive enough that the findings are likely an accurate reflection of South Korean's self-enhancement motivations.
B) Not really: If Tara's study ensures anonymity, and uses indirect measures of self-enhancement, the findings from past research suggest it is unlikely that her participants feel compelled to hide their self-enhancement motivations.
C) Yes: Research shows that East Asians regularly portray that they are more modest than they really are and that Westerners regularly boast about their positive qualities even when they do not feel very positive about themselves.
D) Yes: Research shows that cultural norms are more important than internal feelings among East Asians, so it makes sense that Tara's South Korean participants would rather report being modest than report positive feelings about the self.
E) I don't know: The existing research is mixed and more research needs to be conducted before a firm conclusion can be drawn.

Question 18

Calvin is a Protestant Christian who believes in predestination.Which of the following statements accurately describes how Calvin's religious beliefs influence how he perceives himself and his chances of going to heaven after he dies?

A) "I engage in good deeds, therefore I know I am a good person and will likely go to heaven."
B) "I experience a lot of positive outcomes in my life.This means that God thinks I am a good person and that I will go to heaven."
C) "I treat others like I would like to be treated.This makes me a better person and more likely to go to heaven instead of hell."
D) "I am modest enough to know that there is a possibility that I may not be good enough to get into heaven."
E) "Since other people view me as a good person, God probably does too.This means that I am likely to go to heaven."

Question 19

Which of the following statements about cultural variation in self-enhancement motivations is FALSE?

A) Research has found cultural differences in the percentage of people who report having high self-esteem.
B) Research has found cultural differences in the percentage of success versus failure memories that people recall.
C) Research has found evidence for cultural differences in self-enhancement among both children and adults.
D) Research has found that some collectivistic cultures display levels of self-enhancement comparable to those found in individualistic cultures.
E) Research has found evidence for cultural similarities in the degree to which people enhance the qualities of their relationship partners and groups.

Question 20

Your mother adopts a prevention orientation in her parenting.Which of the following statements reflects this?

A) When you bring home an A- on an assignment, your mother rewards you with a treat.
B) When you get an A- on an exam, your mother encourages you to review the questions you missed.
C) When you get average grades on your report card, your mother pushes you to think about how you are going to achieve your academic goals.
D) When you fail an exam, your mother responds with warmth and support and does not criticize your abilities.
E) When you are studying for a big exam, your mother encourages you to "think positively" and "envision succeeding."

Question 21

Research conducted on East and West Germany found that

A) West Germans employed more secondary control strategies than did East Germans.
B) although they had fewer choices available to them, East Germans were happier than West Germans.
C) East Germans preferred having choices made for them by their governments, whereas West Germans preferred having choices made for them by their families.
D) East Germans showed more achievement motivation than West Germans.
E) East Germans displayed more behaviors associated with learned helplessness than West Germans.

Question 22

After studying abroad for a semester, Jing is excited to return home to China and reconnect with her friends.She wants to ensure that her friends still view her positively.What should Jing do to maintain face with her friends?

A) Brag to her friends about all the academic opportunities and awards she received while studying abroad.
B) Compliment her friends a lot by drawing attention to their positive qualities.
C) Talk positively about China and negatively about her experiences while studying abroad.
D) Demonstrate her high social status by purchasing and wearing name brand clothing.
E) View herself positively: If she is self-confident, her friends will notice her positive qualities.

Question 23

As a member of his college debate team, Marvin's goal is the same as his teammate's goal: to win! In preparation for a major competition, Marvin's coach institutes several rules that will help the team members focus, including a rule to abstain from drinking alcohol the night before the competition.If Marvin is from a collectivist culture, how will he most likely respond to this rule?

A) "It is unfair for the coach to dictate how I can and can't behave."
B) "I had no say in this rule, so I won't obey it."
C) "I don't like another person making a decision for me."
D) "I appreciate my coach's help and agree that this rule will help me focus."
E) "I don't mind following this rule since I know that what benefits the team ultimately benefits me too."

Question 24

As you recall, researchers have conducted a number of studies examining how people from the United States and India experience choice differently.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding these research findings?

A) Relative to North Americans, Indians report that they have less free choice in their lives.
B) Relative to North Americans, Indians respond less negatively when they are prevented from making their own choices.
C) Relative to North Americans, Indians are more likely to go along with the advice they received from someone else.
D) Relative to North Americans, choices made by Indians are guided less by personal preferences and more by an authority figure's expectations.
E) Relative to North Americans, Indians perceive themselves as making more choices, even in research studies where the two groups receive the same number of opportunities to make choices.

Question 25

Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud.The most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets will be that Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to

A) recommend strong punishment of the agents.
B) view the real estate companies to be at fault.
C) predict similar events will happen in the future.
D) remove their assets from the companies involved.
E) perceive the agents as having exercised choice.

Question 26

Which of the following is the best example of primary control?

A) You and your friends decide as a group to spend a day at the amusement park.
B) You choose to paint your house yellow after your partner tells you about her strong preference for yellow.
C) You cook spaghetti and meatballs because your parents are in town and it is their favorite dish.
D) You return a computer game to the local computer store because it did not excite you as much as you had hoped.
E) You buy a dog as a pet because you are allergic to cats.

Question 27

Charlotte, an American student from the United States, and her friend Chanda, who is from India, are talking with each other about their college academic advisors.They realize that they have both received the same advice from their advisors: they should take more statistics courses than their major requires.Given what you know about cultural influences on choice, how is each woman likely to respond to her advisor's advice?

A) Charlotte: "My advisor is only saying this because it will benefit her and the college if I spend more money on extra coursework"; Chanda: "My advisor is helping me be more competitive for graduate school by sharing this strategy."
B) Charlotte: "I'm going to follow this advice even though I don't like it because it is too much work"; Chanda: "I'm going to follow this advice because I like this advice: It will enhance my skills."
C) Charlotte: "If I follow this advice it will help me improve my critical thinking skills"; Chanda: "If I follow this advice it will limit my ability to hone other skills in other courses."
D) Charlotte: "I am going to follow this advice because I don't have much experience making academic choices on my own"; Chanda: " I am not going to follow this advice because it differs from my personal preferences."
E) Charlotte: "I trust that my advisor is providing this advice because she knows what is best for me"; Chanda: "I worry that my advisor is only providing this advice because that is what the university wants her to say."

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of secondary control?

A) You work hard at your studies in the beginning of the term so you do not have such a busy time at the end of the term.
B) You try to convince your friends that they should move their planned hiking trip to the following weekend because that would fit better with your schedule.
C) You convince yourself that taking the bus to work is not so bad after all.
D) You return the sweater that you just bought because you decide it does not look good on you.
E) You start showing up at work before your boss does in an effort to get a raise.

Question 29

You are a teacher who assesses your students' science knowledge by having them play one of many science games available on the computer, so you want them to take this task seriously.Your class is comprised of Asian American and European American children.How will you maximize their motivation to play these science games?

A) Allow all the children to choose the game they want.
B) Let other classmates choose the game for the Asian American students but let the European American students choose for themselves.
C) Let the mothers of the Asian American children choose the game for them and let the classmates of the European American children choose for them.
D) Let the European American students choose for themselves and ask students from another school to choose for the Asian American students.
E) Let both the European American and the Asian American parents choose for their children.

Question 30

According to Kim and Markus's (1999) study, working-class Americans liked the pen they were given, regardless of whether they chose it or not, unlike upper-middle-class Americans, who much preferred the pen that they chose.This can be explained by

A) upper-middle-class Americans scoring higher on entity theory of the world than working-class Americans.
B) working-class Americans engaging in more secondary control than upper-middle-class Americans.
C) working-class Americans having more of a promotion orientation than upper-middle-class Americans.
D) upper-middle-class Americans having more of a prevention orientation than working-class Americans.
E) working-class Americans wanting to save face more than upper-middle-class Americans.

Question 31

In Western cultures, ________.In East Asian cultures, ________.

A) individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world; the social world is viewed as more changeable than individuals.
B) the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world.
C) individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable; the social world is viewed as more changeable than individuals.
D) individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable; individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world.
E) the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable.

Question 32

Helen has lived in an Eastern, collectivistic culture her entire life.Which of the following statements about Helen is consistent with your knowledge of cultural influences on primary and secondary control?

A) When Helen and her friends disagree about what movies to watch or restaurants to visit, Helen feels compelled to go along with her friends' wishes and ends up feeling frustrated and unhappy.
B) When Helen was a child, her mother gave her a lot of opportunities to choose how they would spend their day and what food they would eat for dinner.
C) Although Helen likes yoga more than aerobics, she signs up for an aerobics class because sessions are held at night, which is a more convenient time for her to attend.
D) Helen remembers several instances when she agrees to do her roommate's chores, but she does not recall being able to persuade her roommate to assist her with her own chores.
E) At work, Helen stands out as a leader: She inspires her team to devote a lot of time and energy to their projects so they are completed on time.

Question 33

A person is building a road to connect two towns, but the road is stopped by a mountain.The person can either build the road so that it follows the side of the mountain and continues on from the other side or simply tunnel through the mountain.This person decides that people should not be pushed around by nature and so decides to tunnel through the mountain.Which of the following terms best describes this way of thinking?

A) secondary control
B) self-enhancement
C) maintaining face
D) entity theory of the world
E) incremental theory of the world

Question 34

One frozen yogurt parlor has 10 flavors from which to choose (Parlor X.and another parlor has more than 100 (Parlor Z).You ask people to choose which one they want to patronize.Which of the following is most indicative of people's preferences, given the research on choices as described in the textbook?

A) Americans, like people from other Western cultures, will always prefer to go to Parlor Z.
B) Europeans will prefer Parlor Z more than Americans do.
C) Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z, in fact they will have a more difficult time choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X.
D) Americans will prefer it if their significant others choose for them.
E) Europeans will have no preference for either parlor.

Question 35

When studying socioeconomic influences on choice, researchers hypothesize that working-class adults will perceive and experience choice differently than upper-middle-class adults.What is the rationale for this hypothesis?

A) Because of their relatively lower income, working-class (versus upper-middle-class) adults experience fewer opportunities to make choices and more situations where there are constraints on their personal choices.
B) Because of their relatively lower income, working-class (versus upper-middle-class) adults care less about making choices in daily life.
C) Because of their relatively higher income, upper-middle-class (versus working-class) adults have a lot more friends, and thus more opportunities to make choices.
D) Because of their relatively longer work hours, upper-middle-class (versus working-class) adults have fewer opportunities to make choices in daily life, so they are very excited to make choices when the opportunity arises.
E) Because of their relatively longer work hours, working-class (versus upper-middle-class) adults spend less time with family, and thus experience fewer social constraints on their choices.

Question 36

Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain face?

A) Donna, who says, "I try to approach any opportunities that come my way."
B) John, who says, "I really like to make myself feel good about myself."
C) Michelle, who says, "I prefer to avoid negative outcomes from happening."
D) Wolfgang, who says, "I cannot change who I am-I am who I am."
E) Leon, who says, "I like to compare myself with those who are worse off than I am."

Question 37

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the research findings on cultural influences on primary and secondary control?

A) People from Japan report using primary control to pursue their goals, whereas North Americans report using secondary control to pursue their goals.
B) People from collectivistic cultures are more likely to perceive groups as agents of primary control than are people from individualistic cultures.
C) Both Japanese and U.S.participants report that primary control experiences feel more powerful than secondary control experiences.
D) Both Japanese and U.S.participants report that secondary control experiences feel forced; that is, participants feel compelled to adjust in these situations.
E) Recent research shows that preventing a person from engaging in primary control elicits anxiety among members of relatively collectivistic cultures.

Question 38

Siya, an Indian student starting her first year in college, is deciding on a major.Which of the following factors is most likely to guide her decision-making process?

A) Her personal preferences: Siya is interested in health care, so she may major in nursing or biomedical sciences.
B) Her past experiences: Siya struggled to earn a good grade in physics, so she won't major in that subject.
C) Advice from her parents: Siya's parents expect her to pursue a professional career after college, so she is considering a business major.
D) Advice from her friends: All her friends think that psychology is an enjoyable topic, so Siya may choose this major.
E) Advice from her classmates: Several classmates from high school told Siya that engineering majors tend to make high salaries after college.

Question 39

At an academic debate, you overhear one researcher say, "Based on Iyengar and colleagues' work on choice across cultures, Asian Americans have a stronger preference for everyone else to make choices for them rather than making choices for themselves." Do you agree?

A) No: Asian Americans prefer choices that are made for them by an ingroup member but not by an outgroup member.
B) No: Asian Americans prefer to make choices for themselves rather than have someone else choose for them.
C) Yes: Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that person is because they are high in agreeableness.
D) Yes: Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that person else is, because they are high in collectivism.
E) No: Asian Americans prefer to make choices for others rather than for themselves.

Question 40

Makayla is from the United States and Michiko is from Japan.Given what you know about cultural influences on primary and secondary control, which of the following statements describes these women best?

A) Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she adjusted to versus influenced others, whereas Michiko is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others.
B) Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others, whereas Michiko is likely to remember more situations where she adjusted to versus influenced others.
C) Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others, whereas Michiko is equally likely to remember influencing and adjusting situations.
D) Both Makayla and Michiko are likely to remember more situations where they adjusted to, versus influenced, others.
E) Both Makayla and Michiko are likely to remember more situations where they influenced, versus adjusted, to others.

Question 41

A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest, and each person is allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars.All the cars are of the same make, model, and year.The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one of two colors.Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal proportion between the two colors, making the minority color very rare.Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true?

A) East Asians will choose their cars randomly.
B) Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors.
C) East Asians will choose minority-colored cars.
D) Americans will choose minority-colored cars.
E) East Asians will choose white cars.

Question 42

You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency and you have been asked to create a TV commercial for a new condominium, targeting people from Korea.Based on Kim and Markus's (1999) research on advertisements in Korea and the United States, which of the following would you most likely use in your commercial?

A) "No need for stockpiled money-Condo X is cheap and affordable!"
B) "Condo X-there's nothing else quite like it."
C) "The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it."
D) "This condo was designed by an architect who has a unique style."
E) "Need a place to live? Try our condo!"

Question 43

You work at your university's tutoring center, and given your background in cultural psychology,
you are frequently assigned to tutor students studying abroad from various cultures around the world.Describe how your understanding of cultural influences on face and self-improvement could guide the motivational strategies you use to encourage your international students from collectivistic cultures to persist at studying for an upcoming exam.

Question 44

Kelly and Misha, two aspiring singers, are watching the MTV Video Music Awards together and looking at the music charts.Kelly compares herself to Adele (Kelly thinks she is worse than Adele), while Misha compares herself to Ariana Grande (Misha thinks she is better than Ariana Grande).Name and define the processes in which Kelly and Misha have engaged, respectively.Then, draw a graph that shows Kelly's and Misha's self-esteem before and after they make their comparisons.Assume that Kelly and Misha started out with the same level of self-esteem.

Question 45

When it comes to making choices, working-class and upper-middle-class Americans differ in that

A) working-class Americans are more likely than upper-middle-class Americans to express themselves through their choices.
B) working-class Americans prefer making choices among a small set of options, whereas upper-middle-class Americans prefer making choices from a relatively larger set of options.
C) upper-middle-class Americans think more deliberately and thus take longer to make a decision compared to working-class Americans.
D) upper-middle-class Americans are more satisfied with choices they make for themselves compared to choices made for them by others, whereas working-class Americans are satisfied with choices regardless of who makes the choice.
E) working-class Americans are more likely than upper-middle-class Americans to experience "choice overload" and are consequently more willing to allow other people to make their choices for them.

Question 46

In a religious pamphlet being handed out to students on campus, the writer suggests that people in the United States report having high self-esteem because Protestantism, especially the concept of predestination, was part of the country's early foundations and has thus become ingrained within U.S.culture.Do you agree or disagree with this pamphlet? Why or why not? What other explanations can account for cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement motivation?

Question 47

Jessica and Jonathan are best friends.Jessica is very individualistic, while Jonathan is very collectivistic.Based on research regarding primary and secondary control, draw a graph for each person that shows the relationship between the amount of anxiety they will feel based on how much personal control they have in any given situation.

Question 48

Your school's counseling department emphasizes the importance of convincing people to gain control by asserting themselves in their environment.Regardless of one's cultural background, everyone feels a greater sense of power when changing the environment to suit him- or herself.Based on empirical research, do you agree with your counseling department's perspective? Why or why not?

Question 49

In a study, five people are asked to taste test three dishes, one of which tastes like garbage.They must then judge which dish was the best.However, four of the people are confederates and are told to always say that the garbage dish is the best.The real participant (the fifth person) is then asked to give his or her judgment.This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture.Based on the results obtained using Asch's paradigm across cultures, what do you expect to happen in this case?

A) Participants from the individualistic culture will most likely not say that the garbage dish is the best one.
B) Participants from both cultures will be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one.
C) Participants from the individualistic culture will be more likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one if the first four participants were friends.
D) A lot of participants from the individualistic culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture will say the same.
E) No participants from either culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one.

Question 50

Xiao Mao is an interdependent Chinese American child in elementary school, and Kitty is an independent Canadian child.They are in the mall with their fathers picking out board games as presents.How would their motivations to play the board games compare if they chose the games themselves versus if their fathers chose the games for them? Draw a graph to demonstrate the pattern of results that you would expect.

Question 51

What drives people to stand out or conform? Stated another way, what are some possible explanations for why individualistic and collectivistic cultures differently encourage motivations for uniqueness and conformity?