Deck 6: Motivation

Question 1

Which of the followings statements accurately describes the relationship between social class and individualism?

A) Higher social class is associated with independence in both Western and Eastern cultures.
B) Higher social class is associated with interdependence in both Western and Eastern cultures.
C) Higher social class is associated with interdependence in Western cultures and independence in Eastern cultures.
D) Higher social class is associated with independence in Western cultures and interdependence in Eastern cultures.
E) Higher social class is unrelated to independence and interdependence.

Answer 1

Higher social class is associated with independence in Western cultures and interdependence in Eastern cultures.

Question 2

You are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self.Based on Markus and Kitayama's (1991) model, which of the following would you LEAST expect the person to say?

A) "I love playing hockey."
B) "I am a responsible person."
C) "I am a member of a ballet dance group."
D) "I am my own person and am not defined by others."
E) "I am hungry."

Answer 2

"I am a member of a ballet dance group."

Question 3

When completing the Twenty-Statements Test (TST), people from non-Western cultures, in contrast with people from Western cultures, are more likely to write which of the following?

A) "I am a charitable person."
B) "I am a student."
C) "I am very hungry."
D) "I am always very generous."
E) "I am someone who likes to eat."

Answer 3

"I am a student."

Question 4

A research study by Williams and Best (1990) examined gender equality by asking men and women from 14 different countries to answer questions about how each gender should act.Which of the following statements is an accurate description of their findings?

A) Despite studying very different cultures, the study found similar views about gender equality across cultures.
B) Within a culture, men and women tended to have different views about gender equality.
C) In most of the countries surveyed, men had more traditional views on gender than women.
D) People from more (versus less) urbanized/developed countries expressed more traditional views on gender roles.
E) People from more northern (versus southern) countries expressed more traditional views on gender roles.

Question 5

Recall Boserup's (1970) thesis arguing that agricultural methods centuries ago have influenced contemporary gender norms.In this thesis, agricultural methods are a(n) ________ gender norms.

A) proximal cause of
B) distal cause of
C) collectivistic influence on
D) individualistic influence on
E) egalitarian influence on

Question 6

You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop.Every time you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations to which he belongs and clubs he has joined.He rarely talks about his own attributes.Which of the following best describes him?

A) individualistic
B) incremental theory of self
C) interdependent view of self
D) low in self-awareness
E) high in conscientiousness

Question 7

The most collectivistic states of the United States are

A) states from the Mountain West and the Midwest.
B) Alaska and the states of the Confederate South.
C) states on the West Coast and the East Coast.
D) Hawaii and Utah.
E) Arizona and New Mexico.

Question 8

Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study (1997) of self-descriptions of Americans and Kenyans, which of the following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu?

A) high in an interdependent view of the self
B) high in subjective self-awareness
C) high in an independent view of the self
D) high in an entity theory of the self
E) high in "social potency"

Question 9

Your friend, while describing her recent trip to India, concluded, "India is a very collectivistic culture, so all Indians possess an interdependent view of the self." Do you agree with this conclusion? Why or why not?

A) no, because people's self-views cannot be categorized so neatly into "independent" and "interdependent" categories
B) no, because Indians experience many more situations that affirm and reiterate independent versus interdependent aspects of self
C) no, because other features of Indian culture-such as competition for jobs and large disparities between the wealthy and the poor-mean that personal attributions are emphasized more than social bonds
D) yes, because Indian culture strongly encourages conformity, so Indian citizens are especially likely to adopt dominant cultural values such as interdependent self-views
E) yes, because Indian citizens all consume the same media and belong to the same institutions, all of which encourage an interdependent self-view

Question 10

Recall that Kashima and colleagues (1995) had men and women from various Western and Eastern cultures complete several measures of independent and interdependent self-views.Their study found gender differences for

A) all four facets of self-views: collectivism, relatedness, agency, and assertiveness.
B) only the interdependent facets of collectivism and relatedness.
C) only the independent facets of agency and assertiveness.
D) only the interdependent facet of relatedness.
E) only the independent facet of agency.

Question 11

After living with your roommate for the past year and observing his behavior, you have concluded that he possesses a relatively independent view of self.Which of the following observations is consistent with this conclusion?

A) His relationship with his girlfriend is an important part of his identity.
B) He defines himself in terms of internal attributes, such as his preferences and opinions.
C) His identity is flexible: It is contingent on whom he is interacting with in the moment.
D) He forms relationships with people slowly because he is cautious about whom he lets into his inner circle.
E) He strives to maintain harmony in his relationships with friends.

Question 12

Why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among East Asians than among Westerners?

A) Westerners who are consistent earn more money than those who are not.
B) East Asian parents tend to punish their children when they act consistently.
C) In the West, self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked by others than it does in East Asia.
D) East Asians tend to complete self-report scales with more extreme opinions than do Westerners.
E) Motivations for self-consistency are not weaker among East Asians than among Westerners.

Question 13

Independent and interdependent self-views differently influence how people engage with close others as opposed to strangers.Considering this phenomenon, which of the following statements accurately reflects this difference?

A) People with independent (versus interdependent) self-views will experience more social anxiety when meeting someone for the first time.
B) New relationships will influence identity more for people with independent (versus interdependent) self-views.
C) People with independent (versus interdependent) self-views are more likely to trust a stranger.
D) People with interdependent (versus independent) self-views are more likely to have larger social networks of friends.
E) People with interdependent (versus independent) self-views will feel less sad when relationships dissolve.

Question 14

Your classmate Teodora describes herself as having an interdependent self-view.Knowing only this, which of the following would be INCONSISTENT with this characterization of her self-concept?

A) Teodora credits her mother for guiding her throughout her life, making her the woman she is today.
B) Teodora spends a lot of time and energy maintaining her friendships but does not spend much time meeting new people.
C) Teodora describes herself as a sister, a Serbian, and a member of the university soccer team.
D) Teodora is sensitive to how her moods and behaviors might affect her roommate.
E) Teodora says that she is the same person she was in high school and that she also acts the same in class, at home, with her parents, and with her friends.

Question 15

According to research using the Sex Role Ideology scale, which of the following situations agrees with the research findings?

A) Poland, a primarily Christian country, has less egalitarian gender values than Azerbaijan, a primarily Muslim country.
B) Uruguay, a country south of the equator, has more egalitarian gender values than Estonia, a country north of the equator.
C) Mahalapye, a rural township, has less egalitarian gender values than Bobirwa, an urban city.
D) Kiribati, a collectivistic society, has more egalitarian gender values than Nauru, a society that is more individualistic than Kiribati.
E) All of these statements agree with the research findings.

Question 16

You are tutoring freshman students who are the first in their family to attend college (i.e., first-generation students).Given what you know about social class, college enrollment, and motivation, which of the following statements will be most motivating for your students?

A) "I am here to help you get A's in your classes."
B) "I am looking forward to working together and learning from each other."
C) "You are at college to pursue your own personal academic journey."
D) "Your past experiences in high school may not be very informative in college."
E) "Your working-class background may make it difficult to adjust to college life."

Question 17

According to research by Alesina and colleagues (2011), regions that used ________ in farming centuries earlier were found to have ________ today.

A) shifting cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms
B) shifting cultivation; higher birthrates
C) plow cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms
D) plow cultivation; higher birthrates
E) crop rotation; less egalitarian gender norms

Question 18

Given what you know about cultural influences on the Twenty-Statements Test (TST), which of the following people is most likely to respond primarily by describing his or her important roles and responsibilities within their family?

A) Christine, an American woman currently enrolled at a university located in the American Midwest
B) Mary, a Kenyan woman currently enrolled at the University of Nairobi
C) Naserian, a Kenyan woman from the Masai tribe
D) Mary and Naserian are equally likely to respond this way to the TST.
E) All three women are equally likely to respond this way to the TST.

Question 19

Engai is a member of the Masai indigenous group in Kenya and Joseph is an American college student.Based on your knowledge of Ma and Schoeneman's (1997) study on self-descriptions, how is each person most likely to finish the statement "I am ..."?

A) Engai: "I am a charitable person"; Joseph: "I am athletic"
B) Engai: "I am a father"; Joseph: "I am a son"
C) Engai: "I am a member of the elders council"; Joseph: "I am outgoing"
D) Engai: "I am loyal"; Joseph: "I am a member of a fraternity"
E) Engai: "I am a herder"; Joseph: "I am a college student"

Question 20

Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see a strong divide between strangers he has just met and his family members.What is this characteristic of?

A) incremental theory of self
B) entity theory of self
C) interdependent view of self
D) independent theory of self
E) objective awareness of self

Question 21

Which of the following was found in Suh's (2002) research on self-consistency in Koreans and Americans?

A) Koreans describe themselves more similarly across situations than do Americans.
B) Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans who are less consistent.
C) Consistency is positively associated with likability in the United States but not in Korea.
D) Both Americans and Koreans who are more consistent also display better social skills.
E) Americans who are more consistent across situations are viewed as less authentic than Americans who are less consistent.

Question 22

Ji-yoo's culture emphasizes an incremental theory of the self.As a teacher, Ji-yoo wants to create exams that reflect this theory of self and are thus consistent with the expectations of her students.What types of exams should she create?

A) very challenging exams that measure innate aptitudes.
B) slightly challenging exams that measure innate aptitudes.
C) very challenging exams that measure study habits.
D) slightly challenging exams that measure study habits.
E) easy exams that measure both innate aptitudes and study habits.

Question 23

You work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles.Based on Cialdini's (1999) research on the importance of consistency with the self and with peers, which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations?

A) Remind both Americans and Poles of their past donations.
B) Remind Americans of their peers' donations but remind Poles of their past donations.
C) Remind Americans of their past donations but remind Poles of their peers' donations.
D) Remind both Americans and Poles of their peers' donations.
E) Ask Americans for more money because they like to donate more than Poles do.

Question 24

Both Brianna, an American college student, and her Japanese classmate Yoshi are slated to give presentations in their cultural psychology class tomorrow.Tonight, they want privacy, so they are practicing their speeches in their rooms alone.Given that public speaking heightens one's sense of objective self-awareness, how do you expect both students to react when practicing their presentations alone versus when presenting in front of their classmates?

A) Both Brianna and Yoshi will be more critical of their public performance than their private performance.
B) Brianna will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance but Yoshi will be more critical of her private (versus public) performance.
C) Brianna will be more critical of her private (versus public) performance but Yoshi will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance.
D) Brianna will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance but Yoshi will be critical of both performances.
E) Brianna will be critical of both performances but Yoshi will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance.

Question 25

Ava, an American, and her roommate Suzumi, who is from Japan, are shopping together at the mall.Both women only have enough money to purchase one item.Based on what you know about cultural influences on cognitive dissonance, which of the following statements most accurately describes how these women will feel after they make their purchase?

A) Both Ava and Suzumi are likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product for themselves.
B) Both Ava and Suzumi are likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend.
C) Ava is likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product for herself, but Suzumi will likely experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend.
D) Ava is likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend, but Suzumi will likely experience dissonance after purchasing a product for herself.
E) Neither Ava nor Suzumi is likely to experience cognitive dissonance after making this purchase.

Question 26

Which of the following accurately lists the five personality traits that make up the five-factor model of personality?

A) openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity
B) openness to experience, capability, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
C) openness to experience, curiosity, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity
D) openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
E) openness to experience, conscientiousness, enthusiasm, agreeableness, neuroticism

Question 27

Sandy is a talented knitter with years of experience, who enjoys knitting gifts for her friends and co-workers.With their encouragement, Sandy decides to create a series of instructional knitting videos.However, once the video camera is pointed at her, she worries if her knitting is good enough and whether anyone will want to watch her videos given that there are so many other, possibly better, instructional videos available.Which of the following most accurately characterizes what Sandy is experiencing?

A) an increase in subjective self-awareness
B) an increase in objective self-awareness
C) an increase in independent view of self
D) an increase in interdependent view of self
E) an increase in self-consistency

Question 28

Yuan, a Chinese mother, and Alexis, a European Canadian mother, both decided to read their children's diaries.How might the memories of Yuan's child differ from the memories of Alexis's child?

A) Yuan's child has more positive memories than Alexis's child, if the memories include other people.
B) The memories of Alexis's child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Yuan's child.
C) The memories of Yuan's child seem to be more consistent and similar to each other than the memories of Alexis's child.
D) The memories of Alexis's child seem to be filled with scenarios in which he is by himself.
E) The memories of Yuan's child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Alexis's child.

Question 29

Which of the following people is taking an outside-in perspective on the self?

A) Lily, who perceives herself as smart after learning that her roommates saw her all-A's report card.
B) Lori, who perceives herself as a hard worker after studying through the night for her organic chemistry exam.
C) Liam, who perceives himself as athletic after breaking his previous record on the 200-meter spring.
D) Leo, who perceives himself as helpful after spending the day cleaning his grandmother's house.
E) Liu, who perceives himself as kind after nursing an injured cat back to good health.

Question 30

Your friend Satoshi is writing a personal statement for a scholarship application and he wants to make sure he is sufficiently highlighting his excellent academic record and personal qualities.You recall from your cultural psychology textbook a study showing that Japanese individuals' self-descriptions tend to vary across different situations.Consequently, you advise Satoshi to write his personal statement

A) in his professor's office with the professor present.
B) at the library when sitting next to another student in his class.
C) in the dining hall when 10-20 people are present.
D) in the cafeteria when 20-50 people are present.
E) in his dorm room alone.

Question 31

Cultures that tend to encourage self-consistency also tend to support the belief that success comes from

A) hard work.
B) innate abilities.
C) luck.
D) social support.
E) self-reflection.

Question 32

Regional similarities in personality are found when studying the different geographic regions of the United States.These similarities may occur because

A) most people live their lives in the same region and do not move.
B) people influence each other through their daily interactions.
C) people with different personalities are shunned and either move away or change their personality.
D) of the reference group effect.
E) people in these regions mature in similar ways.

Question 33

Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions but lost them all badly.Which of the following statements is he most likely to make if he possesses an entity theory of self?

A) "I can put in a lot of work to overcome my weaknesses."
B) "I lost because I have bad luck."
C) "I just wasn't born with the 'chess gene.'"
D) "I should review video of my matches to identify my mistakes."
E) "I think my competitor cheated."

Question 34

Which of the following statements about the Big Five model of personality is FALSE?

A) These five personality traits are largely uncorrelated with one another.
B) As people age, they tend to become more neurotic.
C) All personality attributes should be significantly correlated with at least one of the Big Five personality traits.
D) As people age, they tend to become more agreeable.
E) Factor analysis led to the emergence of the five underlying personality traits.

Question 35

You have saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world.In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world, which of the following are you most likely to find?

A) The Big Five explains personality adequately everywhere but does especially well explaining personality in the West.
B) The Big Five only emerges reliably in cultures characterized by independent views of self.
C) You find that the only trait that emerges reliably across all cultures is neuroticism.
D) The only trait of the Big Five that does not emerge reliably across cultures is neuroticism.
E) Western cultures have a number of personality factors in addition to the Big Five that are not found in cultures characterized by interdependent views of self.

Question 36

In Marshall's culture, maintaining self-consistency is an important sign of authenticity.Consequently, Marshall tries to think and act similarly across different situations and across time.Given what you know about Marshall's culture, you can also expect that he will

A) regularly experience objective self-awareness.
B) regularly experience subjective self-awareness.
C) possess an entity theory of the self.
D) possess an incremental theory of the self.
E) be a very conscientious person.

Question 37

Someone with an incremental theory of the self

A) thinks that he or she could be a different person in the future.
B) thinks his or her traits are central to his or her identity.
C) is very high on the need to have self-consistency.
D) is more likely than entity theorists to be low on neuroticism.
E) makes a very weak distinction between the ingroup and the outgroup.

Question 38

Participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves.After a while, a mirror mysteriously appears on the wall in each room.How much do their self-descriptions written before and after the mirror appeared differ?

A) Participants from all cultures became more self-critical after the mirror appeared.
B) American participants viewed themselves more positively before the mirror appeared and Japanese participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared.
C) American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared and Japanese participants viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.
D) American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared but Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared.
E) Participants from all cultures viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.

Question 39

Foot-in-the-door is a persuasion technique whereby the requester makes a relatively small request of a target.Once the target says yes, the requester will make more, and incrementally more costly, requests.This works because people are motivated to be self-consistent.Your friend is a big fan of this technique, and thinks that this sales tactic is equally effective everywhere, no matter where he goes.Is this true based on the research of Cialdini and colleagues (1999)?

A) Yes, there are no cultural differences in need for self-consistency, only peer-consistency.
B) Yes, susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is an accessibility universal.
C) No, the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in the United States than in Poland.
D) No, the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures.
E) No, susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is a cultural invention.

Question 40

You are considering asking your Japanese friend Hideaki for some help with studying for your final exams and you want to ensure that your request is effective.Given what you know about cultural influences on cognitive dissonance, what information could you include in your request to increase the likelihood that Hideaki will agree to help?

A) "Chemistry is your favorite subject."
B) "Our mutual friend Daisuke would help if he were here."
C) "I don't expect you to say yes, but I hope you will."
D) "It will make you feel really good about yourself to help another person."
E) "I will pay you $15 an hour to help me study."

Question 41

In establishing a new society, the director of agriculture is going to decide how people will go about performing their tasks.The director appears to have strong opinions about everything-except for agriculture.She does not care whether it is done in a method that requires immense strength and working with dangerous animals or one that is more laid-back and only requires simple tools.The director believes that this is especially irrelevant for gender relations in the future.According to Boserup's (1970) hypothesis that gender norms tend to be preserved when societies shift from agricultural to industrial, do you agree or disagree with Teresa's perspective, and why?

Question 42

You are talking with a personality psychologist at your college who says, "All the cross-cultural evidence suggests that the five-factor model of personality is culturally universal." Do you agree? What evidence can you cite to support your position?

Question 43

Jack and Jill are best friends, but they are very different from each other.Jack thinks of himself as very interdependent.His ingroup includes his mother, his best friend (Jill), and his baby brother, while his outgroup includes his doctor.Jill thinks of herself as a very independent person.Her ingroup includes her brother, her best friend (Jack), and her husband, while her outgroup includes her coworker.Based on Markus and Kitayama's model, draw a diagram for Jack and Jill, separately, that depicts their relationships with other people.

Question 44

As a graduate student in the Department of Music, your thesis seeks to answer the question of whether a singer's anxiety level during performance is associated with different forms of self-awareness.Design a study that would allow you to examine this question.In your response, make sure to use the appropriate terms for the different forms of self-awareness.

Question 45

You are participating in a fundraising campaign for your local library, and have been soliciting donations from your co-workers, friends, and neighbors.You know from your cultural psychology course that people from different cultures differently experience motivations for consistency.How would you use this information to solicit donations from your friend Sarah, who is from the United States, and your friend Zuzanna, who is from Poland? Specifically, design a study that identifies the two types of appeals that you would use to solicit money from these friends.Then, graph the different patterns of results associated with each appeal for each friend.

Question 46

Your new college roommate is from the Great Plains state of Minnesota.You recently read in your cultural psychology textbook that researchers have identified personality differences across the different regions of the United States.Given this knowledge, which of the following personality profiles will most accurately describe your roommate?

A) low in neuroticism and high in openness to experience
B) high in neuroticism and low in conscientiousness
C) high in extraversion and neuroticism
D) high in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
E) high in agreeableness and low in openness to experience

Question 47

Researchers find ________ support for the Big Five in less industrialized, subsistence cultures.This may be due to ________.

A) weaker; less emphasis being placed on internal traits and attributes in subsistence cultures, and thus less knowledge about one's self-concept
B) weaker; lack of familiarity with answering questions in an interview format that consequently affects the quality of the data
C) weaker; poor translation practices that inhibit people's understanding of the Big Five personality trait definitions
D) stronger; a simpler way of life that allows people to understand themselves more fully
E) stronger; people in these cultures showing a reverse reference group effect because they compare their personality traits to those of people from industrialized cultures

Question 48

Research finds that the Big Five model does not provide a complete list of personality traits in all cultures.Which of the following is FALSE regarding the additional personality factors found in various non-U.S.cultures?

A) An interpersonal relatedness factor was found in China.
B) A temperamentalness factor was found in the Philippines.
C) An integrity factor was found in South Africa.
D) An ambition factor was found in Spain.
E) An honesty factor was found among Arabic speakers in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.

Question 49

Using what you know about cultural influences in self-descriptions, complete the sentence "I am ..." three times each for two cultural groups that you expect will differ in the nature of their self-descriptions.

Question 50

Compare and contrast an independent view of self versus an independent view of self according to Markus and Kitayama (1999) in relation to the main points about self-identities and ingroup/outgroup relationships.