Deck 15: Organizations Leadership, and Justice

Question 1

The president of Company A cares mostly about staying in power and not being fired.This president demonstrates ________ leadership and will likely be least effective in ________.

A) self-protective; Finland
B) self-protective; Pakistan
C) autonomous; Finland
D) autonomous; Pakistan
E) humane-oriented; Pakistan

Answer 1

self-protective; Finland

Question 2

The high salaries of CEOs in the United States are likely to be derived from American ideas about

A) equity.
B) seniority.
C) paternalism.
D) education.
E) democracy.

Answer 2

equity.

Question 3

You are assembling two work teams.Group A is composed of European Americans; Group B is composed of a mixture of European Americans, Black Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos.Based on the research on diversity in the workplace, for a task that requires a lot of coordination among team members, we might expect Group ________ to excel.For a task that requires group members to develop a creative new way to completely reorganize the factory floor, we might expect Group ________ to excel.

A) A; A
B) A; B
C) B; A
D) B; B
E) Groups A and B will do equally well at both tasks.

Answer 3

A; B

Question 4

Shira wants to be a global leader for her multicultural team.To accomplish this, she should

A) conform to each employees' cultural expectations.
B) ignore cultural differences between group members.
C) always follow the principle of need.
D) be nonjudgmental and tolerant of ambiguity.
E) ensure everyone understands that she has seniority.

Question 5

You are assembling two work teams.Group A is composed of European Americans; Group B is composed of a mixture of European Americans, Black Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos.Based on the research on diversity in the workplace, for a task that requires clear communication among team members, we might expect Group ________ to excel.For a task that requires group members to have group cohesion, we might expect Group ________ to excel.

A) A; A
B) A; B
C) B; A
D) B; B
E) Groups A and B will do equally well at both tasks.

Question 6

Joseph is the star of his basketball team in America.Deng is the star of his basketball team in China.If both Joseph and Deng's outstanding performance lead to a win for their team, we would expect that

A) Joseph will feel more positively about his team than Deng feels about his.
B) Joseph will feel more negatively about his team than Deng feels about his.
C) Joseph will be more paternalistic toward his teammates than Deng will.
D) Joseph will work harder for his team than Deng will.
E) Deng will be more likely than Joseph to believe that salaries of team members should be based on equity.

Question 7

Social loafing is

A) more common in individualistic cultures because people in individualistic cultures tend to be less concerned about their connections with others.
B) more common in collectivistic cultures because people in collectivistic cultures don't want to stand out.
C) more common among women in individualistic cultures and men in collectivistic cultures.
D) more common among men in individualistic cultures and women in collectivistic cultures.
E) equally common in collectivistic and individualistic cultures.

Question 8

A study of the historical record in Chinese and North American cultures shows that the relationship between creativity and mental illness is

A) weaker for Chinese geniuses than North American geniuses.
B) stronger for Chinese geniuses than North American geniuses.
C) no different for Chinese and North American geniuses.
D) no different for Chinese and North American geniuses up until World War II.
E) no different for Chinese and North American geniuses when they are primed with collectivism.

Question 9

Ron, an American manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________, and Tomo, a Japanese manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________.

A) brilliant; new
B) practical; appropriate
C) destructive; generative
D) novel; useful
E) aesthetically pleasing; efficient

Question 10

________ leads the world in the number of patents, because they concentrate on ________.This is consistent with ________.

A) Switzerland; areas of their expertise; their emphasis on efficiency
B) The United States; making important breakthroughs; their emphasis on individualism
C) Japan; making incremental improvements; their emphasis on the usefulness aspect of creativity
D) Germany; engineering; their emphasis on precision
E) China; using their connections to get products and processes patented; the concept of guanxi

Question 11

Angela is putting a team together for a group project in Canada.Leila is putting a team together for a group project in Turkey.Social loafing is likely to be reduced

A) in both Angela's and Leila's groups if people are rewarded on the principle of equality
B) in both Angela's and Leila's groups if the teams are composed of friends.
C) in both Angela's and Leila's groups if the teams are all women or all men
D) in Leila's group (but not Angela's) if the team is made up of people from diverse backgrounds
E) in Angela's group (but not Leila's) if the teams are composed of both men and women.

Question 12

If a work team succeeds, everyone will be given a bonus prize that will be split evenly.If a worker believes in ________, he or she will likely ________.

A) equality; engage in social loafing
B) equity; engage in social loafing
C) antisocial punishment; punish anyone who engages in social loafing
D) altruistic punishment; punish anyone who shows signs of social striving
E) distributive justice; punish anyone who shows signs of social striving

Question 13

Kamala is a researcher who follows a common practice of defining a nation's creativity by the number of patents granted.Brianna follows a different practice, defining a nation's creativity by the number of "world-changing" innovations it has made in the past 100 years (as judged by experts in the field).Brianna's and Kamala's conclusions about the most creative country in the world will be

A) the same.
B) different.
C) the same for the period up until World War II.
D) the same up until the "tax cut revolution" of the 1980s.
E) the same up until the "patent litigation boom" of the 1970s.

Question 14

Manager A likes to make decisions on his or her own and tries to make sure others do not have too much influence on his or her behavior.According to the GLOBE Survey, Manager A demonstrates ________ leadership and would be a good fit in ________.

A) autonomous; Eastern Europe
B) autonomous; Latin America
C) charismatic/value-based; Eastern Europe.
D) charismatic/value-based; Eastern Europe
E) paternalistic; Latin America

Question 15

A ringi system is the least compatible with

A) participative leaders.
B) autonomous leaders.
C) team-oriented leaders.
D) paternalistic leaders.
E) the process of nemawashi.

Question 16

In a study comparing Chinese, American, and Israeli managers, the greatest amount of work was done by

A) Israeli and American managers working alone and Chinese managers working in groups.
B) Israeli, Chinese, and American managers when they each worked in groups.
C) American managers working alone, Israeli managers working with outgroup members, and Chinese managers working with ingroup members.
D) American managers working alone, Israeli managers working with ingroup members, and Chinese managers working with any group.
E) American managers working alone and Chinese and Israeli managers each working with ingroup members.

Question 17

An employee is having some problems in his personal life.Seeing this, his boss steps in and tries to help him through the difficulties.This boss's behavior is an example of ________ leadership and would be most appropriate in ________.

A) paternalistic; Australia
B) paternalistic; Brazil
C) participative; Australia
D) participative; Brazil
E) team-oriented; Brazil

Question 18

According to the GLOBE project, team-oriented leaders tend to be particularly popular in ________ and relatively less popular in ________.

A) Latin America; North America
B) Latin America; the Middle East
C) North America; East Asia
D) South Asia; southern Europe
E) English-speaking countries; French-speaking countries

Question 19

Yasmin is an executive at a company, and she wants to hire the most creative applicant for a new position.She decides to hire someone from an individualistic culture because she feels that individualists are more creative than collectivists.You ________ with her statement because ________.

A) agree; the higher need for uniqueness among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists
B) disagree; being more concerned about improving the lives of others makes collectivists generally more creative than individualists
C) agree; the higher level of analytic thinking among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists
D) disagree; individualists and collectivists are better at different types of creative thinking
E) agree; having less naïve dialecticism makes individualists generally more creative than collectivists

Question 20

You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States that is attempting to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car so your company can submit a patent.Based on cultural differences in creative thinking, which of the following is the most likely to happen?

A) Japanese researchers' preference for the status quo will lead them to think that current car designs are sufficient; American researchers will focus on making only slight adjustments to make cars more functional.
B) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs.
C) Japanese researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs; American researchers will want the status quo and keep current car designs.
D) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making minor adjustments to current car designs to make cars more functional.
E) Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.

Question 21

According to economists who study economic games, the key to the development of cooperation in humans is

A) antisocial punishment.
B) asocial punishment.
C) altruistic punishment.
D) cross-contingent bilateral punishment.
E) cross-contingent multilateral punishment.

Question 22

If Adam firmly believes in following rules and regulations, he is most likely to be disturbed by

A) ideas of distributive justice.
B) participative leadership.
C) nemawashi.
D) jeitinho.
E) non-zero-sum games

Question 23

In dictator games, participants from the main monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) are likely to be

A) more generous than average.
B) less generous than average.
C) more generous than average, unless the games are played anonymously.
D) less generous than average, unless the games are played multiple times.
E) less generous than average after writing an essay arguing that there is only one true deity.

Question 24

In a dictator game played among anonymous participants, Americans tend to be

A) more generous than people from small-scale societies.
B) less generous than people from small-scale societies.
C) equally generous as people from small-scale societies.
D) more generous than people from small-scale societies if they are female but less generous than people from small-scale societies if they are male
E) more generous than people from small-scale societies if they are female but less generous than people from small-scale societies if they are male.

Question 25

Inderjit, an Indian villager, came across a pot of gold while working in the fields.Based on the research on culture and justice, how is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village?

A) People who contribute the most to the village will receive more pieces of gold,
B) People who need more money will receive more pieces of gold.
C) People who are older will receive more pieces of gold.
D) The gold will be distributed equally to everyone in the village.
E) The gold will be distributed based on a lottery system.

Question 26

In playing a public goods game, Horatio keeps punishing Yorick, who had previously punished Horatio, even though Yorick is now cooperating.The goal is for everyone to get as much money as possible.Which of the following is a predictor of Horatio's behavior?

A) He is from a WEIRD culture.
B) He also engages in altruistic punishment.
C) He is from a culture with weak rule of law.
D) He is in the conventional level of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning.
E) He abides by the code of divinity.

Question 27

Daisuke is vice president (VP) of a large Japanese company with three vice presidents.He has been twice as productive as the other two vice presidents.Based on the research on distributive justice, if the company has a $90,000 bonus to distribute among the three VPs, Daisuke will likely receive

A) $30,000.
B) $45,000.
C) $60,000.
D) $90,000.
E) Extra nonmonetary compensation (such as an extra month of vacation, use of the company car, a larger office).

Question 28

Which of these concepts are the most alike in their meanings?

A) guanxi and jeitinho
B) wasta and nemawashi
C) guanxi and wasta
D) jeitinho and nemawashi
E) dugri and nemawashi

Question 29

The preference in India for allocations based on ________ would be consistent with ________ leadership.

A) need; paternalistic
B) merit; self-protective
C) seniority; team-oriented
D) wasta; humane-oriented
E) equity; autonomous

Question 30

Which of the following concepts tend to go together?

A) just world beliefs and global leadership
B) just world beliefs and principles of equity
C) just world beliefs and principles of equality
D) principles of equity and humane-oriented leadership
E) tolerance for ambiguity and altruistic punishment

Question 31

It is likely that the general goal of fairness is ________ and the way fairness is implemented is ________.

A) universal; universal
B) universal; nonuniversal
C) nonuniversal; nonuniversal
D) universal; almost universally driven by the principle of equality
E) universal; primarily driven by the principle of equity

Question 32

After being yelled at, the cheater in the previous question decides to accuse Juan of being a violent psychopath and yells at him in front of everyone at the market.According to the terminology from the text, the cheater is

A) engaging in altruistic punishment.
B) accusing Juan of playing the dictator game.
C) engaging in antisocial punishment.
D) accusing Juan of wasta.
E) engaging in what Brazilians call "stoning the square."

Question 33

You and Abdul are making sandwiches to sell to people waiting in line for a concert.You make and sell 10 sandwiches.Abdul makes and sells 20 sandwiches.The profit from your venture is $120.According to the principle of ________, your share of the profit is ________.

A) equity; $60
B) need; $40
C) distributive justice; $60
D) equality; $60
E) compromise; $50

Question 34

Juan is walking down the street when he sees someone cheat an old woman at the market.Juan finds the cheater and loudly criticizes him in front of everyone at the market.According to the terminology from the text, Juan is engaging in

A) altruistic punishment.
B) antisocial punishment.
C) equisocial punishment.
D) a dictator game.
E) a coordination game.

Question 35

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues with American and Indian participants, the researchers found that Americans' favorite solution for rewarding employees was to reward on the basis of ________ and their least favorite solution was to reward on the basis of ________.For Indians, their most favorite solution for rewarding employees was based on ________ and their least favorite solution was based on ________.

A) equity; equality; need; equity
B) equity; equality; equality; equity
C) equity; need; need; equity
D) equality; need; need; equity
E) equality; equity; equality; need

Question 36

The CEO of Company A has to decide whether the company should concentrate on its online business or its brick-and-mortar business.The CEO of Company A decides to call a meeting and have advocates for each side make their best arguments.Across town, a rival, Company B, has to make the same decision.Instead of calling a meeting, the CEO of Company B informally talks with employees, trying to build a consensus before an official decision is reached.The process of Company A is ________; the process of Company B is ________.

A) likely to go poorly in China; likely to go well in Japan
B) reliant on jeitinho; reliant on guanxi
C) likely to go poorly in Asia; paternalistic
D) reflective of meritocracy; engaged in by self-protective leaders
E) characteristic of humane-oriented leaders; reflective of nemawashi

Question 37

In cultures that are collectivistic, rewards tend to be distributed according to principles of

A) equity.
B) equality.
C) nemawashi.
D) equality for ingroup members and equity for outgroup members.
E) equity for ingroup members and equality for outgroup members.

Question 38

Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor.They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during office hours.Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their cases to get some extra points for their essays.Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine?

A) if the student's claim was "I deserve these few points because I worked really hard and spent a lot of sleepless nights doing practice questions"
B) if the student's claim was "I think I should be given these few extra points because I am a better student than the grade indicates"
C) if the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm"
D) if the student's claim was "I should get these few extra points because my friend Ryan got a few extra points as well"
E) if the student's claim was "The essay was not fair because it did not ask us to write about something we were actually interested in"

Question 39

In a dictator game played among anonymous participants, ________ tend to be more generous.

A) farmers who grow their own food
B) people high on openness to experience
C) people who live in market economies
D) people who live in dictatorships
E) people who do not understand the concept of money

Question 40

You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others.One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the dictator game with a stranger.You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger.Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?

A) $0
B) $5
C) $13
D) $15
E) $25

Question 41

Lab experiments are sometimes criticized for not being generalizable to the real world.What is some evidence from cross-cultural research that demonstrates that lab experiment are generalizable?

Question 42

In what ways are competition and generosity opposed? In what ways do norms of competition and generosity go together?

Question 43

You work for a North American company and are about to send your negotiator to East Asia.What advice do you give him or her to ensure the best outcome?

Question 44

One would expect antisocial punishment to be least likely in

A) cultures of honor.
B) Eastern European countries (as compared to Western European countries).
C) places where citizens work together for the common good.
D) places that are high in competitiveness.
E) places with high levels of corruption.

Question 45

Joe is a negotiator for a company that makes computer chips.He has to negotiate with suppliers from Taiwan and suppliers from the United States.To get the best deal for his company, he might need to ________ to his U.S.supplier and ________ to his Taiwanese supplier.

A) express anger; express anger
B) express anger; make an apology
C) make an apology; express anger
D) make an apology; make an apology
E) neither express anger nor make an apology; neither express anger nor make an apology

Question 46

To what extent would it be beneficial to have a creative team in the workplace comprised of people from Japan and the United States? Conversely, how might such a cross-cultural creative team be problematic and how could those problems be prevented or addressed?

Question 47

Japan is often considered a hierarchical culture, but its work culture also has egalitarian aspects.Explain how Japan's work culture could be considered egalitarian.

Question 48

Compare and contrast guanxi and wasta.

Question 49

Why do negotiations between previously unacquainted parties typically take longer in East Asia?

Question 50

Cooperative norms in children tend to emerge when there is a high

A) degree of concern with ingroup harmony and games are non-zero-sum.
B) degree of concern with ingroup harmony and games are zero-sum.
C) level of antisocial punishment and games are non-zero-sum.
D) level of antisocial punishment and games are zero-sum.
E) degree of concern with intergroup harmony and a high degree of antisocial punishment.

Question 51

Your graduate school supervisor, Dr.Schick, wants to accept the most creative graduate student into the program.To that end, Dr.Schick proposes that the school administers a measure of individualism/collectivism to graduate students, so that he can accept highly individualistic applicants with the assumption that they are more creative than highly collectivistic applicants.Based on research on culture and creativity, do you agree with Dr.Schick's assumption? Why or why not?

Question 52

Corruption tends to be high in places with

A) a medium level of power distance.
B) high levels of individualism.
C) high levels of market integration.
D) high levels of egalitarianism.
E) high levels of collectivism.

Question 53

Negotiations between people who are previously unacquainted are likely to take longer in

A) East Asia.
B) Western Europe.
C) Northern Europe.
D) North America.
E) English-speaking countries.

Question 54

In trying to summarize research on punishment and cooperation for your supervisor, you decide to draw a line graph that separately predicts cooperation within a culture based on a culture's willingness to engage in (a) antisocial punishment and (b) altruistic punishment.Draw such a line graph.

Question 55

Psychologists sometimes study dishonest behavior in the lab.One piece of evidence that the results are valid and generalizable is

A) the fact that they use real money.
B) the manipulation of both antisocial and altruistic punishment.
C) levels of cheating in the lab correlate with levels of corruption in a country (as rated by the World Bank).
D) individual differences that show up in lab data are also found in reports by the participants' peers.
E) the high levels of emotion that participants show.

Question 56

In the context of group performance, how might principles of equity impact social loafing, and why?

Question 57

All other things being equal, you would expect antisocial punishment to be more common in

A) individualistic cultures.
B) honor cultures.
C) societies with low power distance.
D) achievement-oriented societies.
E) dignity cultures.

Question 58

Why might Western-style free markets and guanxi be conceptually opposed? Conversely, why might the concepts be less opposed than one might originally think?

Question 59

Pria is vice president of a large international conglomerate that has offices all over the world.She needs to negotiate with her distributors in Japan and her distributors in North America.To get the best outcome for all parties, she should send her ________ to negotiate with the Japanese distributors and her ________ to negotiate with her North American distributors.

A) North American team; North American team
B) North American team; Japanese team
C) Japanese team; North American team
D) Japanese team; Japanese team
E) European team; European team

Question 60

Antisocial punishment is an example of a(n)

A) meritocracy.
B) nonuniversal.
C) public goods game.
D) code of autonomy.
E) accessibility universal.