Deck 14: Mentalhealth

Question 1

Which of the following people have agonias?

A) Person A becomes increasingly panicky as he senses that his penis is shrinking into his body.
B) Person B worries about catching a cold and dresses in inappropriately warm clothing.
C) After becoming increasingly frustrated, Person C explodes with uncontrolled anger and violence.
D) Upon feeling anxious, Person D felt a burning sensation, a loss of breath, and difficulty sleeping.
E) Person E thinks that he has overused his brain by thinking too much and is now panicky and irritable.

Answer 1

Upon feeling anxious, Person D felt a burning sensation, a loss of breath, and difficulty sleeping.

Question 2

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity.Is this true or false?

A) True: They are all impossible to treat.
B) True: They all have disappeared over time.
C) True: They all share the element of anxiety.
D) True: They all carry religious connotations.
E) False: They share no underlying similarities.

Answer 2

True: They all share the element of anxiety.

Question 3

According to research, what cultural shift has been directly associated with changing rates of eating disorders?

A) rising levels of intelligence over the 20th century (i.e., the Flynn effect)
B) transformations in the self-concept from interdependence to independence
C) changes in norms about the ideal body as reflected in cultural products
D) rising rates of migration from societies with different norms around food
E) changes in gendered norms about appropriate social behavior

Answer 3

changes in norms about the ideal body as reflected in cultural products

Question 4

Your textbook argues that depression is culturally universal.What aspects of this disorder are known to be universal?

A) the specific symptoms that are experienced when depressed
B) the lifetime prevalence rates of major depression
C) the degree of impairment caused by a depressive episode
D) the definition of major depressive disorder as found in DSM-5
E) Many symptoms of depression are reported worldwide.

Question 5

What cultural characteristics are thought to predispose certain communities to show cases of amok?

A) beliefs in witchcraft and sorcery
B) rapidly changing cultural norms
C) high value placed on masculine aggression
D) rapidly rising territorial anxiety
E) high value placed on lack of confrontation

Question 6

As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions represents a difficulty with defining a psychological disorder across cultures?

A) People in different cultures prefer different treatments for psychological disorders.
B) A diagnostic category from one culture may not make sense when studied in another culture.
C) Apparent cultural differences in these disorders contradict the universality of the brain.
D) There is now evidence showing that psychological disorders are absent in some societies.
E) Symptoms differing across cultures makes it hard to see that underlying causes are actually the same.

Question 7

Warren lives in an aboriginal nation comprised of many islands.He is about to travel to another island to meet his girlfriend, but in his haste, he forgot to pray to the local gods.After his trip, he falls terribly ill and feels very tired.These symptoms compel his village doctor to diagnose him with

A) malgri.
B) ataques de nervios.
C) dhat.
D) latah.
E) voodoo death.

Question 8

Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report experiencing a negative affect.He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems.Which of the following most accurately characterizes Gregory's experience?

A) externalization
B) derealization
C) psychologization
D) collectivization
E) somatization

Question 9

Depression is a condition that is

A) found in every culture that has been explored.
B) largely absent in China.
C) a culture-bound disorder.
D) found at similar rates in the population in all industrialized societies.
E) largely absent in rural societies.

Question 10

Which of the following statements best characterizes ataques de nervios?

A) It is a Puerto Rican variant of panic disorder.
B) Diagnosis requires convulsions, heart palpitations, or rising heat.
C) It is especially common after an experience of violence.
D) The typical onset is sudden and occurs immediately after a stressful event.
E) It is more common among men than women.

Question 11

Koro is manifested by a

A) male who feels extreme anxiety that his penis may be perceived as being extremely small.
B) female who is deathly afraid of the cold and bundles herself up in as much clothing as possible.
C) male who goes on a rampage and kills anyone he sees but remembers nothing from the episode.
D) female who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body.
E) male who has a morbid fear that someone has put a curse on him and that the curse must be lifted to save his life.

Question 12

Considering the cross-cultural prevalence for unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, the rates are

A) more variable across cultures for unipolar depression.
B) more variable across cultures for bipolar disorder.
C) similarly invariable for both disorders across cultures.
D) highly variable for both disorders across cultures.
E) increasing in their variability over time for both disorders.

Question 13

A researcher wants to study hikikomori in Japan, France, Russia, and Canada.She starts with the Japanese criteria and translates them into French, Russian, and English.What is the main problem with this approach?

A) Translations of psychological terms across languages are invalid.
B) The hikikomori category may not have the same meaning outside Japan.
C) The survey may not reach sufferers who are completely isolated.
D) The category of hikikomori is only valid in interdependent societies.
E) The resulting measure will not be sufficiently reliable.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a culture-bound syndrome?

A) arachnophobia
B) hysteria
C) hebephrenia
D) dementia praecox
E) melancholia

Question 15

Compare anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.Which of these disorders is culture-bound, and why?

A) bulimia nervosa, because it requires the ready availability of laxatives
B) anorexia nervosa, because it requires religious norms that promote fasting
C) anorexia nervosa, because it requires the norm that a thin body is beautiful
D) bulimia nervosa, because it requires a surplus of food and privacy
E) both disorders, because they require an independent self-construal

Question 16

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping.She is prescribed antidepressants.Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is

A) less likely to report sleep complaints.
B) less likely to report depressed mood.
C) more likely to take antidepressants.
D) more likely to become suicidal.
E) more likely to also have schizophrenia.

Question 17

Li presents to a clinic in China, where he reports a somewhat depressed mood but also fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, and pains.Clinicians are most likely to consider which of the following diagnoses?

A) psychasthenia
B) mixed anxiety-depression
C) hysteria
D) atypical depression
E) neurasthenia

Question 18

Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder.The difference between them is that Stephen's primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues.Jon's symptoms, on the other hand, are discomfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea.Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering?

A) Jon's anxiety disorder is less severe than Stephen's.
B) Jon's anxiety disorder is more severe than Stephen's.
C) Stephen is concerned about how others might see him, while Jon is not.
D) Stephen is East Asian, and Jon is North American.
E) Stephen is experiencing psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

Question 19

One way of defining mental illness across cultures is to focus on behaviors that are rare and impairing.What is the most significant flaw with this definition?

A) Many forms of mental illness are actually quite common.
B) The disorders that are observed in one culture may not be observed in others.
C) Many forms of mental illness do not cause impairment.
D) This definition does not address the problem of somatization.
E) The definition does not address mutual constitution of culture and mental illness.

Question 20

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?

A) The age at which people first develop these disorders has decreased over recent years.
B) The prevalence rates for both disorders are consistent across different parts of the world.
C) Bulimia nervosa is associated with religiously motivated reasons for altering eating behavior but anorexia nervosa is not.
D) Bulimia nervosa has consistent prevalence rates across cultures, while rates for anorexia nervosa vary.
E) Rates of bulimia nervosa have increased rapidly in recent years, while rates of anorexia nervosa have remained unchanged.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about studies assessing rates of schizophrenia across countries is true?

A) Incidence rates of schizophrenia do not vary much from country to country.
B) Patients with schizophrenia in less-developed countries tend to fare better over time than those from more developed countries.
C) People who presented with psychotic symptoms that were inconsistent with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were not included in the studies.
D) Subtypes of schizophrenia vary substantially from country to country.
E) All of these statements are true.

Question 22

You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, to accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude toward those around him.What type of treatment is this?

A) cognitive behavioral therapy
B) client-centered therapy
C) Naikan therapy
D) Morita therapy
E) psychoanalytic therapy

Question 23

The textbook discusses the fact that the likelihood of developing schizophrenia has clear genetic factors.According to the textbook, if Maria has schizophrenia, what are the chances that her twin sister, Anca, will also have schizophrenia?

A) There is no chance: Only one of the twins can have schizophrenia.
B) precisely 50% .
C) greater than 50% but less than 100% .
D) less than 50% but greater than 0% .
E) Rates change depending on the type of schizophrenia.

Question 24

Explorers discover a previously unknown hunter-gatherer society on a small Pacific island.A few people on this island have symptoms consistent with schizophrenia but they are not particularly impaired and often recover quickly.Based on the existing literature, which of the following explanations is the most plausible?

A) The inhabitants have low rates of the gene that predisposes for schizophrenia.
B) People with schizophrenia in this society tend to fit the catatonic subtype.
C) In this society, sufferers are socially shunned, which motivates them to improve.
D) In this society, the symptoms of schizophrenia are consistent with local norms.
E) The inhabitants have discovered an herbal remedy that mimics antipsychotic medication.

Question 25

Taijin kyofusho includes a number of social concerns.Some of these concerns are infrequently reported outside of Japan, including

A) fear that one's body odor is offensive to others.
B) avoidance of conflict with others.
C) fear that one is being followed by others.
D) avoidance of contact with others.
E) fear that public praise will bring shame.

Question 26

Compared to North Americans, distressed East Asians are likely to seek help

A) more often.
B) more explicitly.
C) less frequently.
D) less persistently.
E) in the same way.

Question 27

As a Naikan therapy practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it.In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say,

A) "It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them."
B) "Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms."
C) "It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence."
D) "Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control."
E) "Therapists must help clients to bring the clients' ara, emi, and ori into alignment."

Question 28

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome?

A) Vanness, who lives with his family in a more developed society
B) Jordan, who lives by himself in a more developed society
C) Malcolm, who lives by himself in a less-developed society
D) Latiri, who lives with her family in a less-developed society
E) None of the above, as sociocultural influences vary across subtypes of schizophrenia.

Question 29

One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes.The Kohlrabis live in the rain forest, culturally quite distant from the mainstream culture.The Brackens live along the coast and now have very few connections to their traditional past.The Horabs live in the prairies and have always been culturally very similar to the mainstream culture.The Lithes live in the mountains and have maintained strong connections with their traditional past.Based on Chandler and colleagues' (2003) research on Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides?

A) the Kohlrabis
B) the Brackens
C) the Horabs
D) the Lithes
E) Chandler's research does not address this issue.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about social anxiety disorder is true?

A) Social anxiety appears limited to particular cultures and historical periods.
B) East Asians are much more likely to seek treatment for social anxiety.
C) Socially anxious people in East Asia usually spend months or years isolated at home.
D) East Asians score higher than North Americans on trait measures of social anxiety.
E) Interdependence is associated with lower social anxiety in East Asians and North Americans.

Question 31

Suicide rates

A) vary across cultures as much as they do because definitions of suicide also vary.
B) among adolescents worldwide is the highest in Japan.
C) in the United States are among the highest in the world.
D) in most cultures tend to decrease as people age.
E) increase among the elderly in many cultures.

Question 32

Patients with schizophrenia living in less-developed societies should move to more developed societies if they want to have the best prognosis.Is this true or false?

A) True: More developed societies have better therapeutic techniques to manage schizophrenia.
B) False: That is only the case with catatonic schizophrenia.
C) True: Recognition of the biological components of schizophrenia allows more developed societies to better handle schizophrenia.
D) False: The prognosis for schizophrenia is better in less-developed societies than in more developed societies.
E) True: Both Naikan and Morita therapies from more developed societies are more effective at treating schizophrenia than religious therapies from less-developed societies.

Question 33

When comparing Minako, a Japanese person, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true?

A) Minako will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder than Erica.
B) Compared to Minako, Erica will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder.
C) Compared to Erica, Minako is less likely to be treated negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety.
D) Minako will develop taijin kyofusho.
E) Compared to Erica, Minako will be more likely to seek professional help if she develops social anxiety disorder.

Question 34

As a Morita therapy practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it.In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say,

A) "It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them."
B) "Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms."
C) "It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence."
D) "Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control."
E) "Therapists must help clients to bring the clients' ara, emi, and ori into alignment."

Question 35

Prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder

A) are largely constant across industrialized societies around the world.
B) are higher in interdependent cultural contexts.
C) are lower among East Asians than among North Americans.
D) have been increasing in the West over the past few decades.
E) are the same in urban and rural contexts.

Question 36

Researchers are called to investigate the high rate of suicide in a little-known and isolated cultural minority group.Little else is known about this community, so the researchers decide they should start by considering the existing literature on culture and suicide.Based on this literature, which of the following explanations is plausible?

A) There may be a series of copycat suicides taking place in this community.
B) This community may have lost contact with traditional beliefs and practices.
C) The culture of this community may promote suicide under certain circumstances.
D) The religion of this community may not have strong prohibitions against suicide.
E) All of the above statements are plausible.

Question 37

Susan is having a tough time but fortunately has a strong social network made up of friends from a variety of cultural backgrounds.Whom should she call if she wishes to hear some words of comfort?

A) Amy, an American woman with a strong independent self-concept
B) Junko, a Japanese woman with a strong interdependent self-concept
C) Raisa, a Russian woman with a strong orthodox faith
D) Greta, a German woman who is staunchly atheist
E) She can call any of these women, as providing comfort is a cultural universal of friendship.

Question 38

John argues, "Schizophrenia is a universal disorder but that doesn't mean it's identical everywhere!" What evidence could John cite in support of his claim?

A) evidence that schizophrenia responds to antipsychotic medication but the prognosis is better in WEIRD cultures
B) evidence that people with schizophrenia have the same symptoms everywhere but the symptoms have different meanings
C) evidence that schizophrenia has a strong genetic basis but also different symptoms in different cultures
D) evidence that rates of schizophrenia rates have shifted over time but follow the same pattern in every culture studied
E) There is no evidence he could use.These studies are invalid because so many patients were excluded in each culture.

Question 39

Social anxiety disorder and the offensive subtype of taijin kyofusho differ in which of the following ways?

A) The two disorders respond to different classes of medication.
B) The two disorders differ in terms of their main preoccupation.
C) Taijin kyofusho is better understood as a psychotic disorder.
D) Social anxiety symptoms are less offensive to other people.
E) None of the above is correct.

Question 40

One possible mechanism thought to explain higher rates of somatization in certain cultures is

A) the tendency in some cultures to focus attention away from emotions.
B) the social stigma associated with somatic symptoms in some cultures.
C) offense caused to others by somatic symptoms in interdependent cultures.
D) the good prognosis for somatic symptoms in the developing world.
E) decreased emotional responses to certain stimuli in some cultures.

Question 41

Should anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa be considered culture-bound syndromes? Take a position on each of these two eating disorders and justify your position with reference to the research literature discussed in the textbook.

Question 42

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?

A) Therapist A has spent many years learning about the values and beliefs of different cultures.
B) Therapist B works as a licensed clinical psychologist as part of a cultural consultation service.
C) Therapist C is familiar with how culture shapes both his own perspective and that of his clients
D) Therapist D has been well trained in both Morita therapy and Naikan therapy and uses them regularly.
E) Therapist E works as a medical anthropologist as part of an established cultural consultation service.

Question 43

Jack and Jill have both been diagnosed with a psychiatric condition: Jack has depression and Jill has neurasthenia.They each have 10 symptoms that led their clinicians to give them these diagnoses.Draw a bar graph reflecting the expected pattern of how many somatic symptoms and psychological symptoms Jack and Jill each have.(Note: the overall pattern matters; exact numbers do not.)

Question 44

Your sister just got a new job.Her role is to be a surrogate sister for a teenage boy who has not unlocked himself from his room for a year.Ultimately, her job is to try to get the boy to get out of the house.What condition does this boy have?

A) taijin kyofusho
B) dhat syndrome
C) hikikomori
D) susto
E) amaterasu

Question 45

Gennady is a Russian migrant to England who is anxious and seeking psychotherapy.He is fluent in both Russian and English, considers himself to be a traditional Russian male, but says he is generally comfortable with English people.The clinic coordinator is trying to assign him to a clinician.Based on the research, who is likely to be the most effective?

A) Anna, a Russian therapist who grew up in Moscow and moved to England in her 20s
B) Beatrice, a Canadian therapist who has a good understanding of empirical research in cultural psychology
C) Cindy, an English therapist who has a good understanding of her own cultural influences
D) Daria, a Belorussian therapist who received psychotherapy training in Russia
E) Any of these therapists should be equally effective.

Question 46

A clinician uses two different forms of therapy to treat patients with anxiety and depression: Therapy 1 emphasizes bed rest, manual activities, and manual labor; Therapy 2 emphasizes thinking about how much one has benefited from the kindness of others.Patients with each disorder either received Therapy 1 or Therapy 2.The clinician found that Therapy 1 can effectively treat anxiety but Therapy 2 cannot.On the other hand, both therapies can effectively treat depression.Draw a bar graph that reflects the proportion of patients with each disorder that were cured by each therapy.In your graph, use the proper labels corresponding to each therapy.

Question 47

Andrelle is a therapist who wants to be culturally competent in treating her client, L.C.This means that Andrelle must

A) examine L.C.purely from the perspective of L.C.'s cultural background.
B) always perceive L.C.as being a typical member of L.C.'s cultural group.
C) interpret L.C.'s symptoms from Andrelle's own cultural perspective.
D) consider how L.C.manages multiple cultural influences.
E) disregard her own cultural background in preparing for her work with L.C.

Question 48

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true?

A) Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.
B) Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise primary control.
C) Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Morita therapy encourages one to exercise primary control.
D) Naikan therapy is more difficult and more expensive than Morita therapy due to different demands on the therapist.
E) Both Naikan therapy and Morita therapy have been successfully used in Western cultures to reform prison inmates.

Question 49

Should social anxiety disorder and taijin kyofusho (TKS) be considered a single disorder or two separate disorders? Discuss the evidence supporting each of these two positions with reference to the research literature discussed in the textbook.

Question 50

An economics professor controversially argues that it is to the benefit of all cultures around the world to become more Westernized and developed due to the huge economic benefits that Westernization and development bring, with no negative repercussions: Everyone is richer and happier.From a mental health perspective, do you agree with this position? Why or why not? In your response, include two pieces of evidence to support your claims.

Question 51

The country of Adanac has two indigenous populations, Eerc and Tignilt, along with a large population of colonizers.Before colonization, the Eerc and Tignilt were culturally very similar to each other, and the suicide rates of both populations were steady at around 1%.After colonization, the Eerc have rejected the vastly different culture of the colonizers, insisting on maintaining their own culture.On the other hand, the Tignilt have increasingly adopted more aspects of the colonizers' culture so that many elements of their original culture has faded over time.Based on research on suicide rates discussed in the textbook, draw a line graph to depict the suicide rates of the Eerc and Tignilt people before and after the time when colonization began.

Question 52

There are three camps of people in discussing anorexia nervosa: the "cultural" camp says that it is a culture-bound syndrome, the "universal" camp says that it is a universal syndrome, and the "integrationist" camp says that both labels apply to this condition.Evaluate which position best characterizes current research on anorexia nervosa.