Deck 10: Mental and Physical Health

Question 1

Imagine a study-abroad program in nursing that includes students from several cultures that are quite different from one another.Which of the following statements accurately reflects how the heterogeneity of this student program will likely influence how the students communicate their emotions?

A) The students will choose to present themselves modestly by dampening the intensity of their emotions.
B) In an attempt to foster social harmony, the students will conceal their negative emotions and express their positive emotions.
C) The students will choose to compete against each other by expressing more positive emotions when they succeed but dampening their negative emotions when they fail.
D) To ensure that they understand each other clearly, the students will choose to express their emotions.
E) The students will choose to highlight their personal successes by expressing more pride and less shame.

Answer 1

To ensure that they understand each other clearly, the students will choose to express their emotions.

Question 2

Real smiles engage muscles around the mouth and eyes, whereas fake smiles only engage muscles around the mouth.Given what you know about cultural variations in which parts of a facial expression are observed, which of the following people will have the most difficulty distinguishing between a real and fake smile?

A) Margo, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to disguise their emotions
B) Julia, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to express their emotions
C) Kady, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to display positive emotions more than negative emotions
D) Rachel, who lives in a culture where people display negative emotions more than positive emotions
E) Alice, who lives in a culture with a lot of ritualized displays

Answer 2

Julia, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to express their emotions

Question 3

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n)

A) functional universal.
B) existential universal.
C) nonuniversal.
D) accessibility universal.
E) human universal.

Answer 3

nonuniversal.

Question 4

Identify the response that most accurately completes the following statement: In cultures where expressing anger has more (versus less) potential to disrupt social harmony, people

A) express anger less.
B) experience anger less.
C) experience anger less and express it less.
D) experience anger more but express it less.
E) experience anger less but express it more.

Question 5

Countries that have a more heterogenous history of immigration are more likely to have cultural display rules that encourage people to

A) conceal emotions.
B) express emotions.
C) express emotions, but less intensely.
D) conceal positive emotions but express negative emotions.
E) conceal negative emotions but express positive emotions.

Question 6

Davina was walking on the street when she happened to glance into a flower store.Upon seeing a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up.To Davina, an increased heart rate means that she is excited, so she concluded that she must be feeling excited right now.A two-factor theorist would ________ with her conclusion because ________.

A) disagree; emotions cannot be determined solely from interpreting physiological reactions
B) disagree; she lacks the experience to determine what her physiological reactions mean
C) disagree; increased heart rate has nothing to do with being excited
D) agree; increased heart rate is always indicative of excitement
E) agree; seeing flowers always leads one to have excited feelings about them

Question 7

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues-an expression not recognized elsewhere-reflects

A) feelings of sadness.
B) a basic emotion.
C) a reflexive emotional expression.
D) a ritualized display.
E) an accessibility universal.

Question 8

Based on the results from Schachter and Singer's (1962) experiment on the two-factor theory of emotions, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most agitated?

A) when he is with someone who is trying to get him to feel angry
B) when he is with someone who is trying to make him feel euphoric
C) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would make him feel aroused
D) when he eats a sugar pill that he was told would make him feel aroused
E) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would not affect his arousal

Question 9

Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset.Which of the following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset?

A) Person A, who is American
B) Person B, who is also feeling upset
C) Person C, who is able to ignore contextual cues
D) Person D, who is Korean
E) Person E, who is expressing sadness

Question 10

Leslie is going on a date with Jessica.While planning the date, Leslie thinks, "I really want Jessica to feel happy with me." Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film.Jessica feels very happy because the film was so funny but attributes her happiness to Leslie instead.Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie?

A) James-Lange theory of emotion
B) linguistic relativity of emotional experience
C) universal emotions
D) two-factor theory of emotions
E) facial feedback hypothesis

Question 11

Which of the following descriptions of an emotional experience is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotions?

A) Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her.
B) Ryan is happy because it is one of the basic emotions.
C) Ryan feels sadness because his longtime pet has just died.
D) Ryan feels excitement because his heart started racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.
E) Ryan thinks he feels fear instead of excitement because his heart started racing after he encountered a shark during his dive and he knew that the shark was dangerous.

Question 12

Research suggests that the emotion of ________ is also universal but is expressed with the whole body, not just the face.

A) contempt
B) shame
C) embarrassment
D) pride
E) interest

Question 13

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?

A) the assumptions that Ed makes about past experiences with his previous bosses
B) how Ed interprets his profuse perspiration on seeing his boss
C) the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences on seeing his boss
D) how Ed appraises an event, but only if the event is relevant to other people
E) the disgust that Ed experiences on seeing his boss

Question 14

Schachter and Singer's (1962) study of emotions found that people

A) sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria.
B) attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.
C) who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions.
D) with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with interdependent views of self.
E) have an accurate understanding about the link between their physiological states and their emotions.

Question 15

Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement.What does this imply?

A) Shawn had to practice a lot to be able to make this display.
B) Shawn did not need to learn to make this display.
C) Shawn dampened his expression of excitement so as to not upset those around him.
D) People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that Shawn is excited.
E) This display of excitement involves Shawn's whole body.

Question 16

You conducted a study testing whether people can accurately identify the emotions happiness and sadness depicted in photographs of different emotional expressions.Your findings show that people in the United States and the United Kingdom accurately identified these emotions in over 90% of your photographs.Your colleague tells you that this study is weak evidence for universal facial expressions and that you should conduct a follow-up study.Which of the following variations would provide stronger evidence that facial expressions of emotions are universal?

A) You enroll twice as many participants in Study 2 as you did in Study 1.
B) In Study 2, you recruit participants from the United States and United Kingdom as well as Japan and South Korea.
C) In Study 2, you recruit participants from the United States and United Kingdom as well as a small-scale, less industrialized cultural group in Indonesia.
D) In Study 2, you recruit participants from the same cultures (the United States and United Kingdom) but expand your set of photographs to include emotional expressions of surprise and fear.
E) You present twice as many emotion photographs in Study 2 as you did in Study 1.

Question 17

You have a set of photographs of Fore people from Papua New Guinea displaying happiness, disgust, sadness, and fear.You present these photographs to groups of participants from the United States, Argentina, and Japan and ask them to identify which emotion is being expressed.Which of the following results is most likely?

A) People from all cultural groups will be able to identify emotions correctly in the majority of the photographs.
B) People from all cultural groups will struggle to accurately identify emotions in the photographs because they picture people from an unfamiliar culture.
C) People from the United States will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Japan and Argentina.
D) People from Japan will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Argentina and the United States.
E) People from Argentina will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Japan and the United States.

Question 18

Kartika believes that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she

A) feels no emotions.
B) transitions easily from one emotion to another.
C) has emotional highs and lows.
D) tries to avoid strong displays of emotions.
E) thinks that people should consistently feel positive emotions.

Question 19

The basic emotions can best be characterized as

A) nonuniversals.
B) at least existential universals.
C) at least functional universals.
D) ritualized displays.
E) display rules.

Question 20

Because Mariana, a Brazilian woman, had a terrible morning, she was very angry when she got to work at the office.As a result, her facial expression greatly resembled the basic anger expression.She walked by two coworkers on her way to her desk: Felipe (who is Brazilian) and Satoru (who is Japanese).Which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) Both coworkers are equally likely to recognize that Mariana is angry.
B) Neither coworker will recognize that Mariana is angry.
C) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to focus on Mariana's eyes in determining her emotional state.
D) Satoru is more likely than Felipe to recognize that Mariana is angry.
E) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to recognize that Mariana is angry.

Question 21

Citizens of the country Esperana report low levels of happiness, something the Esperana government wants to change.Which of the following initiatives would be least likely to increase citizens' happiness?

A) government programs to ensure that the everyone has access to health care
B) community task forces aimed at reducing neighborhood crime
C) programs that encourage attendance at religious services
D) a special investigator to reduce corruption within the government
E) town hall meetings to allow civil discussion, including dissenting opinions about government policies

Question 22

Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy?

A) It is an accessibility universal.
B) It is a naïve pursuit.
C) It is a nonuniversal.
D) It is a functional universal.
E) It is an existential universal.

Question 23

A classroom of European Canadians and Chinese Canadians students is watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger.According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one would expect

A) cultural group differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences.
B) that the Chinese Canadian students will not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European Canadian students will.
C) cultural group differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline.
D) that the Chinese Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European Canadian students.
E) that the Chinese Canadian students' physiological responses will fluctuate much more than the European Canadian students' physiological responses.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about shame is true?

A) Emotional experience in Turkey is associated with maintaining face.
B) Emotional experience in Japan is associated with defending one's honor.
C) The Japanese are more likely to experience shame but not anger.
D) People in Turkey are likely to experience anger but not shame.
E) People in Turkey and Japan have the same emotional experience.

Question 25

Your friend Lon is from an interdependent, collectivistic culture.Knowing this, which of the following statements would you expect Lon to convey to describe his personal theory of satisfaction?

A) "In my ideal life, I would be happy all the time."
B) "I either experience positive emotions or negative emotions.I rarely feel mixed emotions."
C) "When I reflect on my past, I focus on my positive life experiences."
D) "It is valuable to achieve a balance between positive and negative life experiences."
E) "I would prefer to experience negative emotions, since they help you learn more about yourself."

Question 26

As described in the textbook, when asked to think back over their lives, European Americans recall their past experiences as more satisfying than do Asian Americans.Which of the following conclusions accurately describes why this cultural difference occurs?

A) European Americans and Asian Americans struggle differently with remembering past events.
B) European Americans and Asian Americans possess different theories of an ideal life.
C) European Americans and Asian Americans place different degrees of importance on past versus future life experiences.
D) European Americans and Asian Americans differ in the degree to which they feel positive emotions.
E) European American and Asian American cultural environments are different in the amount of positive versus negative experiences they offer.

Question 27

Recall that Oishi (2002) asked European American and Asian American participants to report their satisfaction every day for a week (actual satisfaction) and also asked them to recall how satisfying the week was after it was over (retrospective satisfaction).Which of the following statements accurately describes the results of this study?

A) Both groups of participants reported having a moderately satisfying week in terms of their actual and retrospective satisfaction.
B) Whereas the European Americans reported similar levels of actual and retrospective satisfaction, the Asian Americans retrospectively recalled their week as more satisfying than they actually reported.
C) Whereas the Asian Americans reported similar levels of actual and retrospective satisfaction, the European Americans retrospectively recalled their week as more satisfying than they actually reported.
D) Whereas the European Americans reported higher actual versus retrospective satisfaction, the Asian Americans reported higher retrospective versus actual satisfaction.
E) Whereas the Asian Americans reported higher actual versus retrospective satisfaction, the European Americans reported higher retrospective versus actual satisfaction.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about subjective well-being across cultures is true?

A) Nation-level factors-such as degree of corruption-have limited effects on individual-level satisfaction.
B) Good luck is an important part of the definition of happiness in all cultures.
C) The more a country deters crime through severe punishments, the happier its citizens will be.
D) Greater equality of opportunity in a country is associated with greater subjective well-being.
E) The magnitude of the relationship between money and happiness is greater in countries where resources are readily available.

Question 29

Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture?

A) Alex participates in an activity he enjoys.
B) Alex feels a great deal of excitement.
C) Alex has a vast network of friends.
D) Alex abides by his culture's norms.
E) Alex receives a prize from his school's prize drawing.

Question 30

The relation between money and happiness is that

A) there is no relation between money and happiness.
B) people who are richer than their neighbors are happier but absolute levels of money do not predict happiness.
C) money does predict happiness consistently across all levels of personal income.
D) money is positively related to happiness in poor countries but negatively related to happiness in rich countries.
E) money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but this relationship is weaker in developed countries which have higher levels of wealth.

Question 31

A person from the United States may understand what amae means but may not experience it in the same way as a person from Japan.This is because

A) people from the United States are uncomfortable being dependent on others.
B) people from the United States rarely behave inappropriately toward close others.
C) people from the United States engage in fewer gestures that affirm closeness within a relationship.
D) the behaviors that elicit amae mean different things to people in the United States and Japan.
E) the behaviors that elicit amae are absent from American culture.

Question 32

Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions.According to research by Kitayama and colleagues (2000) on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions?

A) positive interpersonally engaged emotions
B) negative interpersonally disengaged emotions
C) positive interpersonally disengaged emotions
D) negative interpersonally engaged emotions
E) both positive interpersonally engaged and disengaged emotions

Question 33

As an American exchange student in Japan, Daniel is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing.In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European American friends back home.Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice?

A) Michiru experiences more respect than his European American friends.
B) Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European American friends.
C) Michiru feels better than his European American friends when he is experiencing respect for other people.
D) His European American friends experience both more shame and more anger than Michiru.
E) Michiru reports feeling more intense positive feelings than his European American friends.

Question 34

According to research by Mesquita (2001), comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that

A) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants express more relational concerns than Dutch citizens.
B) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants display their emotions more intensely than Dutch citizens.
C) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants are less happy than Dutch citizens.
D) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants express more distinctiveness concerns than Dutch citizens.
E) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants experience more interpersonally disengaging emotions than Dutch citizens.

Question 35

Your health psychology professor says, "Suppressing intense emotions will negatively affect your health." Do you agree?

A) Yes, research shows that suppressing emotions is associated with higher blood pressure for both North Americans and East Asians.
B) No, research shows that suppressing emotions is unrelated to physical health outcomes for both North Americans and East Asians.
C) It depends; research shows that suppressing negative-but not positive-emotions is associated with poorer health for both North Americans and East Asians.
D) It depends; research shows that suppression is associated with poorer health for North Americans, but unrelated to health for East Asians.
E) It depends; research shows that suppression is only associated with poorer health if suppression is a difficult or uncommon strategy for regulating emotional experiences.

Question 36

Don is from an individualistic culture and Juan is from a collectivistic culture.According to a study by Suh and colleagues (1998) on the relationship between life satisfaction and positive affect, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected?

A) Having more money makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
B) Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
C) Experiencing less negative affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
D) Having more extreme emotional experiences makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
E) Having more harmonious interpersonal relations makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

Question 37

Which of the following conclusions about the relationship between language and emotion is INACCURATE given the research evidence summarized in the textbook?

A) There is large variation in the number of emotion words across different languages.
B) Cross-cultural variation in emotion words suggests that cultures disagree about what constitutes a basic emotion.
C) Cultures vary in how they perceive distinctions and similarities between different emotions
D) The evidence coalesces to suggest that descriptions of emotions do not impact one's feelings of emotions.
E) All of these conclusions are accurate.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about language and emotional descriptions is true?

A) All languages have at least 20 different emotion words.
B) All languages include a word for fear.
C) All languages distinguish between the emotions of sorrow and anger.
D) If an emotion word has no equivalent in English, English-speaking people are unable to feel that emotion.
E) If an emotion word has no equivalent in English, it is likely that English-speaking people will experience that emotion differently.

Question 39

Mike is a Chinese Canadian who was just shoved in the mall by a stranger.Compared to a European Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is

A) more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.
B) less likely to be embarrassed by the event.
C) more likely to understand what happened to him.
D) less likely to understand why the man shoved him.
E) more likely to openly express his angry emotions.

Question 40

Hideki, who is from Japan, is asked to describe his reactions to winning this year's baseball championship game.Which of the following statements will be interpreted by the Japanese as expressing the most emotion?

A) "I can't believe it.It is so exciting!"
B) "I'm so happy.I can't wait to celebrate with my family!"
C) "I'm so relieved.The game was so close!"
D) "I feel great because I played my best!"
E) "I'm elated.I can't wait for next season!"

Question 41

Your mother is suggesting that people's emotions come about simply due to the physiological signs that people experience.Each emotion is accompanied by its own specific set of physiological signs.By reading those signs, we are able to identify our emotional states.As a person who subscribes to the two-factor theory of emotions, based on empirical findings, do you agree with what your mother said? Why or why not?

Question 42

You are illustrating a book for preschool-aged children that depicts a day in the life of Mojo the monkey.Your publisher wants you to create different illustrations for copies of the book marketed in the United States and China.Based on research on culture and emotion, books marketed in the United States should ________, whereas books marketed in China should ________.

A) depict Mojo feeling shame; depict Mojo feeling anger
B) depict Mojo meditating; depict Mojo jumping
C) depict Mojo expressing a wide range of emotions; depict Mojo expressing primarily happiness
D) depict Mojo with large eyes and a large smile; depict Mojo with small eyes and a small smile
E) depict Mojo feeling happy among family; depict Mojo feeling happy among friends

Question 43

You ask your classmate Bohai, who is originally from Taiwan, about his interests.Given what you know about cultural influences on ideal affect, how would you expect Bohai to respond?

A) "The last 5K race I ran was exciting; I was the fastest in my age group."
B) "I love the beach; the sound of the waves is so soothing."
C) "I couldn't imagine life without my pets; they help boost my mood when I'm feeling down."
D) "I read every science fiction novel I can get my hands on; they are filled with action and adventure."
E) "I just saw a documentary on tap dancing; I was so interested that I signed up for lessons."

Question 44

In a debate with your friend, he says he believes that Asian Canadians actually experience the same emotions with the same intensity as do European Canadians.He believes that even when Asian Canadians say that they are experiencing an emotion less intensely, they actually feel the emotion as intensely as European Canadians.Critique your friend's claim by providing empirical evidence to support your perspective.

Question 45

What features of an individual or features of the photographed target would increase the likelihood that the individual will accurately identify the emotion expressed on the face of the photographed target? Discuss at least one factor and support your response with empirical evidence.

Question 46

There are four people participating in a study, two Japanese participants (Masatoshi and Hitoshi) and two European American participants (Mason and Harry).They are all discussing their recent emotional experiences.Masatoshi and Mason both report experiencing a lot of respect for others, and Hitoshi and Harry both report experiencing a lot of pride.Based on this information and empirical evidence on cultural differences in emotional experiences, draw a graph that shows the extent to which each person feels positive feelings in general.

Question 47

Two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (who is Latin American) and Sayako (who is Japanese), are visiting club booths at school to decide what clubs to join.Based on research regarding preferences for emotions, which of the following scenarios is likeliest to happen?

A) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness.
B) Jorge will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness and Sayako will choose a rollerblading club that offers awards to members that win races.
C) Jorge will choose a choir club that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.
D) Jorge will choose an action movie club that features a lot of fast-paced action movies and Sayako will choose a horror movie club that watches movies that slowly build tension and fear.
E) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a high-tempo salsa dance class that promotes excitement and exhilaration.

Question 48

Methamphetamine is a drug that enhances mood and increases energy, putting users into an excitatory state.Morphine is a drug that slows heart rate and respiration rate, putting users into a more sedated but euphoric/positive mood state.Applying what you know about the empirical evidence on cultural differences in ideal affect, draw a graph that shows the likely drug preference of Doo-sam (a South Korean) and Tommy (a European American), respectively, for methamphetamine and morphine.

Question 49

Subjective well-being is linked to many important consequences and is correlated with many other variables.Draw a graph representing the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and subjective well-being.In your graph, the units for GDP should be in terms of percentage of the GDP of the United States.

Question 50

Research shows that the correlation between experiencing positive emotions and experiencing depression is ________ for European Americans and ________ for East Asians.

A) negative; positive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; null
D) positive; null
E) null; negative

Question 51

Wanda (a European Canadian) and her roommate Eun-mi (a Korean Canadian) are discussing which course they should enroll in next semester.For each student, describe how her emotional experiences are likely to influence their choice of courses.Next, describe in sufficient detail one reason why their emotional experiences may differently shape their decisions in this scenario.

Question 52

Your literature professor says, "The great Russian authors engaged in a lot of self-reflection.That is why they were all depressed." Is this statement true? Why or why not?

A) Yes, research shows that Russians engage in more self-reflection than North Americans and that this high level of self-reflection is associated with greater depression.
B) No, research shows that self-reflection is associated with greater depression among North Americans but not Russians.
C) No, research shows that self-criticism, but not self-reflection, is associated with greater depressive symptoms among Russians.
D) It depends; research shows that, for Russians, greater self-reflection is related to more depression, but only among Russians who have a strong distrust of others.
E) It depends; research shows that, for Russians, greater self-reflection is related to more depression but only when they reflect on negative aspects of the self.