Deck 12: Living in Multicultural Worlds

Question 1

In order to compare morality across cultures, three friends first try to think about how morality should be measured.Blake believes morality should be measured by amount of money donated to charity, Thea believes morality should be measured by percentage of people who attend a religious service, and Garrett believes morality should be measured by lowest numbers of people who are in prison per capita.Cultural research suggests that the three friends should discuss

A) empirical evidence showing that donating to charity is a more objective standard of morality than the other two proposed measures.
B) empirical evidence showing that low numbers of people in prison per capita is a more objective standard of morality than the other two proposed measures.
C) which of these measures is the most indicative of the ethic of autonomy.
D) which of these measures best captures all five moral intuitions.
E) that it may be difficult to compare morality objectively across cultures given that they all have such different standards for what is considered moral.

Answer 1

that it may be difficult to compare morality objectively across cultures given that they all have such different standards for what is considered moral.

Question 2

Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that

A) conventional reasoning is not evident in many folk village populations.
B) in Western urban environments, all adults reason in postconventional moral terms.
C) adults in folk village populations most commonly reason in preconventional terms.
D) in all cultures, people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.
E) in many cultures the ethic of autonomy is not a moral principle.

Answer 2

in all cultures, people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.

Question 3

At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she

A) refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
B) decides to give money to the poor because it is very exciting.
C) chooses to do one of two community service activities because she is more likely to receive an award doing the chosen activity.
D) participates in a protest even though she may lose her job if her boss finds out about her involvement.
E) helps her cousin with homework rather than her little sister.

Answer 3

refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.

Question 4

While traveling in China, a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China's "Great Firewall" to access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube.Which of the following reasons would he use to make the decision, based on Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning?

A) "I will try to circumvent the 'Great Firewall' because there is no way that I will get caught."
B) "I will not try to circumvent the 'Great Firewall' because it is against the law."
C) "I will not try to circumvent the 'Great Firewall' because my friends would think that it is wrong."
D) "I will try to circumvent the 'Great Firewall' because the only law I abide is that which was created by God."
E) "I will try to circumvent the 'Great Firewall' because it infringes on my rights to freely explore the Internet."

Question 5

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he

A) refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
B) decides to give money to the poor because his mother always tells him to help others.
C) chooses to do community service because he is likely to receive an award for doing so.
D) participates in a protest even though he may lose his job if his boss finds out about his involvement.
E) helps his cousin with homework rather than his little sister.

Question 6

Corinne believes it would be immoral for a brother and sister to kiss intimately if their relationship caused harm to anyone.This is an example of

A) the morality of personal choice.
B) preconventional moral reasoning.
C) conventional moral reasoning.
D) postconventional moral reasoning.
E) the ethic of divinity.

Question 7

Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would you expect to occur?

A) Eric, an American, is more likely than Rahul, an Indian, to view a duty to help a stranger in need as a moral imperative.
B) Rahul, an Indian, is less likely than Eric, an American, to be concerned about reporting a crime that he has just witnessed.
C) Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to feel that attending a friend's graduation celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.
D) Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to base his morality largely on whether something is natural or not.
E) Eric, an American, is more likely than Rahul, an Indian, to base his morality on whether something is a social obligation.

Question 8

The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethics?

A) justice
B) community
C) divinity
D) autonomy
E) orthodoxy

Question 9

Shweder believed that Kohlberg's model of moral development was relevant to which code of ethics?

A) ethic of autonomy
B) ethic of justice
C) ethic of community
D) ethic of equality
E) ethic of divinity

Question 10

According to studies of immorality and thought, what will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?

A) The man deserves to be punished.
B) The man has violated the ethic of divinity.
C) The man has violated the ethic of autonomy.
D) The man has failed to achieve purity.
E) The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts.

Question 11

According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest?

A) a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality
B) 94% of Americans reporting belief in some form of deity
C) a move toward a balance between the use of ethic of community and ethic of autonomy
D) meritocracy gaining appeal as a principle for fair distribution
E) an increase in the belief that one's thoughts have nothing to do with morality

Question 12

Which of the following is immoral according to the ethic of community?

A) Marian stabs Roland in the arm.
B) Horatio has surgery to install extra eyes in his face.
C) Peter throws a plastic bottle into the trash because he couldn't find a recycling bin.
D) Andrea cannot see the movie she wanted to watch because she was late getting to the theater.
E) Jack disobeys his father's commands.

Question 13

The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tends to fit the best with

A) the ethic of community.
B) preconventional moral reasoning.
C) the ethic of autonomy.
D) postconventional moral reasoning.
E) the ethic of divinity.

Question 14

Researchers studied how people in the United States and Brazil respond to scenarios of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) and found that

A) lower-socioeconomic status (SES) Americans were unique in that they did not view these behaviors as immoral.
B) Brazilians, regardless of social class, did not tend to view these behaviors as unique.
C) upper-SES Americans were more likely than upper-SES Brazilians to view these behaviors as immoral.
D) lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.
E) upper-SES Brazilians viewed these behaviors to be more immoral than lower-SES Brazilians.

Question 15

Larry is a member of a recreational club in his community, and the club requires its members to pay annual dues.However, Larry wants to change the club's policy so that dues are optional because he believes that members should contribute dues to the club based on their personal choice rather than a mandated rule.Larry's reasoning is consistent with which code of ethics?

A) ethic of autonomy
B) ethic of justice
C) ethic of community
D) ethic of equality
E) ethic of divinity

Question 16

Which of the following codes of ethics emphasizes people's role in a social hierarchy?

A) ethic of autonomy
B) ethic of justice
C) ethic of community
D) ethic of divinity
E) ethic of authority

Question 17

Which of the following describes secularization theory?

A) With increased secularization comes greater reliance on capitalism.
B) Decreased attendance at religious services is the cause of longer lifespans.
C) Longer lifespans is the cause of decreased attendance at religious services.
D) Religion is being used less often to make sense of the world, while rational and scientific explanations of phenomena are increasing.
E) Decreased religiosity in one region of the world leads to increased religiosity in a different region of the world.

Question 18

A bus driver is on her typical route with a busload of passengers when it begins to rain.The rain is so heavy that the route becomes dangerous, and she needs to drive very slowly to make sure she can see the road.She considers turning back to the bus station so that she can park her bus and at least try to get back home herself safely.However, she decides to keep driving on her route because she feels responsible to get her passengers to their destinations.What code of ethics is the bus driver exemplifying?

A) ethic of autonomy
B) ethic of justice
C) ethic of community
D) ethic of equality
E) ethic of divinity

Question 19

Confucian scholars in 17th-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature.This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of

A) the ethic of community.
B) preconventional reasoning.
C) conventional reasoning.
D) the ethic of divinity.
E) the ethic of autonomy.

Question 20

Sara believes it is possible to objectively determine whether some cultures are morally superior to others.What is the strongest reason why Sara's view might be considered problematic?

A) It is difficult to determine the appropriate standards with which to objectively compare the morality of different cultures.
B) There are no cultural differences in Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning.
C) We can only objectively morally compare cultures in terms of moral intuitions, but nothing else.
D) Some cultures do not use the ethic of autonomy at all.
E) Secularization theory suggests that morality cannot be measured.

Question 21

Research has shown that which religious tradition emphasizes morality in thought, in addition to in behaviors?

A) Catholicism
B) Protestantism
C) Judaism
D) Orthodox Judaism but not Progressive Judaism
E) Buddhism

Question 22

Daniel, who is Jewish, and Patrick, who is Protestant, notice a girl at a convenience store staring longingly at a bag of candy, as if she is thinking of stealing it.She holds the bag of candy for a moment and looks like she's about to make a run for the store exit.What are Daniel and Patrick likely to think about this incident?

A) Daniel is more likely than Patrick to believe that the girl should try not to think about stealing.
B) Daniel is more likely than Patrick to think that the girl has not done anything wrong if she only thought about stealing and has not actually stolen anything.
C) Patrick is less likely to believe that thinking about stealing will lead the girl to actually steal.
D) Patrick is more upset about people stealing than Daniel is.
E) Patrick is more likely than Daniel to engage in postconventional moral reasoning.

Question 23

"It is valid to suggest that some cultures are morally superior to others." Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your conclusion by basing it on evidence from one of the moral psychological models discussed in your textbook.

Question 24

A study comparing Protestants and non-Protestants in their interactions with others in a working context found that Protestants

A) paid more attention to relational cues than non-Protestants, regardless of condition.
B) did not work as hard at the task compared with non-Protestants.
C) worked harder at the task than non-Protestants when it was an enjoyable task but the two groups did not differ in their work when it was a serious work task.
D) paid less attention to relational cues than non-Protestant men in a serious work task.
E) worked less hard than non-Protestants when it was a serious work task.

Question 25

Secularization is inconsistent with which of the following claims?

A) the perspective of academics that religious orthodoxy is decreasing
B) Nietzsche's view that "God is dead"
C) Huntington's thesis that cultural and religious conflict would be the fundamental source of conflict in the future
D) Weber's thesis that ideological and economic conflict would be the fundamental source of conflict in the future
E) Freud's views that the unconscious mind is the primary driver of behavior

Question 26

What was a key problem with Kohlberg's model of moral development according to Shweder?

A) There should be four levels in Kohlberg's model instead of only three.
B) Kohlberg's model is only relevant to the ethic of autonomy.
C) The three levels do not follow the same sequence in Zambia as they do in North America.
D) Kohlberg's model is only relevant to the ethic of community.
E) There are cultures in which the average adult reasons at the preconventional level.

Question 27

An orthodox Baptist and a progressive Baptist are watching news coverage of China's ban on pornography.According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?

A) The progressive Baptist is more likely to say, "That ban is immoral because it infringes on people's abilities to act as autonomous individuals to decide what is acceptable."
B) The orthodox Baptist is more likely to say, "That ban is immoral because pornography helps couples fulfill their sexual obligations to each other."
C) The progressive Baptist is more likely to say, "That ban is immoral because it is restricting the portrayal of the natural, God-given act of sex."
D) The orthodox Baptist is more likely to say, "That ban is immoral because it is a person's own responsibility to figure out what material is appropriate."
E) The progressive Baptist is more likely to say, "That ban is immoral because it encourages people in marriages to commit adultery, thus succumbing to the sin of lust."

Question 28

Janice knocks over Brad's cup of water all over his book by accident, and now Brad is furious that his book is sopping wet.Janice doesn't think Brad should feel very upset because she didn't knock over his water cup intentionally, but Brad insists that he has every right to be upset with Janice, whether she meant to do it or not.Which of the following is true about Brad's response?

A) In Western societies, Brad would be encouraged to feel less upset because Janice did not intend to make his book wet.
B) In Fiji, Brad would not feel upset because Janice did not intentionally make his book wet.
C) In Western societies, Brad would feel more upset because it is assumed that bad actions are immoral regardless of intentionality.
D) In Fiji, Brad would not feel upset because it is assumed that bad actions are unintentional.
E) In Western societies, Brad would feel upset because Janice is discussion her intentions openly.

Question 29

How do the Yasawans from Fiji consider intentions when making moral judgments?

A) They rely heavily on intention to determine morality.
B) They believe that it is important to think carefully about the reasons for others' behaviors before making a moral judgment.
C) They consider intentions even more heavily than people from Western societies when making a moral judgment.
D) They view bad actions as immoral whether they are intentional or not.
E) They believe intentions need to be discussed openly rather than assumed when making moral judgments.

Question 30

The idea that every individual has a "calling" came from which religious belief?

A) the Protestant belief in capitalism
B) the Catholic belief in confession
C) the Calvinist belief in predestination
D) the Catholic belief in inherent goodness
E) the Protestant belief in an individualized relationship with God

Question 31

Which of the following was a central belief that grew from the Protestant Reformation?

A) People have a distant relationship with God.
B) People are inherently good.
C) People should live it up without concern for moral acts since their fate has been predetermined.
D) People must have an intermediary to communicate with God.
E) People must work hard at their callings.

Question 32

Which of the following is empirical evidence in support of Weber's theory on Protestantism and Capitalism?

A) Male American students made more creative sculptures when they thought about inappropriate sexual behavior than when they did not.
B) Americans, compared to Indians, preferred job candidates who discussed topics unrelated to work.
C) Protestant Americans attended to both work-relevant and relational cues during a work task.
D) Protestants were less likely than Catholics and Jews to have sexual anxieties.
E) Protestants with sexual anxieties were less productive in their careers than Protestants without sexual anxieties.

Question 33

Jon, a Catholic, and Michael, a Protestant, walk into a bar.They start discussing everything from social issues to psychological research, and they agree that they have many similarities and many differences.Based on the textbook's research on Catholics and Protestants, which of the following is likely similar or different between the two of them?

A) Both Jon and Michael, equally find overweight people to be lazy.
B) Michael is much more individualistic than Jon.
C) Jon has a high-status nonmanual occupation, while Michael does not.
D) Michael is more accepting of overweight people than Jon.
E) Jon was self-reliant at a much younger age than Michael.

Question 34

What is one distinction between predestination and calling?

A) The two words are synonyms.
B) Predestination refers to a goal that one works toward in one's lifetime; calling refers to the way by which one achieves the goal.
C) Predestination refers to what one has to do to go to heaven; calling refers to the fact that one is preordained to go to heaven.
D) Predestination refers to when one will die; calling refers to what a person does in life to prepare for his or her death.
E) Predestination refers to something after death; calling refers to something before death.

Question 35

Which of the following moral stances would be the most likely for someone who is very liberal in North America?

A) "Pornography should be banned outright because it promotes one of God's sins."
B) "There is nothing you can offer me that would make me want to leave my company and join yours."
C) "I am willing to die for my country if someone chooses to attack it."
D) "The most important thing is to obey what my father says."
E) "This is wrong because some groups are not being treated fairly."

Question 36

What is the relationship between politically conservative views and morality?

A) The more conservative one is, the less one is concerned about all five moral intuitions.
B) The more conservative one is, the more one is concerned about purity.
C) The more conservative one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the ingroup.
D) Conservatism predicts greater concern about avoiding harm and protecting fairness, but is not related to any of the other moral intuitions.
E) Conservatism is unrelated to the moral intuitions.

Question 37

According to research on political identity and morality, which of the following is true in North America?

A) People who are the most conservative value the ethic of divinity the most.
B) The extent to which people respect hierarchy is unrelated to their political identity.
C) People from most political identities value protecting fairness less than they do avoiding harm.
D) People who are very conservative have less variability in their endorsement of different ethics compared to people who are very liberal.
E) People from all political identities value all aspects of the ethic of autonomy more than any other codes of ethics.

Question 38

Which of the following beliefs is most consistent with Weber's theory on Protestantism and Capitalism?

A) "Thinking about God makes me feel guilty about spending so much time at work."
B) "My religious beliefs are private and irrelevant to my job."
C) "Religion fosters competition between groups, and that competition fuels capitalism."
D) "God wants me to take my work seriously."
E) "The decline of Protestantism in America will ultimately benefit the economy."

Question 39

Based on Sanchez-Burks's (2005) research on relational styles and work, how does religion affect relational styles?

A) Protestantism leads people to work harder, regardless of condition, than non-Protestants.
B) Protestants work harder than non-Protestants, but only when they are reminded of their religion.
C) Protestantism leads people to work as hard as non-Protestant people do; however, they do so without attending to their relationships, regardless of condition.
D) Protestantism leads people to attend less to relationships than do non-Protestant religions when engaged in a work task.
E) Protestants have less fun than non-Protestants when engaged in a casual task.

Question 40

According to the textbook, progressive and orthodox religious groups are fundamentally different from each other in terms of how they reason about moral issues.Is this true or false?

A) False: They both heavily rely on the ethic of divinity.
B) True: They are at different levels of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning.
C) False: Neither of them moralize thoughts.
D) True: They abide by different codes of ethics when reasoning about moral issues.
E) False: They are at the same levels of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning.

Question 41

Choose two of the five moral intuitions.Then give an example of an action that would be considered immoral according to both moral intuitions.

Question 42

Oliver unintentionally backs up his car into Tina's bicycle, smashing one of her tires.Tina thinks about slashing one of the tires on his car to get revenge but decides against it.How would a Jewish person and a Yasawan person from Fiji view the morality of Oliver and Tina's behaviors, and why? Draw a figure illustrating the immorality of Oliver's and Tina's actions from the perspectives of (a) a Jewish person, (b) a Protestant person, and (c) a Yasawan person from Fiji.

Question 43

Choose two of Shweder's codes of ethics.Then give an example of an action that would be considered immoral according to one of the codes of ethics but would be considered moral under the other code of ethics.

Question 44

An adherent of an orthodox religion is debating abortion with an adherent of a progressive religion.They each provide a certain number of justifications for their perspectives.In the space that follows, for each religious adherent, graph out how many statements one would expect to correspond to each moral intuition based on the relationship between codes of ethics and moral intuitions.

Question 45

In a political pamphlet being handed out to students on campus, the writer is suggesting that capitalism is a product of the trades and activities of Islamic merchants.According to Weber's thesis that capitalism grew out of a belief system rooted in cultural ideas of the 16th and 17th centuries, do you agree or disagree with the pamphlet? Why or why not?

Question 46

Create a moral scenario and explain how it would be considered either moral or immoral for (a) one of Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning, (b) one of Shweder's three codes of ethics, and (c) one of the five moral intuitions.

Question 47

Create a diagram that shows how the different levels of Shweder's different codes of ethics and the five different moral intuitions are related to each other.