Deck 14: B: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

On which DSM-IV axis would antisocial personality disorder be listed?

A)Axis IV
B)Axis II
C)Axis III
D)Axis I

Answer 1

Axis II

Question 2

Tom displays very odd behaviour. He wears a heavy parka and mittens during the summer and lectures from the steps of City Hall about upcoming invasions by men from outer space. Which criterion of abnormality does Tom's behaviour meet?

A)personal distress
B)deviance
C)cognitive confusion
D)the medical model

Answer 2

deviance

Question 3

Which statement concerning psychological disorders is most accurate?

A)People with psychological disorders usually do not exhibit personal distress or maladaptive behaviour.
B)People with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways and are very different from normal people.
C)People with even the most severe psychological disorders can be treated successfully.
D)People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous.

Answer 3

People with even the most severe psychological disorders can be treated successfully.

Question 4

On which DSM-IV axes would a clinician document a diagnosis of a psychological disorder?

A)Axes III and IV
B)Axes II and III
C)Axes I and II
D)Axes IV and V

Question 5

Jack is very depressed, and as a result he is not eating properly, bathing, or going to work. Which criteria for abnormality has been met?

A)incompetence
B)maladaptiveness
C)personal distress
D)deviance

Question 6

On which DSM-IV axis would major depressive disorder be listed?

A)Axis IV
B)Axis II
C)Axis III
D)Axis I

Question 7

Dr. Turner is interested in determining whether early childhood viral infections increase the likelihood of experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia in adulthood. Which term describes Dr. Turner's interest?

A)diagnosis
B)prognosis
C)covariance
D)etiology

Question 8

On which axis of the DSM-IV would a clinician document a patient's health issues, like heart disease or hypertension?

A)Axis I
B)Axis IV
C)Axis II
D)Axis III

Question 9

According to the medical model of psychological disorders, what is prognosis?

A)a statement concerning the probable course of the disorder
B)deciding which disorder an individual is experiencing
C)describing the apparent cause of the disorder
D)taking a medical history of an individual

Question 10

When Gaelen was tested using a personality inventory, his scores for narcissism were in the 95ᵗʰ percentile. Which criteria for diagnosis of psychological disorders would Gaelen meet?

A)cognitive confusion
B)deviance
C)personal distress
D)maladaptive behaviour

Question 11

On which DSM-IV axis would a clinician record patients' information regarding recent stressful events, like the death of a family member or losing a job?

A)Axis I
B)Axis III
C)Axis II
D)Axis IV

Question 12

Frequently people call a psychologist for assistance after "deciding for themselves" that they need help. Which two of the commonly used criteria for psychological disorders would people most likely use when deciding to seek treatment?

A)deviance and cognitive confusion
B)maladaptive behaviour and personal distress
C)personal distress and deviance
D)cognitive confusion and maladaptive behaviour

Question 13

Consistent with the medical model, what is the primary use of DSM-IV?

A)treatment
B)diagnosis
C)etiology
D)prognosis

Question 14

What is the name of the classification system used by psychologists to identify psychological disorders?

A)APA Clinical Handbook
B)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
C)Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)
D)Encyclopedia of Psychological Disorders

Question 15

Thomas Szasz would be most critical of which commonly used criterion to diagnose psychological disorders?

A)maladaptive behaviour
B)cognitive confusion
C)deviance
D)personal distress

Question 16

What is proposed by the medical model of abnormal behaviour?

A)Abnormal behaviours are very similar to physical diseases.
B)It is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease.
C)Abnormal behaviours are best treated by medical doctors.
D)It is useful to think of abnormal behaviours as being caused by infectious agents.

Question 17

When a psychologist compares the symptoms an individual is experiencing to the symptoms of various disorders to determine the specific disorder the individual has, what is the psychologist concerned with?

A)diagnosis
B)prognosis
C)treatment
D)etiology

Question 18

For several weeks Alia has been experiencing feelings of overwhelming sadness and despair. Alia is very upset by her depression and frequently tells her family and friends how unhappy she is. Which criterion of abnormality does Alia's behaviour meet?

A)maladaptive behaviour
B)emotional imbalance
C)deviance
D)personal distress

Question 19

Many psychologists use the concepts of diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis when describing psychological disorders. Which model of abnormal behaviour does this reflect?

A)statistical model
B)illness model
C)medical model
D)scientific model

Question 20

In Rosenhan's study using pseudo-patients who attempted to be admitted to a mental hospital, which error described in Chapter 8 was most likely responsible for their incorrect diagnoses?

A)availability heuristic
B)confirmation bias
C)gambler's fallacy
D)my-side bias

Question 21

Kimberly constantly thinks her immaculate house is dirty and spends most of her day cleaning, scrubbing, and straightening up. Which disorder is most consistent with these symptoms?

A)somatization disorder
B)phobic disorder
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 22

Which disorder is characterized by anxiety only in certain specific situations?

A)phobic disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)specified anxiety disorder
D)panic disorder

Question 23

Normand's score on Axis V of the DSM is 10. What does this tell you about Normand's current state?

A)He has health concerns but no mental illnesses.
B)He is functioning perfectly well.
C)He is a danger to himself or others.
D)He may require assistance or supervision to meet the demands of daily life.

Question 24

Your friend's mother is afraid of squirrels. While she knows squirrels are basically harmless, she cannot control her anxiety when she sees either a real squirrel or a picture of a squirrel. What is most consistent with these symptoms?

A)generalized anxiety disorder
B)conversion disorder
C)phobic disorder
D)panic disorder

Question 25

John has been diagnosed with both major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence. Which term describes John's overall diagnosis?

A)codependence
B)dual diagnosis
C)comorbidity
D)additive diagnosis

Question 26

What symptoms characterize panic disorder?

A)recurrent, sudden, and unexpected attacks of overwhelming anxiety
B)enduring psychological disturbances due to a traumatic event
C)persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation
D)a chronic high level of anxiety

Question 27

Estelle doesn't like to leave her house very often because she is very worried that she will 'freak out'. On several occasions, usually when she is out shopping, Estelle has experienced debilitating fear that seems to come out of nowhere. The only thing that she can do in those situations is try to hide and wait until it passes, but the experience is terrifying and humiliating. Which disorder is consistent with Estelle's experience?

A)panic disorder
B)post-traumatic stress disorder
C)schizophrenic disorder
D)phobic disorder

Question 28

Which individual would be most likely to successfully learn to control his anxiety?

A)Raphe, who has phobic disorder
B)Dom, who has post-traumatic stress disorder
C)Tiimu, who has generalized anxiety disorder
D)Ed, who has panic disorder

Question 29

According to recent data from Statistics Canada, what approximate percentage of people with symptoms consistent with a psychological disorder sought treatment for that disorder?

A)60 percent
B)30 percent
C)10 percent
D)90 percent

Question 30

Which biological factor appears to contribute to anxiety disorders?

A)the neurotransmitters GABA and serotonin
B)exposure to stressful events
C)classical and operant conditioning
D)structural abnormalities of the brain

Question 31

Erica is a researcher who examines trends in diagnosis. In particular, her research team focuses on whether there are increases in the rate of diagnosis of anxiety disorders during particular seasons. Which term reflects Erica's research interests?

A)diagnosis
B)epidemiology
C)etiology
D)prognosis

Question 32

Cameron's therapist has not diagnosed him with a particular disorder. Rather, his therapist has created a document that describes all of Cameron's symptoms and indicates that he has elevated levels of depression and anxiety, but no evidence of psychosis or somatic symptoms of mental illness. Which diagnostic approach is illustrated by this example?

A)categorical approach
B)dimensional approach
C)holistic approach
D)psychiatric approach

Question 33

Which anxiety disorder is characterized by a chronic high level of anxiety that is exhibited by constant worrying and is often associated with physical symptoms such as heart palpitations and muscle tension?

A)panic disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)major depressive disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 34

According to recent research on the prevalence of psychological disorders, what can be said about the lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders?

A)They are lower in modern times than in the 19th or early 20th centuries.
B)They are more common than most people realize.
C)They are dramatically higher for men than for women.
D)They are less common than most people realize.

Question 35

Sean has difficulty making decisions, and when he finally makes a decision he worries about whether it was the right decision. He constantly worries about his courses, future, girlfriend, and getting a summer job. Recently Sean has had heart palpitations and muscular tension. Which of the following disorders are Sean's symptoms most consistent with??

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)panic disorder
D)hypochondriasis

Question 36

If you were to think of the various DSM-IV axes as a description of the current state of the individual, where would you look to determine how well the individual is doing, overall?

A)Axis III
B)Axis I
C)Axis V
D)Axis II

Question 37

The development and maintenance of which disorder is best accounted for by the conditioning and learning explanation for the etiology of anxiety disorders?

A)generalized anxiety disorder
B)panic disorder
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)phobic disorder

Question 38

Nick can't sleep very well because he is often awakened by nightmares. These nightmares contain images and situations that he experienced when he was in prison, where he was repeatedly beaten and humiliated by his cellmate. Even now, several years after he was released, Nick is haunted by his experiences. Which disorder is consistent with Nick's symptoms?

A)night terror disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)panic disorder
D)post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 39

Maria is afraid to leave her home to go shopping or even to go to work. She avoids all public places. What is the term for Maria's symptoms?

A)bipolar disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)agoraphobia
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 40

Which anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals or behaviours?

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)post-traumatic stress disorder
C)panic disorder
D)generalized anxiety disorder

Question 41

Which diagnosis would be most likely for individuals who have relatively mild symptoms of chronic depression?

A)major depressive disorder
B)cyclothymic disorder
C)dysthymic disorder
D)minor depressive disorder

Question 42

Explanations concerning the etiology of which dissociative disorder are most controversial?

A)dissociative amnesia
B)dissociative fugue
C)dissociative depressive disorder
D)dissociative identity disorder

Question 43

Which disorder could be best explained by Martin Seligman's concept of preparedness?

A)a spider phobia
B)an elevator phobia
C)panic disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 44

Which individual is most likely to experience chronic depression?

A)Bella, who started to experience symptoms at age 35, and has a drinking problem
B)Alice, who started to experience symptoms at age 35
C)Carla, who started to experience symptoms at age 18
D)Diane, who started to experience symptoms at age 18, and also experiences anxiety

Question 45

According to Nick Spanos, which individual would be most likely to develop symptoms of dissociative identity disorder?

A)someone who is motivated to avoid his or her real life
B)someone who has a particularly pessimistic outlook
C)someone with a history of depression
D)someone who has experienced trauma

Question 46

Which of the following is uncommon among people who develop anxiety disorders, according to the cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of anxiety disorders?

A)focusing excessive attention on perceived threats
B)selectively recalling information that seems threatening
C)having a pessimistic explanatory style
D)misinterpreting harmless situations as threatening

Question 47

Which class of psychological disorders is characterized by people losing contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, which results in disruption in their sense of identity?

A)mood disorders
B)schizophrenic disorders
C)dissociative disorders
D)anxiety disorders

Question 48

What is NOT true of the separate personalities that coexist in an individual with dissociative identity disorder?

A)They may have their own names, personality traits, and physical mannerisms.
B)They may switch from one personality to another suddenly.
C)They may differ in age, sex, or race.
D)They are usually all aware of the existence of the other personalities.

Question 49

Which individual would be likely to worry most about driving home from work while it is snowing because he recalls, "The last time I drove home in the snow I skidded and almost had an accident"?

A)Alan, who has an anxiety disorder
B)David, who has a dissociative disorder
C)Sean, who has a schizophrenic disorder
D)Scott, who has a mood disorder

Question 50

Which dissociative disorder is characterized by sudden loss of memory concerning a limited period of time, usually after a particularly stressful or traumatic event?

A)dissociative amnesia
B)dissociative identity disorder
C)dissociative fugue
D)dissociative depressive disorder

Question 51

Pierre has experienced symptoms of depression for years. Sometimes the depression is rather mild, but other times it is debilitating and he has required hospitalization. Which term is most appropriate for categorizing Pierre's disorder?

A)unipolar mood disorder
B)subclinical mood disorder
C)disorganized mood disorder
D)bipolar mood disorder

Question 52

Which psychological disorder involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities?

A)schizophrenic disorder
B)dissociative fugue
C)dissociative identity disorder
D)bipolar disorder

Question 53

Edgar used to enjoy playing sports and hanging out to play cards with his friends. For the last few months, however, Edgar doesn't seem interested in those activities anymore and doesn't really seem to get much joy out of anything in his life. Which symptom is illustrated by this example?

A)mania
B)fugue
C)alogia
D)anhedonia

Question 54

If your careless smoking caused your family's home to burn down, which dissociative disorder are you most likely to develop?

A)dissociative fugue
B)dissociative amnesia
C)dissociative identity disorder
D)dissociative depressive disorder

Question 55

What is typically considered a primary factor in the etiology of dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?

A)the activity of specific neurotransmitters
B)biological factors associated with genetic predispositions
C)responses to excessive stress or trauma
D)personality traits such as being self-conscious, insecure, or guilt-prone

Question 56

At what point is depression distinguished from ordinary sadness?

A)when the individual starts to have trouble sleeping or concentrating
B)when the individual considers suicide
C)when there is no observable cause for the depressed mood
D)when the individual's life has been impaired by depressive symptoms for at least a few weeks

Question 57

Which of the following is a mood disorder?

A)bipolar disorder
B)fugue
C)conversion disorder
D)panic disorder

Question 58

A "John Doe" walked into the police station and reported that he had an unusual problem. He could not remember anything about himself, not where he lived or worked or even his name. The police took him to the local hospital where he was evaluated and found to have no physical injuries. Which disorder is most consistent with "John Doe's" symptoms?

A)dissociative fugue
B)dissociative identity disorder
C)bipolar disorder
D)schizophrenic disorder

Question 59

Which type of mood episodes are experienced by an individual with a unipolar mood disorder?

A)dissociative
B)depression
C)mania
D)anxiety

Question 60

Carly has had intense feelings of sadness for the past several weeks. She has very little energy and has stopped going out with her friends. She has lost her appetite and rarely cooks. Carly feels her situation is hopeless and that she has only herself to blame. Which disorder is most consistent with Carly's symptoms?

A)bipolar disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)minor depressive disorder
D)major depressive disorder

Question 61

Which brain areas tend to be damaged in patients who have experienced both concussion and depression?

A)simbic system and hypothalamus
B)portions of the frontal and temporal lobes
C)brain stem and cerebellum
D)somatosensory and sensory cortex

Question 62

If a woman and a man each have depressive symptoms, and have each contemplated suicide, which prediction is most accurate?

A)The woman is more likely to attempt suicide.
B)The woman is more likely to have bipolar disorder.
C)The man is more likely to have bipolar disorder.
D)The man is more likely to attempt suicide.

Question 63

Megan never quite knows how to talk to people, and she often misses social cues that signal irritation or boredom. As a result of her poor social skills, Megan has only a few friends and they aren't particularly close. Based on this evidence, which category of disorders is Megan more likely to develop?

A)dissociative disorders
B)schizophrenic disorders
C)depressive disorders
D)anxiety disorders

Question 64

What symptoms characterize schizophrenic disorders?

A)physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions
B)emotional disturbances that may disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes
C)delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behaviour
D)feelings of excessive apprehension and worry

Question 65

Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitters have been associated with mood disorders?

A)serotonin and norepinephrine
B)GABA and serotonin
C)dopamine and GABA
D)norepinephrine and dopamine

Question 66

Which psychological disorder is characterized by separate episodes of depression and mania?

A)bipolar disorder
B)major depressive disorder
C)post-traumatic stress disorder
D)schizophrenic disorder

Question 67

Which disorder has the lowest prevalence rate?

A)personality disorder
B)anxiety disorder
C)mood disorder
D)schizophrenic disorder

Question 68

In the Featured Study, "Does Negative Thinking Cause Depression," participants were evaluated for cognitive style, and then repeatedly evaluated over two years to determine if they were exhibiting depression. Which theory about depression was supported by the results of this study?

A)cognitive
B)genetic
C)social
D)developmental

Question 69

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a factor associated with the development of depressive disorders?

A)a pessimistic explanatory style
B)the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine
C)the personality trait of neuroticism
D)inadequate social skills

Question 70

Anderson is a perfectionist who is very focused on achieving high standards at work, and who is relatively autonomous rather than interpersonally dependent. In which situation would Anderson be most likely to display symptoms consistent with depression?

A)during a time when Anderson missed out on an opportunity for promotion at work
B)prior to an event where Anderson will be evaluated
C)when a work rival is acting jealous regarding the success of Anderson's recent project
D)after an argument with friends over a trip that they were all planning

Question 71

Cliff has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Currently, he is very optimistic about his life. Even though he is sleeping only three hours a night, he is very energetic. He has turned his basement into a workshop where he plans to mass produce his new "banana computer," which will revolutionize the computer market. What is Cliff experiencing?

A)an unipolar episode
B)a manic episode
C)a bipolar episode
D)a depressive episode

Question 72

What proportion of diagnoses for depression are 'seasonal' types, in Canada?

A)31 percent
B)21 percent
C)41 percent
D)11 percent

Question 73

In the Featured Study, "Does Negative Thinking Cause Depression," participants were evaluated for cognitive style, and then repeatedly evaluated over two years to determine if they were exhibiting depression. Which type of research design was used?

A)retrospective
B)multifactorial
C)prospective
D)cross-sectional

Question 74

Which brain area is about 8-10 percent smaller in depressed individuals compared to non-depressed individuals?

A)hippocampus
B)corpus callosum
C)prefrontal cortex
D)hypothalamus

Question 75

Which psychological disorder is characterized by a fragmentation of thought processes or a "split mind"?

A)schizophrenic disorder
B)multiple personality disorder
C)dissociative identity disorder
D)bipolar disorder

Question 76

The cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of depressive disorders maintains that there are certain cognitive tendencies among people who are more likely to develop depressive disorders. Which of the following is NOT one of those tendencies?

A)attributing setbacks to personal flaws instead of to situational factors
B)misinterpreting harmless situations as threatening
C)having a pessimistic explanatory style
D)ruminating about, or dwelling on, their depression

Question 77

One symptom of schizophrenic disorder involves an individual having false beliefs that are maintained even though the beliefs clearly are out of touch with reality. What is the term for these beliefs?

A)illusions
B)delusions
C)faulty perceptions
D)hallucinations

Question 78

Elaine has recently become far more talkative and excitable. She isn't sleeping very much, but doesn't seem to be fatigued. She's actually become much more productive lately, and people are wondering how long this phase is going to last. Which of the following is consistent with Elaine's behaviour?

A)dysthymia
B)fugue
C)mania
D)anhedonia

Question 79

What has been demonstrated about the influence of genetic factors on the etiology of mood disorders?

A)It is stronger for major depressive disorder than for bipolar disorder.
B)It is equally strong for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
C)It is not associated with bipolar disorder.
D)It is stronger for bipolar disorder than for major depressive disorder.

Question 80

The role of which factor is emphasized in Martin Seligman's learned helplessness theory concerning the etiology of depression?

A)cognitive factors involving unreasonably optimistic expectations
B)cognitive factors involving a pessimistic explanatory style
C)interpersonal factors involving inadequate social skills
D)biological factors associated with genetic predispositions