Deck 1: B: The Evolution of Psychology

Question 1

Which individual provided a significant influence for William James's perspective on psychology?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Plato
C)Aristotle
D)Charles Darwin

Answer 1

Charles Darwin

Question 2

While the term "psychology" has existed since at least the early 1700s, when did psychology come to be considered a science?

A)the 1750s
B)the early 1800s
C)the late 1800s
D)the 1940s

Answer 2

the late 1800s

Question 3

Two scientists from another planet, Poz and Zog, visit earth and are attempting to study our computers. Poz focuses on how the computer is used for conducting business, communicating with others, and playing games, while Zog concentrates on the construction of the hard-drive, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. If you were to compare their approaches to the original schools of psychology, which of the following analogies is most accurate?

A)Poz's approach is similar to functionalism.
B)Zog's approach is similar to behaviourism.
C)Zog's approach is similar to psychoanalysis.
D)Poz's approach is similar to structuralism.

Answer 3

Poz's approach is similar to functionalism.

Question 4

What did William James believe should be the focus of psychology?

A)the function or purpose of consciousness
B)basic elements of conscious experience
C)observable behaviour
D)unconscious determinants of behaviour

Question 5

Which school of psychology stated that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose?

A)humanism
B)functionalism
C)behaviourism
D)structuralism

Question 6

How did Wilhelm Wundt define psychology?

A)the scientific study of the unconscious
B)the scientific study of conscious experience
C)the scientific study of behaviour
D)the scientific study of the brain

Question 7

Which school of psychology had a practical focus and was interested in how people adapted their behaviour to the demands of the world?

A)functionalism
B)behaviourism
C)psychoanalysis
D)structuralism

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the major contributions of G. Stanley Hall?

A)He established the first research laboratory for psychology in America.
B)He was the first president of the American Psychological Association.
C)He received the first Ph.D. in psychology in America.
D)He established the first American psychological journal.

Question 9

Who was the psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in America, founded the first American psychological journal, and was the first president of the American Psychological Association?

A)John Watson
B)G. Stanley Hall
C)William James
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Question 10

Which event marked the "birth" of psychology as a science?

A)Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory for psychological research.
B)Sigmund Freud first described the unconscious.
C)Charles Darwin published the theory of natural selection.
D)William James published the textbook Principles of Psychology.

Question 11

Which technique would you be using if you take a sip of a soft drink and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold, bubbly, sweet, etc.)?

A)empiricism
B)behaviourism
C)introspection
D)functionalism

Question 12

Which individual is known as the founder of functionalism?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)John Watson
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)William James

Question 13

What did both Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener believe should be the focus of psychology?

A)observable behaviour
B)the function or purpose of consciousness
C)unconscious determinants of behaviour
D)basic elements of conscious experience

Question 14

Which school of psychology stated that the task of psychology is to analyze conscious experience into its basic elements?

A)functionalism
B)psychoanalysis
C)behaviourism
D)structuralism

Question 15

Which of the following schools of thought was most influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection?

A)functionalism
B)psychoanalysis
C)behaviourism
D)structuralism

Question 16

Which of the following most accurately describes the enduring influence of structuralism and functionalism on psychology today?

A)Neither structuralism nor functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology.
B)Both structuralism and functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology.
C)Only structuralism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology.
D)Only functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology.

Question 17

Who is known as the founder of behaviourism?

A)John Watson
B)Carl Rogers
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 18

Which individual is associated with the concept of "stream of consciousness"?

A)William James
B)Wilhelm Wundt
C)Sigmund Freud
D)John Watson

Question 19

What technique would you be using if, while watching a sunset, you stop and analyze your sensations, thoughts, and feelings?

A)behaviourism
B)introspection
C)psychoanalysis
D)functionalism

Question 20

Which two disciplines provided foundations for the field of psychology?

A)physiology and theology
B)physiology and sociology
C)philosophy and physiology
D)sociology and philosophy

Question 21

Which school of psychology made a clear distinction between observable behaviours and unobservable thoughts and feelings?

A)functionalism
B)behaviourism
C)psychoanalysis
D)structuralism

Question 22

Which of the following schools of psychology was most influential in increasing the use of animals in psychological research?

A)structuralism
B)humanism
C)behaviourism
D)animalism

Question 23

Which of the following behaviourists was known for his concept of radical behaviourism?

A)B. F. Skinner
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)Edward Thorndike
D)John B. Watson

Question 24

Which psychologist believed that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)B. F. Skinner
C)William James
D)Carl Rogers

Question 25

What did Sigmund Freud believe prevented us from being totally in control of our own minds?

A)the physiological functioning of our bodies
B)environmental influences acting on us
C)the unconscious
D)introspection

Question 26

In the 1950s, of which school of psychology did B. F. Skinner argue that psychology should return to a strict interpretation?

A)humanism
B)behaviourism
C)psychoanalysis
D)functionalism

Question 27

You act impulsively, and then wonder why. What would Sigmund Freud say is the cause of your behaviour?

A)your unconscious mind
B)your lack of rational thought
C)your conscious mind
D)your inability to think quickly

Question 28

Which of the following statements would Skinner disagree with?

A)Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
B)Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.
C)All behaviour is governed by external consequences.
D)Individuals have free will.

Question 29

What did Sigmund Freud believe should be the focus of studies of personality, motivation, and mental disorders?

A)observable behaviour
B)basic elements of conscious experience
C)unconscious determinants of behaviour
D)the function or purpose of consciousness

Question 30

Which psychological approach is often referred to as stimulus-response (S-R) psychology?

A)psychoanalytic theory
B)structuralism
C)evolutionary psychology
D)behaviourism

Question 31

If you wish to teach a child to pick up his toys, which of the following theorist's principles and techniques would be most useful?

A)Wilhelm Wundt
B)William James
C)B. F. Skinner
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 32

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to focus on your thoughts, memories, and desires that are beyond the control of conscious rational processes?

A)B. F. Skinner
B)Sigmund Freud
C)John Watson
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 33

Lisa taught her son to buckle his seat belt in the car by allowing him to play one of his CDs on the car stereo only after he was buckled up. Which school of psychology would most endorse this method?

A)cognitive psychology
B)humanism
C)biological psychology
D)behaviourism

Question 34

If Dr. Meharry is a behaviourist, which of the following would he most likely say is the cause of a child's disruptive behaviour in school?

A)a combination of his genetic inheritance and his prior experiences
B)his prior experiences
C)his genetic inheritance
D)a learning disability

Question 35

Which of the following statements is most accurate, regarding experimental psychology's eventual reaction to psychoanalytic theory?

A)Psychoanalytic theory was rejected by experimental psychologists.
B)Psychoanalytic theory was accepted by experimental psychologists.
C)Experimental psychologists began to reject behaviourism.
D)Experimental psychologists tested psychoanalytic hypotheses.

Question 36

Which of the following did NOT have a significant influence on the development of Sigmund Freud's theory?

A)the results of his experimental research
B)his observation of the slips of the tongue people tend to make
C)knowledge gained from his examination of his own anxieties, conflicts, and desires
D)knowledge gained as a result of working with patients

Question 37

According to B. F. Skinner, if you study "extra hard" for your first psychology midterm and earn an "A," what would you do for your next psychology midterm?

A)reduce your study time by approximately 50 percent
B)continue to study "extra hard"
C)devote all of your study time to your other courses
D)reduce your study time by approximately 25 percent

Question 38

What did John Watson believe should be the focus of psychology?

A)unconscious determinants of behaviour
B)observable behaviour
C)basic elements of conscious experience
D)the function or purpose of consciousness

Question 39

How did John Watson define psychology?

A)the scientific study of the brain
B)the scientific study of the unconscious
C)the scientific study of behaviour
D)the scientific study of conscious experience

Question 40

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that psychoanalysis was controversial when it was first developed?

A)its focus on the unconscious
B)its lack of experimental research
C)its emphasis on sexual issues
D)its focus on abnormal behaviour

Question 41

Where was the first experimental psychology laboratory in Canada established?

A)University of Toronto
B)Dalhousie University
C)University of Alberta
D)McGill University

Question 42

What is the focus of applied psychology?

A)diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems
B)unique qualities of people
C)practical problems
D)mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

Question 43

As a young psychologist, your major goal is to help people reach their potential. Which school of psychology do you endorse?

A)structuralism
B)humanism
C)psychoanalysis
D)behaviourism

Question 44

Which psychological perspective emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, and reflected a renewed interest in the study of the mind or consciousness?

A)mental perspective
B)philosophical perspective
C)biological perspective
D)cognitive perspective

Question 45

Tracey is conducting research on children's learning styles, and her research is used to help create new teaching activities in daycare centres. Which category would Tracey's research fit into best?

A)clinical psychology
B)applied psychology
C)behaviourism
D)functionalism

Question 46

Which pair of terms reflects the observation that "psychology returned to its roots" in the latter part of the 20th century?

A)cognitive perspective and humanism
B)cognitive perspective and biological perspective
C)biological perspective and humanism
D)cultural perspective and biological perspective

Question 47

Which school of psychology would be least likely to compare humans to other animals?

A)behaviourism
B)functionalism
C)humanism
D)evolutionary psychology

Question 48

Which area of psychology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders?

A)applied psychology
B)clinical psychology
C)medical psychology
D)research psychology

Question 49

What did many psychologists begin to specialize in after World War II?

A)clinical psychology
B)experimental psychology
C)industrial psychology
D)research psychology

Question 50

Why was the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) established?

A)to promote the training of psychiatric residents
B)to assist psychologists in setting up new private practices and getting start-up grants
C)to provide public education on the importance of psychology in applied settings
D)to advance psychology as a science

Question 51

Which type of psychology best categorizes the research on bullying described in the Featured Study?

A)behavioural psychology
B)cognitive psychology
C)experimental psychology
D)applied psychology

Question 52

Which school of psychology believes people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth and experience free will?

A)psychoanalysis
B)cognitive psychology
C)humanism
D)behaviourism

Question 53

Upon reflecting upon your own behaviour, you come to the conclusion that you behave in a very predictable fashion. You feel that you don't really choose your behaviours freely or consciously. Rather, you believe that your behaviour is controlled by what has happened to you in the past. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to agree with you?

A)B. F. Skinner
B)Edward Titchener
C)Carl Rogers
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 54

Which of the following would both Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow agree with?

A)People have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth.
B)Human behaviour is entirely shaped by environmental events.
C)People are not masters of their own destiny.
D)Human behaviour is largely determined by primitive sexual urges.

Question 55

If you were to ask a cognitive psychologist about her current research, which of the following is most likely to be the topic?

A)unconscious emotional conflicts
B)problem-solving
C)the influence of hormones on behaviour
D)common attitudes across cultures

Question 56

Which type of psychologist is most likely to study decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and language?

A)an evolutionary psychologist
B)a cognitive psychologist
C)a behavioural psychologist
D)a biological psychologist

Question 57

Which of the following major historical events influenced the development of psychology as a profession?

A)World War II
B)the Cold War of the 1950s
C)World War I
D)the Great Depression of the 1930s

Question 58

Which of the following psychologists is considered a humanistic psychologist?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Wilhelm Wundt
C)B. F. Skinner
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 59

Which school of psychology developed in the 1950s?

A)psychoanalysis
B)behaviourism
C)functionalism
D)humanism

Question 60

Dr. LeBlanc became a psychologist in 1925. Which of the following types of psychologists is Dr. LeBlanc most likely to be?

A)a counselling psychologist
B)an experimental psychologist
C)an applied psychologist
D)a clinical psychologist

Question 61

In promoting positive psychology, what did Seligman suggest had been the historical focus of the field of psychology?

A)pathology, weakness, and damage
B)genetic and physiological influences
C)animal, child, and disordered behaviour
D)behaviourism and psychoanalysis

Question 62

What do evolutionary psychologists focus on when they study behavioural processes?

A)adaptive value
B)influence on intelligence
C)hormonal substrate
D)cognitive correlates

Question 63

Which of the following is likely to be true if a researcher's work is ethnocentric?

A)The participants all experience the same experimental manipulation.
B)The research focuses on similarities among age groups.
C)The participants all come from the same cultural background.
D)The research focuses on differences between nations.

Question 64

According to the physiological perspective, what must psychologists focus on in order to fully understand behaviour?

A)the interrelations among the mind, body, and behaviour
B)internal mental events
C)the adaptive value of a behaviour
D)the role of the unconscious

Question 65

What percentage of Canadian psychologists work in colleges and universities?

A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)50 percent
D)70 percent

Question 66

Terry is interested in doing research on creativity. She really wants to be able to help people develop their creativity, so that they can improve their own lives. Which of the following terms describes Terry's area of interest?

A)educational psychology
B)positive psychology
C)functional psychology
D)clinical psychology

Question 67

Imagine that you are a graduate student in Montreal in the 1940s. You work under the supervision of a very influential researcher who published The Organization of Behavior, which provided an integrative approach to psychology. Which of the following are you likely to be researching?

A)history and systems of psychology
B)child development
C)brain mechanisms of behaviour
D)memory and problem solving

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a major area of specialization in research psychology?

A)industrial/organizational
B)social
C)personality
D)psychometrics

Question 69

Which of the following represents a major focus of psychology in both the 19ᵗʰ century and now?

A)the role of unconscious conflicts
B)a focus on physiological bases for behaviour
C)identifying the smallest units of conscious experience
D)striving for self-actualization

Question 70

What are currently the two largest areas of specialization in research-oriented psychology?

A)clinical and counselling
B)developmental and clinical
C)social and counselling
D)developmental and social

Question 71

Which of the following psychological perspectives is most likely to focus on the interrelations among the mind, body, and behaviour?

A)physiological perspective
B)cognitive perspective
C)behavioural perspective
D)evolutionary perspective

Question 72

Which psychological perspective emerged in the 1950s and 1960s and reflected a renewed interest in the study of the physiological bases of behaviour?

A)philosophical perspective
B)biological perspective
C)mental perspective
D)cognitive perspective

Question 73

Which of the following is a psychologist who focuses attention on cultural diversity least likely to do?

A)document differences among varying cultures
B)test the generality of earlier findings to other cultures
C)document similarities among varying cultures
D)identify deficiencies in other cultures

Question 74

Dr. Tanaka is a researcher who has stated the hypothesis that men and women should differ in their skills related to different types of video games. He suggests that men will outperform women in games that require great hand-eye coordination, whereas women should outperform men in games that require excellent memory for social interactions. Dr. Tanaka's hypothesis is related to other research suggesting that our ancestors lived in environments where men had more children if they were successful hunters, and women had more children if they could foster strong social relationships. What type of psychologist is Dr. Tanaka?

A)anthropological
B)cognitive
C)humanist
D)evolutionary

Question 75

In addition to being a science, what is the other aspect of the field of psychology according to your text's definition?

A)career
B)profession
C)philosophy
D)art

Question 76

Which of the following has become a recent focus of attention for psychologists?

A)unconscious mechanisms
B)intelligence
C)emotions
D)culture

Question 77

Based on the results of the Featured Study on bullying in Canadian schoolyards, which of the following situations is most typical of bullying?

A)A student is bullied in isolation by someone with a reputation for aggression.
B)A group of students is bullied by a single individual.
C)A group of students is bullied by a much older group of students.
D)A student is bullied by someone, while other peers either take part or observe.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT included in your text's definition of psychology?

A)Psychology is a profession that solves practical problems.
B)Psychology is a science.
C)Psychology studies behaviour including physiological and cognitive processes.
D)Psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind.

Question 79

Which of the following is partly responsible for Donald Hebb's tremendous impact on the field of psychology?

A)his discovery that the hemispheres of the brain are specialized for different tasks
B)his collaborative work with Roger Sperry
C)his focus on the study of children's development
D)his book, The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory

Question 80

Which area of psychology are your questions most consistent with if you wonder about the adaptive purpose of a common behaviour (such as toddlers following their mothers around or teenagers wanting more independence from their parents)?

A)humanism
B)cultural psychology
C)biological psychology
D)evolutionary psychology