Deck 16: Colonialism and Cultural Transformations

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of missionism?

A) The Peruvians expanded control of surrounding regions by requiring these communities to provide the government with certain resources as tribute.
B) The Greeks created port settlements overseas and exerted control over trade within these regions.
C) The Spanish created religious settlements in the New World and required native populations to live and work at these religious centers.
D) Early American settlers took over Native American lands and claimed them as their own.

Answer 1

The Spanish created religious settlements in the New World and required native populations to live and work at these religious centers.

Question 2

The longest lasting state in the world is __________.

A) China
B) Thailand
C) Iceland
D) Zimbabwe

Answer 2

China

Question 3

From the beginning of the slave trade until its end, approximately how many Africans were taken from Africa as slaves?

A) 2 million
B) 7 million
C) 10 million
D) 13 million

Answer 3

10 million

Question 4

__________ result from military invasions that support permanent settlement by the invaders' citizens.

A) Settlement colonies
B) Exploitation colonies
C) Maritime enclaves
D) Missionism

Question 5

Thomas Jefferson's letter to Meriwether Lewis assumes __________.

A) Native American groups would be hostile to the Lewis and Clark expedition
B) Native American groups would help the Lewis and Clark expedition
C) the territory the Lewis and Clark expedition would be passing through belonged to the United States
D) the territory The Lewis and Clark expedition would be passing through was a foreign nation

Question 6

__________ are dominated by military and merchant representatives of the home country who control economic resources there.

A) Settlement colonies
B) Exploitation colonies
C) Maritime enclaves
D) Missionism

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true of colonies?

A) they are created by invasion
B) they are maintained as colonies only until they are ready for independence
C) a majority of the population is ruled by a minority from abroad
D) they are ruled in accordance with the interests of the colonizing power

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a maritime enclave?

A) The Peruvians expanded control of surrounding regions by requiring these communities to provide the government with certain resources as tribute.
B) The Greeks created port settlements overseas and exerted control over trade within these regions.
C) The Spanish created missions in the New World and required native populations to live and work at these religious centers.
D) Early American settlers took over Native American lands and claimed them as their own.

Question 9

__________ is a term for settlements designed for the purpose of religious conversion.

A) Settlement colonies
B) Exploitation colonies
C) Maritime enclaves
D) Missionism

Question 10

The three main types of colonies are __________.

A) maritime enclaves, settlement colonies, and refueling stations
B) missions, settlement colonies, and forts
C) exploitation colonies, maritime enclaves, and settlement colonies
D) imperial conquests, settlement colonies, and maritime enclaves

Question 11

Which of the following statements about imperialism is true?

A) it relies solely upon conquest through military means for territorial expansion
B) it is the result of the use of all forces that contribute to the construction and maintenance of trans-colonial empires
C) it implies that only colonial politics were observed, since the imperial centers were too distant
D) it relies solely upon commercial strategies as a means for territorial expansion

Question 12

In order to more fully control internal and influence external circumstances, elites have procured wealth through __________.

A) industrialization
B) plantations
C) taxation
D) expansion

Question 13

Which of the following statements concerning missionism is NOT accurate?

A) Missionaries of multiple religious affiliations worked with one another for equal influence.
B) Religious missionaries have aided processes of state consolidation and cultural transformation.
C) European missionism was often accompanied by education and social, economic, and political control.
D) European missionaries believed it was the duty of indigenous peoples to work for the White Man.

Question 14

In __________ the colonized country remains formally independent, but the colonizing country has some degree of influence over commercial and political policies.

A) settlement colonies
B) exploitation colonies
C) maritime enclaves
D) missionism

Question 15

__________ are settlements of foreign nationals with controlling interests in indigenous territories.

A) Missions
B) Estates
C) Colonies
D) Imperial centers

Question 16

Colonies are politically and economically __________ in relation to their home countries.

A) subordinate
B) dominant
C) disconnected
D) equal

Question 17

Early state societies in North Africa, the Middle East, China, Mexico, and __________ engaged in expansion through conquest.

A) England
B) Australia
C) Canada
D) Peru

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of imperialism?

A) The Peruvians expanded control of surrounding regions by requiring these communities to provide the government with certain resources as tribute.
B) The Greeks created port settlements overseas and exerted control over trade within these regions.
C) The Spanish created missions in the New World and required native populations to live and work at these religious centers.
D) Early American settlers took over Native American lands and claimed them as their own.

Question 19

Which of the following was one of the most important advantages that made European colonialism so successful?

A) the internal combustion engine
B) the ability to travel long distances
C) Christianity
D) centralized, state societies

Question 20

Resettlement policies in colonized areas were designed to do all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A) make resistance to colonizers more difficult
B) move indigenous peoples off desirable land
C) accelerate the process of forced assimilation
D) share all land and resources with the indigenous population

Question 21

Originally residing in __________, the Lakota were a loose alliance of nations at the time of their first contact with French traders.

A) South Dakota
B) Quebec
C) Minnesota
D) Michigan

Question 22

Most of the deaths of indigenous people in the Americas attributed to Euro-American contact were caused by __________.

A) food shortages and overconsumption by Europeans
B) warfare between indigenous tribes
C) an economic system shift away from subsistence farming to trapping
D) diseases of European origin

Question 23

One result of slave-based economies in the New World was __________.

A) the accumulation of capital and resources that made the industrial revolution possible
B) the inhibition of colonial migration to the Americas for lack of jobs there
C) a focus on non-agricultural economic practices in the New World such as manufacturing
D) a more egalitarian distribution of wealth amongst world superpowers

Question 24

As Native Americans entered into trade networks, ownership of lands became the trend, which often led to __________.

A) purchase of extra land by elites
B) conflict and warfare over land
C) shifts toward agriculture as the primary form of subsistence
D) recognition of Native American ownership by colonial governments

Question 25

The pre-Columbian population of Mexico is estimated to have been __________ in 1519.

A) 12 million
B) 16 million
C) 24 million
D) 30 million

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a change experienced by areas of Africa affected by the slave trade?

A) a strengthening of patrilineal systems
B) competition among elites for control of the slave trade
C) the disruption of community and kin networks for subsistence and labor
D) it ended all "ethnic" or "tribal" conflicts, political instability, and civil wars in African countries

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor that resulted in depopulation as a result of contact between European and indigenous peoples?

A) the spread of diseases of North American origin
B) warfare between indigenous tribes
C) European' desires for settlement
D) displacement of the indigenous peoples

Question 28

Trade relations that led to the settlement of formerly nomadic peoples near trading posts were most common in __________.

A) Spanish California
B) New England
C) the Gulf Coast
D) the Arctic and Canada

Question 29

The slave trade strengthened principles of __________ descent.

A) matrilineal
B) patrilineal
C) cognatic
D) bilineal

Question 30

One of the reasons that indigenous cultures often enthusiastically entered into trade relations was because __________ was/were available from European traders.

A) money
B) silver
C) metal goods
D) ceramics

Question 31

While __________ disintegrated as a result of elite competition for control of the slave trade, __________ gained strength as a result of cooperative control by elites.

A) the Yoruba; the Kingdom of Kongo
B) the Kingdom of Kongo; the Ashanti
C) the Ashanti; the Yoruba
D) the Yoruba; the Ashanti

Question 32

The first colonial power to engage in slave trading along the coast of West Africa was __________.

A) England
B) Spain
C) France
D) Portugal

Question 33

In North America, early contact with English, French, and Dutch ships expanded into trade networks in which __________ was/were supplied by Native Americans.

A) food
B) furs
C) precious metals
D) ivory

Question 34

By the end of the nineteenth century, the Native American population of the United States was approximately __________.

A) 1.2 million
B) 700,000
C) 400,000
D) 250,000

Question 35

Which of the following results did NOT occur within Native American tribes as a result of the trade system between European settlers and Native Americans?

A) The roles of women shifted as their labor was necessary to prepare pelts for the fur trade.
B) A shift in gender roles and concepts such as personal wealth and private property developed.
C) Conflicts arose as competition increased amongst indigenous peoples for remaining lands and resources.
D) Communities which were formerly permanent around trading outposts became increasingly nomadic.

Question 36

Which of the following is an example patrilineal descent?

A) a man leaves all of his property to his eldest grandson
B) a woman leaves all of her property to her eldest grandson
C) a man leaves all of his property to his youngest daughter
D) a woman leaves all of her property to her youngest daughter

Question 37

The original goal of Spanish conquests was to __________, but later the goals shifted to __________.

A) locate a route to the Indies; finding gold and silver
B) find gold and silver; conquering land for establishing plantations
C) conquer land to establish plantations; capturing areas for diamond mining
D) find gold and silver; converting indigenous people to Christianity

Question 38

The European colonial slave trade was based upon __________, which made it initially possible.

A) pre-existing plantation based economies if West Africa
B) the slave-based Kingdom of Benin
C) pre-existing indigenous forms of slavery in West Africa
D) a market for slave labor in Europe

Question 39

The population of North America has been estimated to have been as high as __________ before European contact.

A) 2 million
B) 7 million
C) 10 million
D) 12 million

Question 40

The indigenous population of Mexico fell by __________ in the first fifty years after Spanish conquest.

A) 40%
B) 55%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 41

Which of the following was NOT a method used by missionaries to gain control over the indigenous population?

A) Making conversion an economic and political advantage by giving money to converts at trading posts.
B) Settling previously nomadic communities at permanent settlements near ports and trading posts.
C) Favoring converted Indians through trade and military alliances.
D) Absolving all converts of sin and teaching them to be proud of their culture and heritage.

Question 42

How were the indigenous people treated by the missionaries during the Spanish colonization of the Americas?

A) they were educated in literature and theology by Jesuit priests
B) they were taught the tenets of Buddhist philosophy
C) they were treated brutally and forced into virtual slavery by Roman Catholic missionaries
D) they were granted political freedom and asylum under the Spanish crown

Question 43

The Spanish used the traditional Incan __________ system to obtain conscripted labor for mines.

A) military
B) mita
C) census
D) tax

Question 44

Which of the following methods was NOT used by schoolteachers in an effort to reorient indigenous cultures?

A) attempting to integrate native custom and European culture
B) making children ashamed of their parents and their heritage
C) encouraging children to identify with their teachers
D) condemning indigenous religious ceremonies and practitioners

Question 45

How did the Lakota prosper from trade after they moved onto the plains?

A) they specialized in hunting buffalo for hides
B) they acted as middlemen between American traders and Native groups further west
C) they raised horses and traded them to the Americans
D) they monopolized all trade with American traders and locked all other plains Indians out

Question 46

__________ were estates in the Spanish Americas directly owned by Spanish settlers.

A) Haciendas
B) Encomiendas
C) Mitas
D) Estates

Question 47

One introduction to Native Americans by missionaries was __________.

A) the eight hour work day
B) religious holidays
C) the concept of sin
D) the concept of heaven

Question 48

As multiple wives were acquired by wealthy men, what was the resulting age disparity between women and their husbands?

A) The women became increasingly younger and the men became comparatively older.
B) There was no age disparity, as a man married a woman of his age.
C) Younger men became wealthy and married older women.
D) Younger men became wealthy and married younger women.

Question 49

An emphasis upon the spiritual rewards of Christianity, along with the advantages of protection bestowed upon converts was the focus of which missionary group?

A) the British Protestants
B) the Spanish Roman Catholics
C) the Jesuits
D) the Knights Templar

Question 50

The __________ system in the Spanish colonies granted the use of land and the labor of any indigenous people on it to soldiers, priests, and settlers.

A) Peonage
B) Hacienda
C) Feudal
D) Encomienda

Question 51

The fact that the horse became a measure of wealth for the Lakota people illustrates which of the following?

A) Without a monetary-based economy, the Lakota used the horse as a means of currency.
B) As the Lakota territory grew in size, horses were required as a means for transportation.
C) European innovations and values influenced the Lakota to amass horses for trade.
D) The trade economy resulted in the replacement of the values of equality with the pursuit of wealth and status.

Question 52

In the Spanish Americas, indigenous people who __________ became free laborers with little choice but to accept work as sharecroppers or in mines.

A) committed petty crimes
B) were born after 1610
C) were dispossessed of their lands
D) moved to urban areas

Question 53

A consequence of the enormous native loss of life due to conquest and disease in Spanish America was __________.

A) an economic depression caused by lack of labor
B) a shift to agriculture and away from mining
C) the importation of African slaves
D) land grants to any Spaniards who would settle in the Spanish Americas

Question 54

What became the central economic activity for the Lakota nations by as early as the seventeenth century?

A) farming and selling crops
B) selling and trading firearms
C) trapping and trading
D) organizing warfare

Question 55

Mandatory boarding school attendance for the children of indigenous societies resulted in which of the following?

A) the loss of the concept of family
B) a cultural shift in gender roles
C) a loss of language and cultural knowledge
D) a decline in food supply due to loss of child labor

Question 56

The economics of buffalo hunting for the skin trade resulted in __________ amongst wealthier men so that processing could keep pace with buffalo killed.

A) the hiring of workers
B) the acquisition of multiple wives
C) the use of factory-style processing methods
D) low-quality methods of hide tanning

Question 57

An 1887 order issued by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs stated, "The instruction of the Indians in the vernacular is not only of no use to them, but is detrimental to the cause of their education and civilization, and no school will be permitted on the reservation in which the English language is not exclusively taught" (Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1887, xxii). This quote illustrates which of the following?

A) English was taught to the Native Americans only as a means of creating a national standard for language.
B) European culture was considered superior to Native American traditions, knowledge, and language.
C) The existence of multiple Native American languages required the need for a standard language.
D) The reservation system and treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government was fair and just.

Question 58

Missionary criticisms of premarital sexual relations, divorce, and non-strict child rearing practices tended to increase __________ in indigenous societies.

A) Christian conversions
B) matrilineal practices
C) loose kin ties
D) patriarchy

Question 59

The Jesuits believed __________, and this drove them towards missionary ventures.

A) indigenous peoples were not really human
B) that indigenous peoples suffered from intellectual deficiencies brought on by their religious leaders and the devil
C) all indigenous peoples were capable of limited understanding of Christianity
D) colonial ventures were immoral

Question 60

According the U.S. Census figures, in 2010 the number of Native Americans has reached nearly 2.9 million or about __________ of the estimated pre-European contact population.

A) 20%
B) 25%
C) 33%
D) 50%

Question 61

In order to increase the markets for goods produced in home countries among indigenous peoples, colonizing nations had to __________.

A) demonstrate the benefits of the goods
B) create cash economies
C) pay more liberal wages to indigenous workers
D) create incentives for settlers to relocate to colonized areas

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT an example of a land-grabbing tactic utilized by European colonizers?

A) Using the procedural legality of signing treaties with native leaders and establishing reservations.
B) Giving Native Americans full financial compensation for their land territories.
C) Resorting to intimidation and threat of military force, while offering no justification for their actions.
D) Forcing native representatives to sign land-cession agreements in exchange for debt forgiveness.

Question 63

What did the U.S. government do when settlers ignored treaties and intruded on Native American lands?

A) it removed the settlers as quickly as possible
B) it claimed Native American aggression had instigated the episode
C) it claimed they could do nothing
D) it unilaterally cancelled treaties by an act of Congress

Question 64

Which of the following was NOT an outcome for indigenous peoples as a result of the independence movement that preceded the post-colonial era?

A) All indigenous peoples obtained equal social, economic, and political rights in their new nations.
B) The indigenous people observed a loss of cultural diversity as indigenous ways were considered incorrect.
C) They remained marginalized groups under pressure to conform to nationalist practices.
D) Xenophobic reactions led to internal competition and intertribal genocide.

Question 65

Colonial authorities recognized "native law," or __________, in order to secure greater control over indigenous populations.

A) tribal courts
B) customary law
C) kangaroo courts
D) mediation proceedings

Question 66

Which process has served to integrate national societies throughout the world in the post-colonial era?

A) The migration of peoples to foreign countries and to urban areas within their own countries.
B) The beginning of separatist movements that advocate racial separation from the larger group.
C) The practice of housing separate ethnic groups in specific urban areas, or ghettos.
D) Allowing all citizens of a particular country to vote in national elections.

Question 67

The "Stolen Generation" refers to which of the following?

A) The local practice of taking half of all land and food from the Aboriginal population.
B) The practice of placing Aboriginal children in institutions and denying them contact with their families.
C) The practice of placing Aboriginal children into slavery if the parents could not pay land taxes.
D) The loss of an entire generation of Aborigines due to contact with diseases of European origin.

Question 68

The British claimed lands based on their principle __________, which allowed them to take the lands of many indigenous communities who were not farmers.

A) that written deeds were the only relevant documents showing ownership
B) that some crops must be planted on private land
C) that to own land one must improve it through labor
D) that national governments have the right to seize any private property

Question 69

__________ was the American belief that the United States must inevitably and naturally extend it's borders all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

A) White man's burden
B) Expansionism
C) Colonialism
D) Manifest destiny

Question 70

Which of the following is the best example of xenophobia?

A) The Spanish attempted to convert Native Americans to Catholicism throughout North and South America in the 16^th and 17^th centuries.
B) In recent decades, Aboriginal populations have restored many aspects of their national identity.
C) India freed itself from colonial rule in 1947.
D) Throughout its history, the United States has shifted the borders of Native American reservations to exploit locally available resources.

Question 71

Which of the following principles was NOT used as a justification for colonial rule and land acquisition?

A) Indigenous land was considered "unoccupied wasteland" that could be appropriated to the government.
B) Indigenous people did not "own" their land because they did not transform it through labor.
C) Europeans could take lands they conquered simply by self-declared "right of discovery."
D) Eradication and genocide of indigenous, pagan populations was a sacred mission of Christianity.

Question 72

Which large colonized country was one of the first to free itself from colonial rule in 1947?

A) Australia
B) Pakistan
C) Argentina
D) India

Question 73

Sir Hubert Murray's statement in the 1933 that "we are not trying to make the brown man white; we are trying to make him a better brown man than he was before" is an example of __________.

A) pacification
B) white man's burden
C) missionary opinion
D) manifest destiny

Question 74

Which of the following statements does NOT illustrate the concept of the "white man's burden"?

A) Colonial governments have a duty of association and collaboration towards subject races.
B) Natives deserved to be civilized by the guidance and superiority of the white men.
C) Missionaries in the Americas were saving the natives and doing God's work by saving them.
D) European colonizers have a duty to uphold the customs and traditions of the local indigenous people.

Question 75

Which of the following examples was NOT a pacification tactic used by colonial administrators?

A) Establishing posts in interior districts in order to deepen their control and create multiple centers of influence.
B) Permitting the preservation of indigenous customs so long as they did not contribute to disorder and resistance.
C) Instilling fear and obedience by bringing swift and abrupt change to the lives of indigenous people.
D) Demonstrating benevolence and creating goodwill by returning prisoners to their communities.

Question 76

The 2006 federal court ruling concerning the Aboriginal Noongar people resulted in which of the following?

A) The Noongar people maintained their cultural identity and traditions even though they had been displaced from their lands.
B) The Noongar were allowed to take possession of their lands because native title supersedes "freehold title."
C) The Noongar were financially compensated for being displaced from their lands when white settlement began.
D) The Noongar had title to 2,300 square miles of exclusively rural land.

Question 77

According to Nelson Mandela's excerpt, which movement was noted as a step of great political significance?

A) the South African Indian Congress
B) the United Nations Treaty of Johannesburg
C) the American Civil Rights Movement
D) the Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws

Question 78

In Africa, both English and French colonial authorities __________ which forced men to seek work away from their villages, disturbing the cohesiveness of communities and kin networks.

A) demanded taxes in cash
B) confiscated land
C) banned pastoralism
D) turned agricultural lands over to women

Question 79

The post-colonial era, in which most colonized areas have received their independence, can be considered to have begun in __________.

A) the 1980's
B) late 1970's
C) the mid 1960's
D) the early 1950's

Question 80

Which of the following was a negative result of the creation of cash economies in colonies?

A) The social cohesiveness of local communities was disturbed due to migration for work.
B) Indigenous peoples resorted to armed conflict in retaliation to a taxation system.
C) The roles of women in their communities shifted because there was no need for their services.
D) The desire for wealth led to warfare and conflict between indigenous tribes.