Deck 2: The History of Management

Question 1

Motion study involved timing how long it took good workers to complete each part of their jobs.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A major change that took place during the Industrial Revolution was that highly skilled artisans took over the jobs of low-skilled laborers.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Nearly all organizations should be viewed as open systems that interact with their environments and depend on them for survival.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A systems approach to management encourages managers to view each division as a separate, vital entity.

Question 5

A Gantt chart shows tasks on the x-axis and time in various units on y-axis.

Question 6

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth used motion-picture films to analyze jobs.

Question 7

In his work with companies, Henry Gantt found that workers achieved their best performance levels if they were trained first.

Question 8

One of the most commonly used operations management tools is cognitive mapping, which is used to better understand the psychology of the workers in an organization.

Question 9

For most of recorded history, information has been costly, difficult to obtain, and slow to spread.

Question 10

For most of humankind's history, people have commuted to and from their place of work.

Question 11

The Hawthorne Studies demonstrated that financial incentives were the most important motivator for workers.

Question 12

One of the practical implications of the contingency approach to management is that management is much harder than it looks.

Question 13

In general, operations management uses a qualitative approach to find ways to increase productivity, improve quality, and manage or reduce costly inventories.

Question 14

Chester Barnard invented the printing press.

Question 15

The contingency approach to management clearly states that all management ideas or practices are universal.

Question 16

Businesses have always looked for information technologies that would speed access to timely information.

Question 17

Gantt charts were revolutionary in the era of seat-of-the-pants management because of the detailed planning information they provided.

Question 18

One of the first technologies to truly revolutionize the business use of information was a stone tablet.

Question 19

Contingency is the amount and number of raw materials, parts, and finished products that a company has in its possession.

Question 20

A Gantt chart indicates informal communication paths.

Question 21

Reginald is part of the sales team of his company. His team members listen to his instructions and look up to him because he has been with the company for five years and has been consistent in meeting his sales targets every month. Which of the following does Reginald lead by to control his teammates?

A) Synergy
B) Coercion
C) Bureaucracy
D) Monarchy

Question 22

Which of the following best defines scientific management?

A) It is thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job.
B) It is the set of moral principles or values that defines right and wrong for a person or a group.
C) It is the behavior that conforms to a society's accepted principles of right and wrong.
D) It is maintaining planning flexibility by making small, simultaneous investments in many alternative plans.

Question 23

Fresnas Inc. is a company that manufactures bottles. Initially, the employees were divided into two teams to make it easier for the company to manage them. Each team produced 200 bottles per day. When the managers of the company integrated the two teams into one, the number of bottles produced per day was 500. This was due to the better coordination among the employees. This approach is an example of _____.

A) dominance
B) synergy
C) anarchy
D) compromise

Question 24

Which of the following is true of jobs and organizations during the Industrial Revolution?

A) Jobs were performed in fields, homes, or small shops.
B) Managers realized the importance of customer relations.
C) Unskilled laborers running machines began to replace high-paid, skilled artisans.
D) Cottage laborers worked with each other out of small homes that were often built in a semicircle and did not need management.

Question 25

The management of Won League Lotteries was planning to shut down one of its offices. This shutdown was going to result in layoffs, and the employees were not happy. The employees stopped picking up client calls and started leaving work before completing their eight-hour shifts. In the context of scientific management, this behavior of the employees is known as _____.

A) soldiering
B) policing
C) whistle-blowing
D) accommodation

Question 26

Two companies that operate from the same building have a conflict over the building's basement parking facilities. They fail to resolve the conflict, and the company that pays more rent gets the benefit of basement parking. The other company is forced to ask its employees to park their vehicles outside the building. This scenario best exemplifies _____.

A) integration
B) domination
C) accommodation
D) mediation

Question 27

Which of the following is a bureaucratic organization?

A) UJeans, which hires people based on their qualifications and skills
B) Chilled Diner, which promotes employees based on their social connections
C) Joni's Jumpers, where the owner manages and supervises the company
D) PaintedOn Inc., where organizational rules and procedures are changed every day

Question 28

Two teams in a company have a conflict over which team will work on a lucrative project. Both teams want to work on the project. Eventually, they decide to work together on the project and share the credit for its completion. In the given scenario, which of the following methods did the teams use to resolve the conflict?

A) Domination
B) Coercion
C) Compromise
D) Mediation

Question 29

Krisp Bite, a breakfast cereal manufacturer, has a storage facility to store sugar, corn, wheat, oats, rice, and barley before they are processed into cereal. In the context of operations management, Krisp Bite uses the storage facility to store its _____.

A) throughput
B) information systems
C) contingency systems
D) inventory

Question 30

According to Henri Fayol's fourteen principles of management, order can be achieved in an organization by _____.

A) promoting individuals based on their political connections
B) resolving conflicts through the process of compromise
C) having a place for everyone and having everyone in his or her place
D) completely centralizing the process of decision making

Question 31

The sales department of Trade Fort was short of employees, and the marketing department was short of funds for one of its new projects. Both teams came to an agreement in which the sales department lent funds to the marketing team and some members of the marketing team helped the sales team with its project. Both teams managed to get close to their requirements but not meet them entirely. Which of the following concepts does this scenario illustrate?

A) Domination
B) Compromise
C) Despotism
D) Repression

Question 32

When viewed in historical context, Max Weber's ideas about bureaucracy show that _____.

A) arbitrary decision making supplanted logical rules and procedures in organizations
B) personal gain scored over efficiency in organizations
C) fairness supplanted favoritism in organizations
D) political connections were given preference over merit for promotions in organizations

Question 33

Chandler is the owner of a book manufacturing company. He does not take part in the management of his company and has hired several managers to manage the various departments of the company. Based on the given information, Chandler's book manufacturing company is a _____.

A) bureaucratic organization
B) flat organization
C) monarchy
D) patriarchy

Question 34

Jeff's Pizzeria can handle 30 orders during the day. It wanted to increase this number, so it started making its delivery boys do minor chores in the kitchen when they were not out for delivery and made some of the chefs pick up customers' calls. This doubled the number of orders Jeff's Pizzeria could handle. This approach is an example of _____.

A) dominance
B) synergy
C) anarchy
D) compromise

Question 35

Lenny finishes his work 30 percent faster than his coworkers. In the context of scientific management, Lenny is a(n) _____.

A) rate buster
B) soldier
C) bureaucrat
D) opinion leader

Question 36

The management at Yellow Wheels believes that employees are easily replaceable and that they should be replaced when they no longer add value to the company. When a group of employees approached the management and asked for a raise, they got laid off and the company hired new employees to replace them the next day. In this scenario, the approach used by Yellow Wheels is known as:

A) mediation.
B) domination.
C) integration.
D) collaboration.

Question 37

A(n) _____ is a group member whose work pace is significantly faster than the normal pace in his or her group.

A) rate buster
B) soldier
C) bureaucrat
D) opinion leader

Question 38

Mary Parker Follett believed that the best way to deal with conflict was _____.

A) integration
B) domination
C) coercion
D) compromise

Question 39

According to Chester Bernard, people will be indifferent to managerial directives or orders if they _____.

A) come from a peer rather than a senior
B) are consistent with the purpose of an organization
C) are incompatible with the people's personal interests
D) cannot be carried out by those people

Question 40

When workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work output, it is known as _____.

A) soldiering
B) policing
C) whistle-blowing
D) accommodation

Question 41

In the context of scientific management, who among the following is a rate buster?

A) Jasmine, who completes her work before its due date
B) Samantha, who is always the first one to reach her workplace
C) Jamie, who is the most sociable member in his team
D) Peter, who is the most experienced member of his team

Question 42

__________was the first to use witnesses in legal cases.

A) Hammurabi
B) al-Farabi
C) Cyrus
D) Cato

Question 43

Bill manages to complete every project he is involved in before its deadline. In the context of scientific management, Bill can be considered a(n) _____.

A) rate buster
B) soldier
C) bureaucrat
D) opinion leader

Question 44

The__________to management is derived from theoretical models in biology and social psychology developed in the 1950s and 1960s.

A) information approach
B) systems approach
C) contingency approach
D) operations approach

Question 45

According to the elements of bureaucratic organizations, which of the following should be a criterion for promoting employees?

A) Relationship with the managers
B) Physical appearance
C) Experience or achievement
D) Political influence

Question 46

Which of the following is true of bureaucratic organizations?

A) Tasks, responsibilities, and authority are not divided clearly.
B) Promotion within a company is based on who one knows.
C) The owners of an organization manage or supervise the organization.
D) Employees are hired on the basis of their technical training.

Question 47

Betty worked in the accounts department of her company for four years. Her company started a risk management team and asked Betty to join the team. Everyone in the team, apart from Betty, was either new to the company or fairly inexperienced. When her team members learned more about Betty's qualification and the number of years she has been with the company, they automatically started following her lead and did as she asked them to. Which of the following does Betty lead by to control his teammates?

A) Bureaucracy
B) Coercion
C) Synergy
D) Patriarchy

Question 48

Ortein, a shoe manufacturing company, wanted to cut costs and hence laid off half its employees from two of its departments. It then made the departments share free resources with each other. This sharing of resources led to the company improving the overall productivity of the two departments, and it also helped in reducing costs. This approach is an example of _____.

A) dominance
B) synergy
C) anarchy
D) compromise

Question 49

According to__________, giving orders involves discussing instructions and dealing with resentment in the context of his or her contributions to management.

A) Mary Parker Follett
B) Elton Mayo
C) Frederick Taylor
D) Frank Gilbreth

Question 50

The marketing team of Kyns Technologies needed more funds to carry out market research for one of its new products. The research and development team also needed funds to improve the company's existing products. The teams decided to split the company's funds so that both teams could use them, but not optimally. Which of the following concepts does this scenario illustrate?

A) Domination
B) Compromise
C) Despotism
D) Repression

Question 51

The marketing team of Kreshmart was not happy with the employees that the recruitment team was hiring. The higher management of the company decided to let a few members from the marketing team sit in for the interviews and give their input on the applicants. This reduced the workload of the recruitment team and allowed the marketing team to pick better members. This approach is an example of _____.

A) dominance
B) synergy
C) anarchy
D) compromise

Question 52

__________were the first to recognize the need for submitting written requests.

A) Sumerians
B) Egyptians
C) Persians
D) Venetians

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true of bureaucracy?

A) It is based on the belief that management can be taught to others.
B) It allows political connections to determine an individual's power base within organizations.
C) It allows people to lead by virtue of their rational-legal authority.
D) It relies on scheduled, periodic corrective actions to operate efficiently.

Question 54

__________are smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system.

A) Open systems
B) Ecosystems
C) Subsystems
D) Closed systems

Question 55

Which of the following is a practical implication of the contingency approach to management?

A) Managers can develop quantitative approaches to solve organizational problems.
B) Managers need to spend more time analyzing problems before taking action to fix them.
C) Managers need to group all problems in the same category.
D) Managers can develop a universal management theory to solve all problems.

Question 56

__________proposed a comprehensive theory of cooperation in formal organizations.

A) Max Weber
B) Mary Parker Follett
C) Elton Mayo
D) Chester Barnard

Question 57

Hodge finishes his work before its scheduled end date so that he can help his colleagues who are lagging behind. In the context of scientific management, Hodge is a(n) _____.

A) rate buster
B) soldier
C) bureaucrat
D) opinion leader

Question 58

Samson is an engineer at Ket Technologies. Samson sends daily reports about his work to Bryce, his team leader. Bryce reports the performance of the team to Jasmine, the area manager. Jasmine reports the performance of every team leader to Macy, the technical lead of the company. In this scenario, the form of management followed by Ket Technologies is _____.

A) bureaucratic
B) flat
C) favoritism
D) patriarchy

Question 59

The Hawthorne Studies showed that _____.

A) the workplace is much simpler than previously thought
B) financial incentives are the most important motivators of work
C) workers' feelings and attitude do not affect their work
D) work performance is affected by group dynamics

Question 60

One of the objectives of the motion study conducted by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth was to:

A) extend the duration of time required to complete a task.
B) increase the number of motions required to complete a task.
C) foster soldiering among workers.
D) improve the productivity of workers.

Question 61

Polyton Fabrics uses a variety of raw materials such as cotton, polyester, and clothing dye while manufacturing clothes. In the context of operations management, the raw materials used by Polyton Fabrics are its _____.

A) throughput
B) information systems
C) contingency systems
D) inventory

Question 62

Laveall has created seven global product divisions-fragrances, baby care, batteries, oral care, men's grooming, convenience foods, and detergents-and three marketing divisions-one for North America, one for Asia, and one for Europe. In the context of the systems approach to management, these ten divisions are examples of _____.

A) suprasystems
B) nonfunctional systems
C) subsystems
D) closed systems

Question 63

Which of the following was al-Farabi's contribution to management thought and practice?

A) Job descriptions
B) Leadership traits
C) Organizational structures
D) Human relations

Question 64

Shroden is a consumer goods manufacturer. It manufactures cookies, batteries, toothpaste, and soap. In the context of operations management, the goods manufactured by Shroden are its _____.

A) throughput
B) information systems
C) contingency systems
D) inventory

Question 65

Trey Tires is going to merge with Big Spokes, and the merger will result in layoffs. As a result, the workers are not happy. They start doing less work and waste their time by taking frequent breaks. In the context of scientific management, this behavior of the workers is known as _____.

A) soldiering
B) policing
C) whistle-blowing
D) accommodation

Question 66

Two companies that operate from the same building have a conflict over the space available for their employees to have lunch during lunch hours in the building's cafeteria. They fail to resolve the conflict, and the company that pays more rent gets the benefit of using the cafeteria during lunch hours. The other company is forced to ask its employees to use the cafeteria outside of lunch hours. This scenario best exemplifies _____.

A) integration
B) domination
C) accommodation
D) mediation

Question 67

The management of Krane Software makes all its employees work overtime when they do not meet the desired levels of productivity. The management does not pay the employees for the overtime and dismisses anyone who asks for a raise. Which of the following concepts does the scenario exemplify?

A) Integration
B) Domination
C) Accommodation
D) Mediation

Question 68

According to Henri Fayol's principles of management, which of the following is true of unity of direction?

A) All employees should report to and receive orders from just one boss.
B) Employees must put the organization's interests and goals before their own.
C) There should be no overlapping responsibilities for the employees.
D) One person and one plan should be used in deciding the activities to be carried out.

Question 69

According to bureaucratic management, _____ should supervise an organization to reduce favoritism.

A) creditors
B) business partners
C) professional managers
D) shareholders

Question 70

__________was the management theorist who believed that workers ultimately grant managers their authority.

A) Chester Barnard
B) Max Weber
C) Mary Parker Follett
D) Elton Mayo

Question 71

The workers at a furniture manufacturing plant demanded a 30 percent raise and two additional days off every month. The workers went on strike when the management refused to meet their demands. After two days, the management decided to give the workers a 15 percent raise and one additional day off every month and the workers ended their strike. Which of the following concepts does this scenario illustrate?

A) Domination
B) Compromise
C) Despotism
D) Repression

Question 72

Jek's WoodWorks is a furniture company. It stores its hardwood lumber, plywood, particleboard, softwood lumber, and other materials used in manufacturing furniture in a warehouse. In the context of operations management, Jek's WoodWorks uses the warehouse to store its _____.

A) throughput
B) information systems
C) contingency systems
D) inventory

Question 73

Two managers in a company have a conflict over the resources required to complete their new projects. Both the managers want all the top-performing employees of the firm to work in their projects. Eventually, they arrive at a decision where they equally share the number of top-performing employees. In the given scenario, which of the following methods did the managers used to resolve the conflict?

A) Domination
B) Coercion
C) Compromise
D) Mediation

Question 74

The employees of Wingim Corp. were unhappy with the new policies that were introduced by the management, so they decided to rebel against the company. The employees started coming late and left before completing their shifts. In the context of scientific management, this behavior of the employees is known as _____.

A) soldiering
B) policing
C) whistle-blowing
D) accommodation

Question 75

A software company had to lay off many of its employees across the world in order to cut overhead costs. After the layoffs, the available resources among all the departments of the organization were globally shared. This led to the company improving its overall productivity. This approach is an example of _____.

A) dominance
B) synergy
C) anarchy
D) compromise

Question 76

Ron is the head of the finance department of his company. He has worked with many companies and has handled numerous accounts. His team members never question his decisions and approach him when they need guidance. Which of the following does Ron lead by to control his teammates?

A) Synergy
B) Coercion
C) Bureaucracy
D) Monarchy

Question 77

The management of Telsey Corp. gives additional funds to only the team that performed the best in the last quarter. Funds are not given to other teams even when they need them. Which of the following concepts does this scenario exemplify?

A) Integration
B) Domination
C) Accommodation
D) Mediation

Question 78

According to Henri Fayol's principles of management, _____ advocates that each employee should report to and receive orders from just one boss to avoid confusion and conflict.

A) unity of direction
B) centralization
C) remuneration
D) unity of command

Question 79

_____ is the amount and number of raw materials, parts, and finished products that a company has in its possession.

A) Throughput
B) Cabotage
C) Contingency
D) Inventory

Question 80

Jane and her team members started working overtime but worked slower and deliberately introduced errors in the work they were given. In the context of scientific management, this behavior of the workers is known as _____.

A) soldiering
B) policing
C) whistle-blowing
D) accommodation