Deck 13: Motivation

Question 1

McClelland's Learned Needs Theory suggests that people are motivated by physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Peggy loves her new job as a media planner mainly because she feels that her superiors are fair to her despite her being a new employee. She feels that she is treated at par with other employees of the firm. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Equity theory

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Norman, a renowned painter, wants to open a new studio. He also wants to set up art exhibitions in different cities in the United States to display his artwork. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Norman's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) self-actualization needs
C) physiological needs
D) safety needs

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to goal-setting theory, managers should assign challenging goals to motivate employees.

Question 5

Janet, a senior accountant at a manufacturing company, wanted to get her maternity leave extended by two weeks. Her supervisor rejected her leave application but gave her an option to take three weeks off in the next calendar year. Janet, however, rejected the offer and decided to quit her job. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of _____.

A) instrumentality
B) reinforcement
C) valence
D) affiliation

Question 6

Alderfer suggests that people are just as likely to move down Maslow's needs hierarchy as up.

Question 7

Melissa, a lawyer by profession, was considered one of the best singers in her previous company. After she switched jobs, she registered for all music-related activities in her new company so that her talent could be recognized in the new company as well. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Melissa's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Question 8

When people perceive that they have been underrewarded, they tend to

A) experience anger or frustration.
B) experience guilt.
C) focus on integrating deep-level diversity differences.
D) exhibit high tolerance.

Question 9

__________says that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards.

A) Expectancy theory
B) Equity theory
C) Goal-setting theory
D) Reinforcement theory

Question 10

Citrus Inc., a leading Internet service provider, provides its top managers with a bonus every year. However, this year the company performed poorly and its average stock price dropped below the industry standards. The company decided not to reward the managers this time around. This scenario typically illustrates the reinforcement contingency of _____.

A) extinction
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Question 11

Extrinsic rewards are given to motivate people to look for better jobs outside a company.

Question 12

Employees who perceive layoff procedures to be fair tend to continue to support and trust their employers.

Question 13

Reinforcement contingencies directly affect the attractiveness of rewards.

Question 14

In the context of motivation, initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.

Question 15

Afecreen Inc. has an average of 85 working days in a quarter. The company conducts quality checks to assess the performance of its employees. The employees who perform well may receive a bonus after 70 days or 100 days, but the average interval between the completion of tasks and the receiving of bonus is 85 days. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?

A) A fixed interval reinforcement schedule
B) A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
C) A variable interval reinforcement schedule
D) A variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 16

At Debrelas, a cosmetics manufacturing company, the salespeople are eligible for quarterly bonuses only if they meet their sales target for each month in that particular quarter. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?

A) A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
B) A fixed interval reinforcement schedule
C) A variable interval reinforcement schedule
D) A variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 17

With fixed interval reinforcement schedules, consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed.

Question 18

Managers should reduce employees' outcomes to restore equity.

Question 19

Jay's motivation to work decreased after he found out that newly recruited sales representatives are offered double what he was offered a year ago for the same position. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Herzberg's two-factor theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Equity theory

Question 20

Pay, benefits, and job security/organizational financial stability are considered very important intrinsic factors that motivate employees.

Question 21

The human resources department of Mevertyn, a public relations firm, decided to stop giving meal coupons to the employees who come late to office. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Reinforcement theory

Question 22

Jude, a salesman, received a bonus of $1,000 from his employer for meeting his quarterly sales target. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____.

A) extrinsic reward
B) esteem reward
C) natural reward
D) actualization reward

Question 23

Rebecca, a game artist at a game designing company, receives her bonus 10 days before or 10 days after she receives her monthly salary. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?

A) A fixed interval reinforcement schedule
B) A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
C) A variable interval reinforcement schedule
D) A variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 24

Which of the following exemplifies an intrinsic reward?

A) Richard enjoys his job and sees it as a chance to learn something new.
B) Samantha receives a cash reward for good job performance.
C) Dorothy gets promoted at work.
D) Rani receives an annual bonus.

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

A) A sense of accomplishment
B) A feeling of responsibility
C) A chance to learn something new
D) A promotion to a higher position

Question 26

Juan wants to take a few insurance policies for financial security. Therefore, he compares different insurance products online to find the ones with good returns. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Juan's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Question 27

__________says that people will be motivated at work when they perceive that they are being treated fairly.

A) Contingency theory
B) Goal-setting theory
C) Equity theory
D) Reinforcement theory

Question 28

Donna, a senior engineer at Ampersand Inc., often takes out time from her busy schedule to train her subordinates. She hopes that she gets recognized for the hard work she puts in. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Herzberg's two-factor theory

Question 29

Debra is a fashion model. She recently broke up with her boyfriend of four years. To cope with depression, she keeps herself busy with work and frequently parties with friends. She likes being surrounded by people, and she never misses social gatherings organized by her modeling agency. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Debra's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Question 30

Siddiqi has been a team leader in a company for five years. He was promoted to a managerial role after taking his leadership qualities and his ability to inspire his teammates into consideration. According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Siddiqi was motivated by _____.

A) the need for affiliation
B) the need for power
C) the need for self-actualization
D) the need for safety

Question 31

When the employees of a company feel that rewards are fairly allocated, it illustrates _____.

A) distributive justice
B) procedural justice
C) restorative justice
D) retributive justice

Question 32

Richa, an instrumentation engineer, has been assigned a challenging task of designing a specialized device to sterilize medical equipment. Richa believes that hard work and perseverance will help her perform well and complete the design on time. Her belief turns out to be a factor of motivation for her. As a result, she completes the project by meeting all the requirements on time. According to the expectancy theory, Richa is motivated by _____.

A) instrumentality
B) valence
C) expectancy
D) reinforcement

Question 33

In the context of theories of motivation,__________is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

A) goal setting
B) expectancy
C) reinforcement
D) self-actualization

Question 34

When people perceive that they have been treated unfairly, they may try to restore equity by:

A) keeping inputs and outcomes constant.
B) fixing a referent as constant.
C) increasing inputs.
D) increasing outcomes.

Question 35

In the context of equity theory, _____ occurs when a referent's outcome/input (O/I) ratio is better than one's own O/I ratio.

A) distributive justice
B) overreward
C) underreward
D) procedural justice

Question 36

Nathan, a civil engineer in a construction company, is one of the best performers in the organization. He is assigned challenging projects by his manager. He delegates low-risk tasks in projects and takes up the high-risk ones. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Nathan is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) affiliation
B) relatedness
C) power
D) achievement

Question 37

Victor, a software engineer, accepted a project for developing an easy-buy application for cell phones. The project had a stringent deadline that other engineers deemed impossible to complete. With proper planning and motivation, Victor was able to develop the application on time. Victor's accomplishment was rewarded with a pay increment. In this scenario, Victor was awarded a(n) _____ for his efforts.

A) intrinsic reward
B) extrinsic reward
C) intangible reward
D) natural reward

Question 38

Patrick, a marketing manager at Flares Inc., sets performance goals for his subordinates. He discusses the goals with one of his subordinates named Jim. Jim agrees to the specific goals and works toward achieving them. Which of the following components of goal-setting theory is illustrated in this scenario?

A) Goal divergence
B) Goal difficulty
C) Goal acceptance
D) Goal ambiguity

Question 39

Identify a step that managers can take to motivate employees using the expectancy theory.

A) Reduce employees' inputs
B) Overreward employees
C) Avoid publicizing the way in which pay decisions are made
D) Empower employees to make decisions

Question 40

Although Chad, an accountant at a supply chain management company, worked overtime this week, he readily agreed to his supervisor's request to work for five more hours during the weekend. This is because Chad likes to cooperate with his superiors. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Chad is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) achievement
B) affiliation
C) power
D) relatedness

Question 41

Alex works as an accountant in a pharmaceutical company. His job frequently demands that he work overtime. Lately, his health has been affected because of his workload. Alex is eligible for a promotion. However, the new position would demand longer working hours with double the current salary. Alex values his health over his pay check at the end of the month. In the context of expectancy theory, the promotion has a _____ on Alex.

A) negative valence
B) positive valence
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Question 42

Miguel is a fashion designer at an apparel company. Despite his seniority in the company, his salary is lower than that of the entry-level fashion designers in the company. Because of this, he is looking for another job. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Alderfer's ERG Theory
C) Equity theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 43

In the context of equity theory, pay, fringe benefits, status symbols, and job titles and assignments are examples of _____.

A) outcomes
B) referents
C) inputs
D) valences

Question 44

According to equity theory, the comparison by employees between the rewards they receive from an organization with their contributions to the organization is known as__________.

A) variable ratio
B) outcome/input ratio
C) financial ratio
D) debt/asset ratio

Question 45

Derek is a manager. When Pamela, one of Derek's subordinates, was also promoted as a manager, he decided to work overtime so that he could finish more work and receive more incentives than Pamela. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Alderfer's ERG Theory
B) Equity theory
C) Expectancy theory
D) Herzberg's two-factor theory

Question 46

In the context of motivation, _____ is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts.

A) initiation of effort
B) persistence of effort
C) direction of effort
D) termination of effort

Question 47

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies fixed ratio reinforcement schedules?

A) A car salesperson receives bonus after 10 car sales.
B) A software engineer gets an incentive after completing a test case in 10 hours.
C) A lab technician gets an incentive of $5 every time he analyzes 50 blood samples.
D) A design engineer completes a design in 20 days gets a ten percent extra pay bonus for approximately 30 days.

Question 48

Edwin has been working as a commissioning editor in a publishing firm for the past two years. To reward him for his excellent performance, the company promotes him to the position of head editor. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____.

A) monetary reward
B) extrinsic reward
C) natural reward
D) actualization reward

Question 49

In the context of equity theory,__________are the contributions employees make to an organization.

A) outcomes
B) inputs
C) referents
D) valences

Question 50

In the context of expectancy theory,__________is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

A) valence
B) instrumentality
C) reinforcement
D) efficacy

Question 51

Sam is a customer service executive at Flix-an apparel store. He went beyond his primary role of assisting customers to suggesting or styling outfits for them. This gesture was well appreciated by the customers. The company's manager immediately rewarded Sam with a bonus for his good performance. Which of the following theories of motivation did Sam's manager adopt in this scenario?

A) Contingency theory
B) Systems theory
C) Equity theory
D) Reinforcement theory

Question 52

Gordon, a bookings coordinator at a leading television channel, has been effectively supporting the work of the post-production personnel in the company. He believes that his efforts would make him eligible for promotion next year. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Expectancy theory

Question 53

In the context of reinforcement theory, consequences of__________follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that vary around a specified average time.

A) fixed ratio reinforcement schedules
B) variable ratio reinforcement schedules
C) variable interval reinforcement schedules
D) fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 54

At the peak of her career, Evelyn, a tennis champion, wanted to launch her own sports shoe brand. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Evelyn's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) self-actualization needs
D) safety needs

Question 55

With__________, consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors.

A) fixed ratio reinforcement schedules
B) variable ratio reinforcement schedules
C) variable interval reinforcement schedules
D) fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 56

As part of his job, Keith was asked to relocate to a country far away from his home country. He has been feeling lonely ever since. As he is unable to adjust with the local language, people, and food, he requests his supervisor to transfer him back to his home country. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Keith's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Question 57

McClelland stated in his theory that:

A) people are motivated by their highest unsatisfied need.
B) people can only be motivated by one need at a time.
C) needs are learned, not innate.
D) rewards are tangible, not intangible.

Question 58

Neil, a digital painter at an animation company, is given a monthly target of 15 projects. He completes 10 or 20 projects a month. He receives his monthly bonus as long as he manages to complete an average of 15 projects. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?

A) A fixed interval reinforcement schedule
B) A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
C) A variable ratio reinforcement schedule
D) A variable interval reinforcement schedule

Question 59

Which of the following steps a manager can take to use goal-setting theory as a motivational tool for his employees?

A) Make sure workers truly accept organizational goals.
B) Refrain from reinforcing the wrong behaviors.
C) Gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs.
D) Reduce employees' inputs.

Question 60

Mellbalch is an electric appliance manufacturer. The employees of the company who are chosen as the best performers of the quarter are given financial incentives for their accomplishments. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?

A) A fixed interval reinforcement schedule
B) A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
C) A variable interval reinforcement schedule
D) A variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 61

According to _____, goals energize behavior and also create tension between the goal, which is the desired future state of affairs, and where the employee or company is now, meaning the current state of affairs.

A) path-goal theory
B) reinforcement theory
C) expectancy theory
D) goal-setting theory

Question 62

Ruth, a cashier at a private bank, strongly believes that no matter how much effort she puts in or how many hours she works overtime, she will not be offered a promotion in the next 10 years. In this scenario, Ruth's beliefs are in accordance with _____.

A) expectancy theory
B) equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 63

Kathleen is elated after getting promoted to senior sales manager. She aims to get her next promotion by the end of the next fiscal year. She wants to gain more recognition in the organization and in the society. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Kathleen's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) esteem needs
C) physiological needs
D) safety needs

Question 64

Billy initially started playing golf as a hobby. As he began to get better at the sport, he wanted to represent his club in the championships so that he could get sponsorships and get recognized for his talent. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Billy's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Question 65

Marilyn, a human resources associate in a public relations firm, maintains friendly relationships with her colleagues. She prefers to work in groups and tends to avoid conflicts as much as she can. She makes sure that she does not miss opportunities to build close interpersonal relationships with every member in her team. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Marilyn is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) affiliation
B) achievement
C) power
D) relatedness

Question 66

Ampertonde, a company that sells consumer durables, decides to take its top 20 best-performing salespeople on a cruise for two weeks. When the top performers are on the cruise, the other salespeople who are not among the top 20 will have to report for work. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Reinforcement theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 67

At Cuppamher, a paper carton manufacturing company, only the factory workers who meet their daily targets are eligible for the monthly bonuses that are disbursed along with their salaries. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?

A) A fixed interval reinforcement schedule
B) A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
C) A variable interval reinforcement schedule
D) A variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 68

According to goal-setting theory, _____ is the extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish.

A) goal valence
B) goal difficulty
C) goal instrumentality
D) goal specificity

Question 69

Which of the following steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees?

A) Keeping inputs and outcomes constant
B) Reducing outcomes
C) Reducing inputs
D) Fixing a referent as constant

Question 70

After Herman was appointed the chief financial officer of an e-commerce company, the company recorded the highest ever profits. The company's board of directors decides to offer Herman a luxury car so that he would continue his good work and remain with the organization. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Reinforcement theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 71

Brent, a waiter at a restaurant, always provides good service to the customers. He believes that his supervisor is fair and hopes that his supervisor would appreciate his performance by giving him a salary hike the next year. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of _____.

A) reinforcement
B) valence
C) instrumentality
D) affiliation

Question 72

After retirement, Shawn, the founder and chief executive officer of a multinational corporation, wants to start a charity to help the underprivileged in his home country. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Shawn's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) self-actualization needs
D) safety needs

Question 73

The engineers at Westbloc Inc. who failed to complete their tasks on time were asked to work on weekends without additional pay. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Reinforcement theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 74

With continuous reinforcement schedules, a consequence:

A) is delivered following a specific number of behaviors.
B) is delivered following a different number of behaviors.
C) follows a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed.
D) follows every instance of a behavior.

Question 75

Kiara, a waitress, received a salary increment. Even though Kiara's coworkers received a five percent higher increment than her, Kiara perceived the hike to be in line with her performance and experience. In the given scenario, Kiara _____ to restore equity.

A) decreased her inputs
B) increased her outcomes
C) changed her referent
D) rationalized her outcome/input (O/I) ratio

Question 76

Cynthia, a copy editor at a leading daily newspaper, wants one month's leave from work. Because of tight deadlines, her supervisor attempts to persuade her to cancel her leave by offering her a pay hike. However, Cynthia declines his offer. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of _____.

A) instrumentality
B) valence
C) reinforcement
D) affiliation

Question 77

Lori is considered one of the most successful lawyers in Sambatton, a law firm. She likes working on challenging cases and prefers working independently. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Lori is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) affiliation
B) achievement
C) power
D) relatedness

Question 78

Leon, the production manager at a furniture manufacturing company, decides to underperform at work by not meeting his monthly targets. This is because he feels that no matter how well he performs, his incentives are only half of what the marketing manager receives. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 79

Larry recently moved to Austin for a new job. He has been staying in an apartment alone ever since. He feels the need to make new friends and hence decides to join a recreational club. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Larry's _____.

A) safety needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) belongingness needs

Question 80

After two of Mary's colleagues were laid off from their jobs for no specific reason, she started looking for a better job. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Mary's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) safety needs
D) esteem needs