Deck 10: A: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

What motive is associated with the need to associate with others and maintain social bonds

A) sociological 
B) affiliation 
C) psychosocial 
D) competence

Answer 1

 affiliation 

Question 2

What do the following have in common: achievement,autonomy,play,and dominance

A) They are all social motives. 
B) They are all biological needs. 
C) They are all drives. 
D) They are all social-based biological motives.

Answer 2

 They are all social motives. 

Question 3

What is the foremost motivation for all organisms,according to drive theorists

A) Maintain homeostasis. 
B) Ensure their own survival and the survival of their species. 
C) Achieve self-actualization. 
D) Experience as much pleasant stimulation as possible.

Answer 3

 Maintain homeostasis. 

Question 4

What is the term for an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour

A) drive 
B) incentive 
C) expectancy 
D) homeostatic mechanism

Question 5

Which statements does NOT accurately describe human motives

A) Humans have a larger number of social needs than biological needs. 
B) Most biological motives reflect survival needs. 
C) Everyone shares the same set of social needs. 
D) The strength of social needs varies from person to person.

Question 6

Which term refers to the condition of being overweight

A) heavy 
B) body mass 
C) obesity 
D) diabetes

Question 7

Food-deprived rats will learn a new response if given artificially sweetened water as a reward.Thus,the sweet-tasting water is motivating even though no actual hunger reduction takes place.For which theory of motivation is this evidence problematic

A) sociobiological 
B) instinct 
C) incentive 
D) drive

Question 8

What state is referred to as homeostasis

A) psychological stability 
B) psychological instability 
C) physiological instability 
D) physiological stability

Question 9

Dr.King is studying the effects of gender on motivation to achieve in competitive sports.Her hypothesis is that males should have a greater motivation to win in sports with physical contact because males are genetically predisposed to seek dominance and status using physical prowess,whereas females should have a lower motivation in contact sports,because females seek dominance in other ways.Which motivational theory is guiding Dr.King's research

A) drive 
B) cognitive 
C) organizational 
D) evolutionary

Question 10

Which statement is a simple definition of motivation

A) Motivation is a precursor to dominance. 
B) Motivation involves goal-directed behaviour. 
C) Motivation includes all voluntary behaviour. 
D) Motivation requires intentional behaviour.

Question 11

Expectancy-value models of motivation suggest that a person's actions result from a balance between which factors

A) person's perception of the goal and of reality 
B) strength of the person's drive and size of the reward 
C) size of the reward and effort demanded 
D) chance of succeeding and value of the incentive

Question 12

Rita has just finished a large meal at her favourite restaurant.Although she is quite full,when the waiter brings the dessert tray,she orders a piece of cheesecake.Which theory does NOT explain Rita's behaviour

A) pull theories 
B) drive theory 
C) expectancy-value theory 
D) incentive theories

Question 13

Imogene grew up in a small town in northern England; Kunde grew up in a large city in West Africa.What should you expect about their various needs

A) They have the same biological needs, but different social needs. 
B) They have the same social needs, but different biological needs. 
C) They have the same biological and social needs. 
D) They have different biological and social needs.

Question 14

Rory is hungry and decides to go to the kitchen to make some toast.What is the state that precedes the trip to the kitchen,according to a motivation theorist

A) goal 
B) drive 
C) homeostasis 
D) deprivation

Question 15

What should we expect when we compare people's various needs,according to motivation theorists

A) Males and females have quite different biological needs. 
B) People are highly varied in both social and biological needs. 
C) Children and adults are quite similar in both biological and social needs. 
D) People are more similar in biological than in social needs.

Question 16

What is a drive

A) internal state of equilibrium that is nonmotivating 
B) internal state of tension that is nonmotivating 
C) internal state of equilibrium that is motivating 
D) internal state of tension that is motivating

Question 17

What is the term for the needs,wants,interests,and desires that lead people to behave in particular ways

A) deficiencies 
B) ideals 
C) motives 
D) incentives

Question 18

Which pair of terms characterizes drive theories and incentive theories of motivation,respectively

A) sociobiological; sociological 
B) push; pull 
C) external; internal 
D) constrained; unconstrained

Question 19

Psychologists who take an evolutionary view argue that natural selection favours behaviours that maximize which of the following

A) acquisition of territory 
B) self-actualization 
C) reproductive success 
D) material wealth

Question 20

Patrick ate a large breakfast.When he arrived for his 8:00 a.m. class, the student next to him offered Patrick a large raisin muffin. Even though Patrick was still quite full from breakfast, he ate the muffin that he was offered. Which theory of motivation best explains Patrick's behaviour in this instance? 

A) instinctive 
B) drive 
C) incentive 
D) self-awareness

Question 21

Which piece of evidence led to a rejection of Cannon's hypothesis that stomach contractions cause hunger

A) People experience hunger even when their stomachs have been surgically removed. 
B) People experience stomach contractions when they are sleeping. 
C) People experience hunger in dreams. 
D) People experience hunger in response to external rather than internal cues.

Question 22

Which state are you in if you are currently secreting both insulin and ghrelin

A) hunger 
B) thirst 
C) anxiety 
D) sexual arousal

Question 23

Which statement does NOT accurately describe the role of insulin in hunger

A) Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. 
B) Insulin is secreted primarily when the stomach is full. 
C) Increased insulin secretion causes increased hunger. 
D) Insulin must be present for cells to utilize glucose.

Question 24

Research has shown that obesity may foster inflammatory and metabolic changes that contribute to the development of which disease

A) Multiple Sclerosis 
B) Huntingtons 
C) Alzheimers 
D) Parksinsons

Question 25

A laboratory rat has had part of its hypothalamus destroyed by lesioning.The rat doesn't seem to know when to stop eating and has ballooned to several times its normal size.In this case,which area of the hypothalamus would you expect to be damaged

A) lateral 
B) ventromedial 
C) magnocellular 
D) parvocellular

Question 26

Which manipulation could help you with a goal to reduce the amount of food that you eat at a meal

A) Serve only one type of food. 
B) Place foods on the table in larger bowls than usual. 
C) Serve better tasting food. 
D) Eat in the presence of a lot of other people.

Question 27

What should you expect if laboratory rats have artificially reduced levels of insulin,based on the interaction between glucose levels and insulin levels in the body

A) They will stop eating and lose weight. 
B) They will show an increase in activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus. 
C) They will stop eating, but still gain weight. 
D) They will tend to overeat and gain weight.

Question 28

When contemporary researchers think about the role of the brain for the regulation of hunger,what tends to be their focus

A) anatomical centres 
B) overall size of the brain 
C) neural circuits 
D) amount of electrical activity in the hindbrain

Question 29

Which area of the brain has neurons that are sensitive to hunger signals,as well as neurons that are sensitive to satiety signals

A) brainstem 
B) hippocampus 
C) thalamus 
D) hypothalamus

Question 30

How do ghrelin and CCK influence hunger

A) Ghrelin and CCK both suppress hunger. 
B) Ghrelin suppresses hunger, and CCK stimulates hunger. 
C) Ghrelin stimulates hunger, and CCK suppresses hunger. 
D) Ghrelin and CCK both stimulate hunger.

Question 31

What adaptive value have evolutionary theorists suggested may be associated with the emotion of disgust

A) It helps humans avoid aggressive predators. 
B) It serves as an escape mechanism which helps people overcome helplessness. 
C) It serves an important function as a disease-avoidance mechanism. 
D) It helps humans identify who likes them and who doesn't like them.

Question 32

According to bin theory,under which condition would someone be most likely to eat the most popcorn

A) when popcorn is served in individual portions 
B) when popcorn is served in a very large bowl, and people help themselves 
C) when popcorn is served in conjunction with a wide range of other foods 
D) when a woman is eating popcorn on a date with an attractive man

Question 33

In which brain region would you expect to find neurons that are sensitive to changes in blood glucose

A) parahippocampal gyrus 
B) medial temporal lobe 
C) arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus 
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 34

Which brain structure has been associated with the brain's "on and off switches" for hunger

A) thalamus 
B) parietal lobe 
C) hypothalamus 
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 35

What is a primary control mechanism for the regulation of hunger,according to glucostatic theory

A) levels of glucose in the blood 
B) levels of cholecystokinin in the bloodstream 
C) numbers of lipids in the liver 
D) numbers of metabolites in the pancreas

Question 36

What did Cannon and Washburn propose as the cause of hunger

A) lack of food 
B) stomach contractions 
C) changes in leptin levels 
D) low blood sugar

Question 37

Females' sexual orientation appears to be characterized by more plasticity than males What does this mean

A) Gay males' sexual behaviours are more likely to be shaped and modified by culture. 
B) Gay males are less likely to trace their homosexuality back to their childhood as compared to lesbians. 
C) Lesbians' sexual behaviours are more easily shaped and modified by sociocultural factors and may change several times over the course of their adult years. 
D) Lesbians are less likely to indicate that their attraction to the same sex emerged during adulthood.

Question 38

Which statement best represents current thinking about the role of various areas of the hypothalamus for the regulation of hunger

A) The lateral and ventromedial portions of the hypothalamus are parts of the neural circuit, but that circuit originates in the cortex. 
B) The lateral and ventromedial portions of the hypothalamus are parts of the neural circuit, but the paraventricular nucleus may play a larger role. 
C) The lateral hypothalamus is the off-switch, and the ventromedial hypothalamus is the on-switch. 
D) The lateral hypothalamus is the on-switch, and the ventromedial hypothalamus is the off-switch.

Question 39

Which statement best reflects the current view regarding the role of leptin in hunger regulation

A) Leptin levels apparently regulate the hunger centres located in the stomach. 
B) An excessive amount of leptin in the brain has been associated with obesity in rats. 
C) When leptin levels are high, hunger tends to be reduced. 
D) The presence of leptin in the bloodstream tends to increase feelings of hunger.

Question 40

Where in the brain does information about the body's levels of leptin,CCK,insulin,and ghrelin converge

A) olfactory lobe 
B) prefrontal cortex 
C) cerebellum 
D) hypothalamus

Question 41

What does set point depend on,according to theorists

A) bone structure 
B) number of fat cells 
C) activity level 
D) current body weight

Question 42

How does the presence of others affect eating,according to Herman and Polivy's inhibitory norm model

A) It always inhibits the rate of eating, unless the others are family members. 
B) It increases the rate of disordered eating in vulnerable individuals. 
C) It always enhances the rate of eating. 
D) It generally inhibits eating, but in some situations may increase eating behaviour.

Question 43

Joseph conducted a study on highly anxious children and examined the size of various brain structures,including the amygdala.Which terms describe this type of research

A) affective neuroscience 
B) expressive neuroscience 
C) clinical trials 
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 44

Which manipulation would you employ if you wanted to use the phenomenon of sensory-specific satiety to alter your food intake

A) Change the colour of your dining room. 
B) Alter the variety of foods served at each meal. 
C) Change the size of the bowls you eat from. 
D) Alter the times of day that you eat.

Question 45

What is a measure of weight that controls for variations in height

A) reaction range 
B) obesity quotient 
C) set point 
D) body mass index

Question 46

When Harvey was a child,the only time he ate turnips was when he was at his grandmother's house for Christmas dinner.Now,as an adult,Harvey loves the taste of turnips because he associates them with Christmas at his grandmother's house.Which of the following best explains Harvey's preference for the taste of turnips in this example

A) operant conditioning 
B) observational learning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) homeostatic conditioning

Question 47

What would NOT be considered an environmental factor in the regulation of hunger

A) hormonal fluctuations 
B) stress 
C) food-related cues 
D) learned preferences and habits

Question 48

Increases in the rate of obesity in modern industrialized societies may have an evolutionary basis.What is the specific evolutionary hypothesis about body weight

A) We have genes for obesity. 
B) We evolved to have a metabolism that speeds up dramatically whenever we gain weight. 
C) Being obese increases your reproductive capacity. 
D) It was adaptive to overeat and store fat to survive environments where food was scarce.

Question 49

Which statement best describes the roles of genetic predispositions and learning for flavour preferences

A) At birth, we have a preference for only high-fat foods; other preferences are learned. 
B) Flavour preferences are innate and change across the life span only due to maturation. 
C) Flavour preferences are entirely learned and dependent upon degree of exposure. 
D) Some flavour preferences are innate, but learning modifies our preferences.

Question 50

How should obesity be understood according to evolutionary theorists

A) It is associated with genetic flaws that will be selected against in future generations. 
B) It is the result of adaptations to conserve energy, which are not needed in an environment with constant access to food. 
C) It is a result of selection for heavier and heavier bodies over time. 
D) It is a modern disorder that results from a series of mutations in the genes associated with hunger control.

Question 51

According to the principle of sensory-specific satiety,under which condition would someone be most likely to overeat

A) when soup and crackers are served in individual portions 
B) when popcorn is served in a very large bowl, and people help themselves 
C) when a variety of foods are served on a buffet table 
D) when people are distracted by conversation or other activities

Question 52

Which statement best describes display rules

A) These norms are observed only in cultures which value collectivism. 
B) Display rules are social conventions in how we dress and the impact this has on our personalities. 
C) These guidelines are universal and consistent cross-culturally. 
D) These norms tell us when, how, and to whom we can show our emotions to.

Question 53

What is suggested by the fact that the correlation in weight between identical twins reared apart is higher than that between fraternal twins reared together

A) Weight is influenced more by genetics than by environmental factors. 
B) Weight is influenced more by environmental factors than by genetics. 
C) Weight is affected equally by genetics and environmental factors. 
D) Weight is not affected by either genetics or environmental factors.

Question 54

Where in Canada are obesity rates either at average or below the average rate

A) Northwest Territories, Quebec, British Columbia, and Nunavut 
B) Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, and Alberta 
C) Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, British Columbia, and Alberta 
D) Saskatchewan, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia

Question 55

How does food availability influence the experience of hunger

A) People at potluck functions are less likely to consume a lot of food because they have access. 
B) Humans increase their consumption when a greater variety of food is available. 
C) When food is not available, people become stressed and this makes them lose their appetite. 
D) Humans cannot control themselves if they have too many options.

Question 56

Do people who admit same-sex attraction always identify as being gay

A) Many who admit same-sex attraction do not self-identify as either gay or bisexual. 
B) Most people who admit same-sex attraction self-identify as either gay or bisexual. 
C) Most people who admit same-sex attraction self-identify bisexual but not as gay. 
D) Self-identification always matches behaviour.

Question 57

What does the body monitor,according to set-point theory

A) level of glucose in the bloodstream 
B) level of fat stores 
C) activity of the hypothalamus 
D) basal metabolic rate

Question 58

Which type of cue would have the greatest effect on someone who is obese,compared to someone who is of normal weight,according to Herman and Polivy's revised externality hypothesis

A) the appearance of a piece of pie 
B) internal feelings of hunger 
C) social norms about food consumption 
D) the presence of other people

Question 59

What does set-point theory suggest about set point and weight change

A) Those with a low set point will have the hardest time losing weight. 
B) Those with a high set point will often lose any weight they gain. 
C) Those with a low set point will often regain any weight they lose. 
D) Those with a high set point will often regain any weight they lose.

Question 60

What does the set point for body weight refer to

A) the lowest possible weight at which the person can survive 
B) a person's current weight 
C) the highest weight the person can attain by unrestricted eating 
D) a person's natural point of stability in body weight

Question 61

Alayna and her husband have been kissing and caressing for about 15 minutes.Her level of arousal is still increasing,and she can feel some tightening in her vagina.Which of Masters and Johnson's phases is she experiencing

A) resolution 
B) orgasmic 
C) plateau 
D) excitement

Question 62

Justus is reading an erotic story in a men's magazine when he finds his respiration rate and heart rate increasing.He is also experiencing penile erection.Which of Masters and Johnson's phases is Justus experiencing

A) erecting 
B) excitement 
C) resolution 
D) plateau

Question 63

Which generalization was NOT supported by Masters and Johnson's human sexuality research

A) Men are more apt to be multiorgasmic than women are. 
B) The subjective experience of orgasm is very similar for men and women. 
C) Women are more apt than men to have intercourse without orgasm. 
D) Sexual difficulties are most typically caused by psychological factors.

Question 64

Which term refers to an individuals' personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction

A) personal happiness 
B) empirical well-being 
C) happiness 
D) subjective well-being

Question 65

During which two phases of the human sexual response do heart rate,respiration rate,and blood pressure increase sharply

A) plateau and orgasm 
B) excitement and orgasm 
C) excitement and plateau 
D) orgasm and resolution

Question 66

Approximately what percentage of 15- to 17-year-olds report engaging in sexual intercourse,according to recent surveys and reports by government agencies

A) 10 
B) 30 
C) 50 
D) 70

Question 67

During which phase of the human sexual response cycle does a series of muscular contractions pulsate through the pelvic area

A) phallic 
B) resolution 
C) orgasmic 
D) excitement

Question 68

Which statements does NOT accurately describe the human sexual response

A) It is normal for sexual arousal to vary during lengthy foreplay. 
B) Men are more likely than women to engage in intercourse without an orgasm. 
C) The subjective experience of orgasm is very similar for males and females. 
D) Women are far more likely than men to be multiorgasmic.

Question 69

Talia and her husband are having sex when Talia suddenly experiences a series of muscular contractions throughout her pelvis.What is most likely,based on research conducted by Masters and Johnson

A) Talia will now pass into the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle. 
B) It will be at least 20 minutes before Talia can become sexually aroused again. 
C) Talia's muscular contractions will prevent her from experiencing the orgasm phase. 
D) Talia may experience another orgasm without going through a refractory period.

Question 70

Which concept best explains the behaviour of a person who believes she has cheated on a diet,and then proceeds to go on an eating binge because they've already blown the diet anyway

A) genetic predisposition 
B) reaction range 
C) set point 
D) dietary restraint

Question 71

Which statement does NOT accurately depict emotion

A) Emotion involves a subjective conscious experience. 
B) The behavioural component of emotion includes bodily arousal. 
C) Emotion involves a cognitive component. 
D) Cognition is important in several aspects of emotions, including control of our emotions.

Question 72

Irene is listening to an audiobook of a romance novel while she is on her daily walk.Although she is not walking especially fast,she finds that as she listens to one of the love scenes in the novel,her respiration rate and heart rate increase.She is also experiencing vaginal moistness.Which phase is Irene experiencing based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson

A) plateau 
B) excitement 
C) resolution 
D) orgasmic

Question 73

Which question would likely lead to the largest sex difference in responses

A) Do you have an orgasm every time you have sex? 
B) Have you ever experienced an orgasm? 
C) Have you ever been sexually aroused without having an orgasm? 
D) Did you experience an orgasm in your most recent sexual encounter?

Question 74

Which term refers to the engorgement of blood vessels which produces erections in males and vaginal lubrication

A) vasocongestion 
B) vasoconstriction 
C) orgasm 
D) reproductive process

Question 75

Which list represents the correct sequence of the phases of the human sexual response

A) excitement, plateau, resolution, orgasm 
B) plateau, excitement, resolution, orgasm 
C) plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution 
D) excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 76

Which list represents the psychological components of emotion

A) cognitive, physiological and behavioural 
B) physiological, affective and behavioural 
C) cognitive, behavioural and complex 
D) cognitive, physiological and affective

Question 77

What causes penile erection in males and the swelling of the clitoris in females

A) engorgement of blood vessels 
B) vasodilation 
C) muscular tension 
D) increased blood pressure

Question 78

Sean and his wife have been kissing and caressing for about 15 minutes.His level of arousal is still increasing,and he has begun to secrete some seminal fluid from the tip of his penis.Which of Masters and Johnson's phases is he experiencing

A) orgasmic 
B) plateau 
C) resolution 
D) excitement

Question 79

Scott just experienced an orgasm.For about an hour,he cannot achieve another orgasm.Which phase of the sexual response cycle is Scott in

A) orgasmic 
B) plateau 
C) resolution 
D) latency

Question 80

What is the relationship between dietary restraint and overeating

A) People tend to see themselves as being either restrained or not, and this self-concept drives a great deal of their food-related choices. 
B) Some people have a genetic predisposition toward restraint, while others have a predisposition toward overeating. 
C) Those who tend to be restrained eaters have a paradoxical tendency to overeat due to their all-or-nothing mentality. 
D) Individuals who tend to overeat have a more difficult time learning the behavioural strategies associated with dietary restraint.