Deck 14: Globalization in Latin America,Africa, and the Caribbean

Question 1

Apartheid is a system in which social and political rights are based on an individual's physical characteristics.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Latin America had relatively little cultural diversity prior to the arrival of the Spanish.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Guatemala and Honduras were colonized by the Portuguese.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Slavery was made illegal in the United States before it became illegal in Brazil.

Question 5

Led by Hernando Cortés, the Spanish were able to establish domination over the Aztec Empire in less than three years.

Question 6

In the late nineteenth century the government of Belgium established a brutal colony in the Congo.

Question 7

Boer settlers had their most intense conflicts with indigenous Zulu.

Question 8

Urban West African women tend to be more educated and independent than their rural counterparts.

Question 9

The French were the first Europeans to engage in slave trade in West Africa.

Question 10

Ethnographic studies indicate that the behavior of individuals in Latin American peasant communities usually conforms to the ideals of machismo.

Question 11

Catholicism was predisposed to accommodate elements of the pagan traditions of the Americas.

Question 12

The Afrikaners and the Boers of South Africa came from England.

Question 13

Slavery was practiced in African chiefdoms before the arrival of Europeans.

Question 14

According to Oscar Lewis, a "culture of poverty" results from the lack of economic opportunities in slum neighborhoods.

Question 15

The pattern of inefficient and localized production and marketing characteristic of haciendas is still present in Latin America today.

Question 16

The typical Yoruba household consists of a man, his wife, and their unmarried children.

Question 17

By the mid-1990s, Mexico was producing more petroleum than any other nation on earth.

Question 18

Agricultural land is more likely to be individually owned by peasants in open peasant communities.

Question 19

Historians have estimated that 40 million Africans were captured for the purposes of slavery between 1440 and 1870.

Question 20

The African National Congress was formed to support policies of apartheid in South Africa.

Question 21

The __________ primarily colonized East Africa.

A) Spanish and Portuguese
B) French and Dutch
C) British and Germans
D) West Africans

Question 22

Native American civilizations of Mexico and Central and South America were eventually conquered by __________.

A) the English and French
B) the Chinese and Japanese
C) the Dutch and Germans
D) the Spanish and Portuguese

Question 23

What were haciendas in the Spanish colonies and fazendas in Brazil?

A) large-scale plantations
B) prison camps
C) mining towns
D) military bases

Question 24

The principal effect of the hacienda system in Latin America was the institution of __________ authority

A) military
B) capitalistic
C) feudalistic
D) religious

Question 25

The term encomienda referred to the practice of __________.

A) granting a conquistador the right to Indian land, tribute, and labor
B) presenting Spanish nobility with native crafts and products
C) marrying into the upper classes of Aztec and Inca society
D) awarding 20 percent of all booty to the Spanish Crown

Question 26

The __________ established the Union of South Africa in 1910.

A) French
B) Germans
C) Portuguese
D) British

Question 27

An example of religious syncretism would be __________.

A) Indian worship of the Virgin Mary at a former shrine to an Aztec goddess
B) the spread of Catholicism throughout Latin American countries
C) the success of Protestant sects at gaining converts from Catholicism
D) the revival of ancient Mayan religion by Indians of highland Guatemala

Question 28

The most significant factor in Latin American demographic change after the arrival of Europeans was a dramatic increase in __________.

A) fertility
B) mortality
C) employment
D) life expectancy

Question 29

The principal motivation for the conquest of the New World by Europeans was __________.

A) economic
B) religious
C) strategic
D) scientific

Question 30

The Spanish were able to achieve political domination of Mexico by __________.

A) capturing Tenochtitlán
B) establishing a trade route to the Pacific
C) conquering the Inca Empire
D) converting the Indians to Christianity

Question 31

Under apartheid in South Africa, the term "coloreds" referred to individuals of mixed __________ descent.

A) Spanish and Portuguese
B) African and European
C) Bantu and Zulu
D) Protestant and Catholic

Question 32

The most serious health problem faced by indigenous populations of the New World in the sixteenth century was __________.

A) infectious disease
B) malnutrition
C) alcoholism
D) mental illness

Question 33

The principal source of labor on plantations in the Caribbean was __________.

A) African slaves
B) Spanish and Portuguese colonists
C) Native American wage labor
D) missionaries and their families

Question 34

As a general rule, the haciendas can be characterized as __________.

A) beneficial to Indian health and well-being
B) an efficient form of social welfare
C) highly productive economic units
D) responsible for widening the gap between rich and poor

Question 35

The Bantustan homelands in South Africa were created to __________.

A) return traditional lands to black tribes
B) increase the physical separation of blacks and whites
C) lay the foundations for independent African republics
D) exploit rich mineral deposits and construct factories

Question 36

Traditional forms of slavery in Africa are called "open" slavery, which means that __________.

A) slaves could be bought and sold on the open market
B) certain villages were "open" to the taking of slaves
C) slaves were never incorporated into the owner's family
D) slaves were permitted to own property and marry

Question 37

__________ were once considered "peripheral" but are now considered "semiperipheral."

A) Papua New Guinea and Bolivia
B) Honduras and Colombia
C) Mexico and Nigeria
D) Nicaragua and Paraguay

Question 38

The development of economies based on the export of cash crops usually accelerates __________.

A) production and export of indigenous crafts
B) the rejection of Catholicism by native communities
C) disruption of indigenous production and exchange systems
D) the growth of markets for local goods and products

Question 39

What was one of the strategies used by European colonies to force native villagers to abandon agricultural lands and become wage laborers?

A) the formation of labor unions
B) the collection of taxes in cash
C) recruiting them into the military
D) the construction of low-cost housing

Question 40

The concepts of rising expectations and relative deprivation are most useful in explaining __________ in Latin America.

A) revolutionary movements
B) the elimination of formal social categories
C) processes of religious syncretization
D) the growth of haciendas

Question 41

Choosing three of the European countries that were directly involved in the colonization of the African continent, compare and contrast the colonial "styles" of each. For each, give an example of one modern country that is a former colony.

Question 42

The principal characteristics of the "culture of poverty," according to Oscar Lewis, are __________.

A) malnutrition, high fertility, and poor sanitation
B) the absence of fathers and older siblings
C) poor access to electricity and running water
D) fatalism, apathy, and hopelessness

Question 43

What is meant by the term "dyadic contract"? Give some examples of the kinds of dyadic contracts that exist in Latin American culture. Have you ever had experience with a dyadic contract? Describe either your personal experience or an example of a dyadic contract in your own culture.

Question 44

The so-called "culture of poverty" does not exist where poor people __________.

A) see no end to their marginal economic existence
B) are provided with real opportunities for social mobility
C) work primarily as seasonal, migrant laborers
D) receive support, such as welfare, from a central government

Question 45

Although both Mexico and Venezuela are oil-producing nations, the standard of living in each of these countries is still well below that of the United States or most European countries for the majority of the population. What are the most important factors responsible for these differences?

Question 46

What were the effects of the slave trade on African society with respect to mercantilism, warfare, social organization, demography, and technology?

Question 47

What were the effects of colonialism on the politics of African nations? What are some of the characteristics of African nations today that can be traced directly to the colonial experience?

Question 48

In open peasant communities, crops are raised primarily for __________.

A) local subsistence
B) outside markets
C) barter with other peasant communities
D) feeding livestock

Question 49

The term maquiladoras refers to __________.

A) illegal Mexican aliens working in the United States
B) armed guerrillas operating in the Mexican countryside
C) factories in Mexico owned and run by multinational corporations
D) underage Mexican prostitutes

Question 50

The compadrazgo system in Latin America is based on the establishment of kinship ties by becoming someone's __________.

A) in-law
B) spouse
C) godparent
D) fictive sibling

Question 51

The term mestizo refers to an individual of mixed __________ descent.

A) Spanish and Portuguese
B) African and European
C) Indian and European
D) Protestant and Catholic

Question 52

What are some of the ways in which agricultural production administrated by the United Fruit Company in Latin America resembled the hacienda system? What are some of the ways in which it differed?

Question 53

What were the immediate and long-term effects of colonialism on indigenous people in Latin America? Discuss the impact of disease, religion, and slavery on the region.

Question 54

Using specific examples from Latin America, compare and contrast one peripheral and one semiperipheral society. What are the specific characteristics that distinguish these societies from one another? What changes would be required to make the peripheral society a semiperipheral one?

Question 55

As a result of problems with debt repayment, the International Monetary Fund required the Mexican government to cut back on __________.

A) social services
B) manufacturing
C) military spending
D) petroleum exports

Question 56

How did European colonization of Africa and Latin America influence ethnicity in each area? How were the effects similar or different? How do they tie into other economic, political, and social circumstances?

Question 57

An example of a dyadic contract would be the relationship between __________.

A) a parent and a godparent
B) a patriarch and his extended family
C) a woman and her nuclear family
D) an individual and his cousins

Question 58

Most anthropologists now agree that __________.

A) the historical experience of Africa was similar to that of Latin America
B) the general term "peasants" does not apply to peoples in African agricultural states
C) political diversity was much greater in Latin America than in Africa
D) the political economy of sub-Saharan Africa is largely homogeneous

Question 59

A "closed peasant community" is one in which peasants produce agricultural goods primarily for __________.

A) local subsistence
B) foreign export
C) national markets
D) local industries

Question 60

What is the status of women in African societies? What are some of the differences in women's roles within urban and rural settings?