Deck 15: Globalization in the Middle East and Asia

Question 1

Mao Zedong's "Great Leap Forward" was successful at improving both rural health care and literacy.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Mohandas Gandhi was the leader of an unsuccessful, violent rebellion against the Dutch colonial rule in Indochina.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

According to caste ideology, all individuals are equal with respect to ritual purity.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The Philippines were colonized by both Spain and the United States.

Question 5

Polygyny is the most common form of marriage in Islamic societies.

Question 6

In spite of industrialization, farming communities in Egypt such as Kafr El-Elow have rejected Western clothing, housing styles, and manufactured goods.

Question 7

The colonization of China in the nineteenth century was facilitated by the desire of the government to import Western goods and technology.

Question 8

The vast majority of people in the Middle East live in oil-rich countries.

Question 9

The term for rural peasants in Egypt is fellaheen.

Question 10

Historically, Afghanistan was a buffer zone between the Russian and British empires.

Question 11

Anthropologists have little insight to offer in situations of large-scale ethnic conflict since all fieldwork is conducted on the level of the village.

Question 12

The wearing of the veil and traditional dress is often a political statement for Muslim women.

Question 13

Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek, and Mao Zedong ruled China together peacefully from 1900 to 1980.

Question 14

The caste system is supported by Hindu doctrines of karma and reincarnation.

Question 15

In India, upper-caste families do not need to raise large dowry payments.

Question 16

Traditionally, a Muslim woman has the same rights to divorce as a man.

Question 17

Ho Chi Minh was the leader of the Vietnamese opposition to French rule.

Question 18

One country in Asia that escaped colonization was Thailand.

Question 19

In Arab societies, the traditional family structure is matrilineal and matriarchal.

Question 20

Mao Zedong and his peasant armies gained control of China in 1949, renaming it the People's Republic of China.

Question 21

The Suez Canal, built in 1869, resulted in which of the following?

A) greater independence for Middle Eastern countries
B) the economic isolation of Egypt from European commerce
C) greater contact between the Middle East and Europe
D) the Napoleonic Wars

Question 22

Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam, was born in 570 A.D. in what city?

A) Jerusalem
B) Babylon
C) Cairo
D) Mecca

Question 23

Ho Chi Minh led a successful defeat of the __________, preventing them from reestablishing a colonial regime in __________.

A) British; Burma
B) Dutch; Thailand
C) Japanese; the Philippines
D) French; Vietnam

Question 24

The "Great Leap Forward" was a Chinese movement aimed at achieving a(n) __________ economy.

A) centralized
B) decentralized
C) capitalist
D) industrialized

Question 25

The Philippines were directly colonized first by __________, then by the United States.

A) Iran
B) Nigeria
C) India
D) Spain

Question 26

The "Cultural Revolution" in Communist China was an attempt to do which of the following?

A) eliminate political "deviance"
B) embrace Western values
C) initiate capitalist enterprise
D) return to traditional Confucianist values

Question 27

The monarchy of Thailand was successful in which of the following?

A) avoiding all Western influence
B) adopting some Western innovations and playing the British against the French
C) developing an exclusive trade relationship with the British Empire
D) protecting neighboring countries from colonization

Question 28

Ruling families of countries such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait increased the standard of living for most of their populations through __________.

A) oil production
B) agriculture
C) investing in real estate
D) initiating oil embargoes

Question 29

Which of the following was one of Mahatma Gandhi's greatest achievements?

A) orchestrating effective campaigns of armed resistance
B) convincing the rural peasant class to participate in nationalistic movements
C) persuading the British to strengthen colonial rule
D) increasing Indian consumption of Western consumer goods

Question 30

In the Arab world, what is the hamula?

A) an idealized, patrilineal descent group
B) a traditional village
C) a group of nomads who travel together
D) an Islamic rite of passage

Question 31

Islamic revitalization movements want to build societies based on Islamic law and writings in the __________.

A) Sharia
B) Qur'an
C) Purdah
D) Upanishad

Question 32

Currently, the Indian caste system has become __________.

A) obsolete in traditional communities
B) extinct in all but large urban communities
C) a factor in India's national politics
D) a source of national pride

Question 33

In the nineteenth century, the British gained access to China through the introduction of __________.

A) railroads
B) horses
C) democracy
D) opium

Question 34

Between the 1920s and the 1950s, Egyptian peasants found themselves __________.

A) producing cotton on a larger and larger scale
B) drawn into the industrial workforce
C) forced to abandon agricultural towns like Kafr El-Elow
D) having to deal with declining agricultural productivity

Question 35

To what does the term purdah refer?

A) the idea of physical attractiveness and sensuality
B) the wearing of the veil and forced seclusion of Muslim women
C) the concept of the traditional extended family
D) bridewealth paid in traditional Islamic families

Question 36

To what does "Zionism" refer?

A) the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine
B) the concept of a Sunni Muslim "holy war"
C) Islamic fundamentalism as practiced in Egypt and Ethiopia
D) the movement to liberate the Middle East from European control

Question 37

Which of the following is the basis of financial cooperatives that have formed in Borneo?

A) gotong royong, mutual aid and assistance
B) the Dutch East Indies Company
C) arisan, a traditional savings and credit association
D) the Bank Rakyat Indonesia, The Indonesian People's Bank

Question 38

Who conquered and colonized India, Burma, and Malaysia?

A) the French
B) the British
C) the Dutch
D) the Portuguese

Question 39

Polygynous marriage in Muslim countries is most likely to be practiced by whom?

A) wealthy individuals
B) poor individuals
C) Christians
D) urban residents

Question 40

The collapse of the jajmani system is related to which of the following?

A) Western conveniences that eliminated the need for certain services
B) the adoption of a single monetary system by a centralized government
C) the return of skilled artisans to their traditional villages
D) Indian independence and self-determination

Question 41

Describe the ethnic and political tensions in China. Discuss two ethnic or political minorities and how they have been treated by the dominant powers. What role have Chinese concepts of race played? How have political, religious, and ethnic circumstances interacted to produce the current situation?

Question 42

To what does the term jati refer?

A) a social rank based on marital, economic, and ritual relations
B) the traditional village or homeland of an Indian peasant
C) a category within a system of "scheduled tribes"
D) the practice of burning a wife at the funeral of a prominent man

Question 43

Chinese folk beliefs about race are derived from which of the following?

A) concepts of blood relationships and descent
B) typologies of skin color
C) political ideology
D) language

Question 44

Norman Chance, the first anthropologist to do fieldwork in China in the 1970s after a long period during which ethnography was prohibited, concentrated on the economic life of __________.

A) a bicycle factory in Shanghai
B) a mining cooperative in southern China
C) nomadic herdsmen near the border with Nepal
D) an agricultural commune near Beijing

Question 45

In his research on suicide bombing, Scott Atran found that the individuals who vow to commit acts of violence __________.

A) are among the most educated in their communities
B) have no families of their own
C) suffer from feelings of deprivation
D) are less charismatic than other leaders

Question 46

What is meant by the term hamula? How important is the hamula for modern Arabs? What role does the hamula play in familial and economic relationships?

Question 47

Name two of the European countries that participated in the colonization of Asia. For each, name one former colony and describe the nature of its agricultural exports under European rule. What are the effects of colonization that can still be seen in these countries today?

Question 48

Which of the following best defines the caste system in India?

A) a hierarchical organization of social groups based on birth group
B) a system of rural economic transactions based on reciprocity
C) a political organization run by educated peasants
D) a method of processing wheat in rural India

Question 49

The cultural materialist interpretation of the caste system attributes its origin to which of the following?

A) heredity
B) widespread social consensus
C) religious mythology
D) economic and political conditions

Question 50

What are Islamic revitalization movements? Compare and contrast two such movements in terms of their origins, purpose, and maintenance.

Question 51

Discuss the effects that independent control of petroleum production has had on the demography and culture of the Middle East. Have all countries in the region been affected equally? How have oil revenues influenced the politics of the region?

Question 52

According to anthropologist Louis Dumont, which of the following maintains the caste system in India?

A) the power of the Brahmans
B) use of caste-changing rituals
C) racial segregation within villages
D) widespread social consensus

Question 53

The __________ are an ethnic minority that resides in several countries in the Middle East, including Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria.

A) Kurds
B) Tamils
C) Hutus
D) Sikhs

Question 54

What did studies of everyday life in an experimental commune known as Half Moon Village reveal?

A) There was little difference between the lives of farmers and factory workers.
B) The administration of the commune by Communist Party officials was organized and efficient.
C) Most workers were able to participate in economic decisions made by the commune.
D) Half Moon Village was not working effectively in accordance with socialist ideals.

Question 55

How has anthropological thinking about the cultural area of the Middle East changed over the course of time? How does ethnography of the Middle East and Muslim Asia influence broader understandings of contemporary global conflicts?

Question 56

In the 1970s, Norman Chance was the first American ethnologist to be allowed to conduct fieldwork in China after a long period during which such work was prohibited. Discuss his observations of Half Moon Village and comment on what his research revealed about state-run programs.

Question 57

Communist policies in China viewed the traditional patriarchal family as __________.

A) a major source of inequality
B) a model for nation building
C) an important aspect of cultural heritage
D) the only thing that separated China from the West

Question 58

Compare and contrast how two Asian societies attempted to withdraw from the global economy. Why and how did they attempt to do so? What were the outcomes? What factors, other than economic ones, influenced these attempts?

Question 59

What changes did ethnologist Hani Fakhouri observe in the village of Kafr El-Elow as a result of increased industrialization? What effects did industrialization have on the lives of the fellaheen of this community?

Question 60

What is meant by jatis and the jajmani system in India? How does a jajmani economy work? What are the anthropological explanations for the origin and maintenance of jajmani?