Deck 15: Nutritional Requirements for Older Adults and Eating Habits

Question 1

Adhering to low-sodium or diabetes dietary guidelines is difficult for patients with anosmia. Root caries are prevalent in patients with xerostomia, a condition that affects half of all older adults.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 1

Both statements are true.

Question 2

The primary cause of confusion in older hospitalized patients is thought to be:

A) malnutrition.
B) atropic gastritis.
C) dehydration.
D) sarcopenia.

Answer 2

dehydration.

Question 3

Requirements for folate are increased in older adults because a deficiency in this mineral may increase risk of cancer mortality.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Answer 3

The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.

Question 4

Each of the following dental conditions increase the risk of malnutrition in older adults except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Loss of teeth
B) Edentulous status
C) Conventional dentures
D) Dysphagia
E) Homeostatic mechanisms

Question 5

Regardless of diet, sodium should be restricted. Milk-based food supplements are economical and can help prevent nutrient deficiencies.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 6

Gingival recession predisposes teeth to root caries because the enamel covering the root becomes roughed as it is exposed to the oral environment.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 7

Which of the following are associated with malnutrition in older adults? (Select all that apply.)

A) Use of a salivary substitute
B) Impaired immune response
C) Delayed wound healing
D) Eating slowly
E) Greater length of hospital stays

Question 8

Each of the following nutritional directions are appropriate for older adults except one. Which one is the exception?

A) If xerostomia is present, use artificial saliva products or sugarless gum containing xylitol.
B) Suggest fluid, sauces, or gravies for patients with compromised natural dentition or xerostomia.
C) Restrict water later in the day to prevent nocturia.
D) Increase protein intake as well as vitamins B₆ and B₁₂.
E) Exercise moderately.

Question 9

Approximately 33% of older adults take multiple prescription drugs and multiple dietary supplements. Mature renal and liver function in older adults facilitates clearance of medications from the body.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 10

Each of the following accurately depicts aspects of genomics except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Genome refers to only the mid-section of an organisms DNA sequence.
B) A complete set of DNA is called an organism's genome.
C) Virtually every disease has some basis in the individual's genes.
D) Genomics is the scientific mapping, sequencing, and analyzing of the genome.
E) The study of how foods interact with genes is called nutrigenomics.

Question 11

With aging, intraabdominal fat increases more than subcutaneous or total body fat. A slightly higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) seems to be protective in maintaining immunity to diseases.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 12

Patients with xerostomia benefit from lemon glycerin swabs to moisten mucosa because the glycerin contains an alcohol and the swab is flavored with lemon.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 13

The most common nutritional disorder in older adults is cardiovascular disease. Dietary quality and obesity are two modifiable health risks and behaviors that can improve longevity and quality of life.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 14

Metabolism to maintain body functions in older adults requires several different nutrients because energy needs and metabolic rates are lower in older adults than in younger adults.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 15

Older adults at highest risk of consuming minimal amounts of fruits and vegetables include each of the following except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Those who are socially isolated
B) Those with moderate income levels
C) Adults who are missing pairs of posterior teeth
D) Those who are obese

Question 16

Older individuals differ from one another in physiologic and health status more than any other age group because chronologic age and functional capacity generally correlate closely.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 17

Most patients with xerostomia eat significant portions of vegetables because crunchy foods stimulate salivary flow.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 18

Each of the following is true of vitamin D requirements except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high in homebound or institutional patients.
B) Aging skin may not synthesize vitamin D efficiently.
C) As many as half of older adults could be deficient in vitamin D.
D) Older patients do not synthesize vitamin D.
E) Adequate calcium in addition to vitamin D is important.

Question 19

Generally, patients who wear dentures have reduced masticatory efficiency. Mandibular implant-supported dentures can have positive effects on the clinical aspects of mastication and swallowing.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 20

Cariogenic food choices can increase in patients with hypogeusia because gustatory and olfactory sensitivities increase.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 21

An understanding of the dietary concerns of older adults enables dental hygienists to provide optimal therapy to this growing demographic. Match the age-related condition with the most appropriate description.
Not inevitable with advancing age

A)Obesity
B)Hypogeusia
C)Anosmia
D)Xerostomia
E)Edentulism
F)Atrophic gastritis

Question 22

An understanding of the dietary concerns of older adults enables dental hygienists to provide optimal therapy to this growing demographic. Match the age-related condition with the most appropriate description.
Affects most individuals taking five or more medicines

A)Obesity
B)Hypogeusia
C)Anosmia
D)Xerostomia
E)Edentulism
F)Atrophic gastritis

Question 23

Sarcopenia, protein, and osteoporosis have important links that dental hygienists should understand. Which of the following are accurate? (Select all that apply.)

A) Sarcopenia is inevitable with aging.
B) Impaired protein use can be overcome by consuming high-quality protein at each meal.
C) High-protein foods stimulate carbohydrate synthesis.
D) Resistance exercise combined with complete protein consumption elicits anabolism.

Question 24

How can medication affect the nutritional status of older adults? (Select all that apply.)

A) Alter food intake
B) Increase absorption of nutrients
C) Increase appetite
D) Cause nausea and vomiting
E) Cause diarrhea or constipation

Question 25

An understanding of the dietary concerns of older adults enables dental hygienists to provide optimal therapy to this growing demographic. Match the age-related condition with the most appropriate description.
Loss of sense of sense of taste

A)Obesity
B)Hypogeusia
C)Anosmia
D)Xerostomia
E)Edentulism
F)Atrophic gastritis

Question 26

Which of the following accurately describe aspects of age-related macular degeneration? (Select all that apply.)

A) It is characterized by deterioration of the central area of the retina.
B) Lesions on the retina lead to loss of vision.
C) Lutein and zeaxanthin are contributing factors.
D) Vitamin E and beta-carotene supplements are likely to prevent this condition.
E) Fatty fish, such as salmon, provide preventive antioxidants.

Question 27

Which of the following are accurate regarding calcium balance as it relates to alveolar bone health? (Select all that apply.)

A) Calcium is rarely obtained from trabecular bone.
B) Loss of calcium from the maxilla and mandible result in negative calcium balance.
C) The maxilla and mandible are primarily trabecular bone.
D) Alveolar bone is maintained in response to chewing.
E) In edentulous patients, accelerated bone resorption causes decreased bone height.

Question 28

Dehydration can cause: (Select all that apply.)

A) loose-fitting dentures.
B) increased dental caries.
C) decreased efficiency of homeostatic mechanisms.
D) edema.
E) confusion.

Question 29

An understanding of the dietary concerns of older adults enables dental hygienists to provide optimal therapy to this growing demographic. Match the age-related condition with the most appropriate description.
Chronic stomach inflammation

A)Obesity
B)Hypogeusia
C)Anosmia
D)Xerostomia
E)Edentulism
F)Atrophic gastritis

Question 30

An understanding of the dietary concerns of older adults enables dental hygienists to provide optimal therapy to this growing demographic. Match the age-related condition with the most appropriate description.
Loss of sense of smell

A)Obesity
B)Hypogeusia
C)Anosmia
D)Xerostomia
E)Edentulism
F)Atrophic gastritis

Question 31

Weight gain secondary to edema can result in: (Select all that apply.)

A) tight-fitting dentures.
B) oral ulcerations.
C) malnutrition.
D) loose-fitting dentures.

Question 32

Constipation may be a consequence of: (Select all that apply.)

A) altered gastrointestinal motility.
B) loss of bowel muscle tone.
C) medications.
D) high fiber intake.
E) inactivity.

Question 33

An understanding of the dietary concerns of older adults enables dental hygienists to provide optimal therapy to this growing demographic. Match the age-related condition with the most appropriate description.
Most common nutritional disorder in older adults

A)Obesity
B)Hypogeusia
C)Anosmia
D)Xerostomia
E)Edentulism
F)Atrophic gastritis

Question 34

Which of the following are sound nutritional directives for older adults? (Select all that apply.)

A) Daily multivitamin-mineral supplementation provides immune protection.
B) Calcium supplements should not be more than 1000 mg/day.
C) Vitamin D supplements should be limited to less than 4000 IU/day.
D) Vitamin B₁₂ supplementation may improve cognitive function.
E) Omega fatty acids increase triglyceride levels.