Deck 15: Science and Technology

Question 1

Industrial organizations pursuing genomics,robotics,and nanotechnology for profit are examples of ______.

A)technocracy
B)industrialized science
C)megamachines
D)robo-social problems

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Ninety percent of transgenic crops are grown in ______.

A)Canada and China
B)Brazil and Mexico
C)France and Germany
D)the United States and Argentina

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Approximately 62% of the scientists and engineers worldwide live in ______.

A)California
B)Chile
C)sub-Saharan Africa
D)industrialized nations

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Hackers are most likely to live in all of the following states EXCEPT ______.

A)Texas
B)California
C)Illinois
D)New York

Question 5

About ______ in 10 global Internet users have been touched by a cybercrime such as identity theft,a computer virus,or online fraud.

A)1
B)3
C)6
D)9

Question 6

There are about ______ scientists and engineers worldwide.

A)100,000
B)900,000
C)2 million
D)7 million

Question 7

A megamachine is dominated by ______ rather than ______ needs.

A)social;technological
B)human;technological
C)technological;human
D)human;social

Question 8

A ______ is a new social order composed of humans and technology that is dominated by technological needs.

A)transformer
B)technosocial object
C)robotic society
D)megamachine

Question 9

Corn that has genes artificially inserted to increase disease resistance is an example of a ______.

A)transgenic crop
B)greenwashed food
C)genetic nutrition component
D)technocratic organism

Question 10

______ is software intended to disrupt computer operations.

A)Hacking
B)Cybertechnology
C)Malware
D)Cyberspyware

Question 11

A ______ uses technology to solve a problem that is nontechnical and ignores the social components of the problem.

A)technocratic method
B)scientific method
C)technological fix
D)advanced solution

Question 12

The "WANK" worm,which declared "Worms Against Nuclear Killers" when it infected computers at NASA,is an example of ______.

A)red-hat hacking
B)cybertechnology
C)malware
D)cyberspyware

Question 13

Herbicide-tolerant soybean and insect-resistant cotton are examples of ______.

A)transgenic crops
B)greenwashed foods
C)genetic nutrition components
D)technocratic organisms

Question 14

A ______ hacks to help identify people involved in cybercrime.

A)white-hat hacker
B)black-hat hacker
C)hacktivist
D)sociohacker

Question 15

A ______ steals or manipulates data to make a political or social statement.

A)white-hat hacker
B)black-hat hacker
C)hacktivist
D)sociohacker

Question 16

A(n)______ includes material artifacts,human skills,and social practices defined by social norms within an organizational pattern to obtain or address a goal or objective.

A)cyber society
B)Internet world
C)technological paradigm
D)sociotechnical system

Question 17

More than 75% of hacking worldwide is done by ______.

A)women between the ages of 18 and 30
B)men between the ages of 18 and 30
C)men between the ages of 31 and 48
D)women between the ages of 31 and 48

Question 18

______ have had genes artificially inserted (rather than acquired through pollination)in order to increase yields,raise pest or disease resistance,or improve tolerance of heat,cold,or drought.

A)Transgenic crops
B)Greenwashed foods
C)Genetic nutrition components
D)Technocratic organisms

Question 19

A ______ aims to break into company computers to steal data or vandalize a computer network or website.

A)white-hat hacker
B)black-hat hacker
C)hacktivist
D)sociohacker

Question 20

A ______ view of progress sees technology as a means to fix social problems.

A)technosocial
B)megacratic
C)megasocial
D)technocratic

Question 21

______ pays attention to the role of nonhuman actors in defining and regulating the context or place of science.

A)Social construction of technology
B)Interpretive flexibility
C)Actor-network theory
D)Material science

Question 22

______ multiplies the benefit for those who have resources and limits the capacity of those without.

A)Human capital
B)Cumulative advantage
C)Structural functionalism
D)Status reproduction

Question 23

A(n)______ is a system in which science and technology are relied on to create a better world.

A)technocracy
B)makerspace
C)industrialized science
D)technoscience

Question 24

______suggests a different approach to the practice of science,one that systematically examines all the social values that shape a particular process.

A)Mary Shelley
B)Beth Thomas
C)Karin Knorr Cetina
D)Sandra Harding

Question 25

______ are local varieties of seeds that have been domesticated by communities over time and have adapted to local cultural and environmental needs.

A)Landraces
B)Glocalized species
C)Superspecies
D)Naturally modified organisms

Question 26

______ examines how scientific facts are constructed in the laboratory through social networks,communication technologies,and shared interests.

A)Social construction of technology
B)Interpretive flexibility
C)Actor-network theory
D)Material science

Question 27

______ represented a shift away from studying the product of science to studying the production of science.

A)Social construction of technology
B)Interpretive flexibility
C)Actor-network theory
D)Material science

Question 28

A new data-intensive scientific methodology using sophisticated algorithms and statistical techniques is defined as ______.

A)the sociotechnical system
B)the fourth paradigm
C)technoscience
D)crisis science

Question 29

In the United States,all of the following federal agencies oversee and regulate transgenic crops EXCEPT the ______.

A)Department of Agriculture
B)Environmental Protection Agency
C)Food and Drug Administration
D)National Security Agency

Question 30

A ______ approach studies aspects of social problems that are contested within the scientific culture.

A)structural functionalist
B)conflict theory
C)symbolic interactionist
D)social constructionist

Question 31

In the ______,scholars began studying the laboratory spaces in which scientists work using social science research methods.

A)1980s
B)1970s
C)1960s
D)1990s

Question 32

Due to low ______ costs,France is the world's largest net exporter of electricity.

A)labor
B)coal
C)production
D)land

Question 33

______ saw science as a social institution governed by a set of distinct norms and values shared among the scientific community.

A)Robert K.Merton
B)Émile Durkheim
C)Sandra Harding
D)Thomas Kuhn

Question 34

The fact that doctoral students are more likely to have a parent with an advanced degree than a parent with only some college is an example of ______.

A)human capital
B)cumulative advantage
C)structural functionalism
D)status reproduction

Question 35

______ argued that science was characterized by phases of very conservative practices followed by periods of revolutionary upheaval.

A)Karl Marx
B)Robert Merton
C)Nathan Areva
D)Thomas Kuhn

Question 36

Feminist epistemologies have generally been critical of the actor-network approach because of ______.

A)social construction of technology
B)interpretive flexibility
C)human capital
D)disregard of race,gender and class inequalities

Question 37

A _______ perspective would seek to recognize what role science or technology plays in a social problem.

A)conflict
B)symbolic interactionist
C)functional
D)critical

Question 38

The ability of the development path to respond to different users' needs is known as ______.

A)social construction of technology
B)interpretive flexibility
C)actor-network theory
D)material science

Question 39

Crops grown from seeds that have been genetically modified are ______.

A)landraces
B)STEM crops
C)Mode 1 crops
D)transgenic crops

Question 40

A ______ approach focuses on the meanings and practices of a technology by different actors.

A)structural functionalist
B)conflict theory
C)symbolic interactionist
D)social constructionist

Question 41

Discuss the general symbolic interactionist approach to science,technology,and social problems.Give a specific example to illustrate your general discussion.

Question 42

About 9 in 10 global Internet users have been touched by a cybercrime such as identity theft,a computer virus,or online fraud.

Question 43

The theft or manipulation of electronic data has become one of the top four economic crimes of the early 21st century.

Question 44

One common concern among most of the stakeholders involved with transgenic crops is the safety of the crops for human consumption.

Question 45

The original hackers were members of the MIT Tech Model Railroad Club.

Question 46

How might a structural functionalist approach the study of science and social problems? Be sure to discuss cumulative advantage and the accumulation of cultural capital.

Question 47

Discuss the conflict theory perspective in regard to science and technology studies.Be sure to provide specific examples to support your answer.

Question 48

Compare and contrast the social construction of science and the social construction of technology.Be sure to include social facts and interpretive flexibility in your response.

Question 49

In South Korea,90% of households have broadband and 66% of the population have smartphones.

Question 50

Globally there are 14 cybervictims every second.

Question 51

More than 75% of hacking worldwide is done by American men over the age of 30.

Question 52

The majority of hackers worldwide are based in China.

Question 53

Explain the following statement: "Science is a social problem gatekeeper." Give an example to illustrate your answer.

Question 54

Women are more likely to be hackers than men.

Question 55

Approximately 62% of the scientists and engineers worldwide live in industrialized nations.