Deck 17: Urbanization

Question 1

All of the following are true of a gesellschaft EXCEPT ______.

A)relationships are primarily associational and based on calculating,economic exchanges
B)relationships are intimate and enduring,and interactions are guided by a mutual interest in the common good of the village
C)residents do not all share language,religion,and traditions
D)behavior and interaction are governed by external forces like the evolving criminal justice system

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A ______ is a societal association typified by impersonal bureaucracies and contractual arrangements rather than informal ones based on kinship and family ties.

A)suburb
B)gesellschaft
C)city
D)gemeinschaft

Answer 2

B

Question 3

All of the following are true of a gemeinschaft EXCEPT ______.

A)everyone knows all the other residents and their biographies
B)relationships are intimate and enduring,and interactions are guided by a mutual interest in the common good of the village
C)shared traditions and culture of the village,in addition to religious beliefs,function as the main instruments of social control
D)relationships are primarily associational and based on calculating,economic exchanges

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The conformity of individuals to explicit and implicit social rules of behavior is called ______.

A)social order
B)urbanization
C)city
D)gemeinschaft

Question 5

Water shortages,real or perceived,produce social relationships characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)depression
B)anxiety
C)hostility
D)competition

Question 6

Among city dwellers globally,from 2000 to 2008,there was a ______% decrease in access to clean tap water.

A)5
B)20
C)45
D)80

Question 7

______ is the process by which cities,suburbs,and metropolitan areas develop and grow over time.

A)Social order
B)Urbanization
C)Suburbanization
D)Gemeinschaft

Question 8

A relatively large,dense,heterogeneously populated place or settlement is called ______.

A)social order
B)urbanization
C)a city
D)gemeinschaft

Question 9

Today about ______% of the U.S.population lives in cities.

A)15
B)35
C)50
D)75

Question 10

Research on urban areas shows that ______ are more influential on greenhouse gas emissions than ______.

A)raw numbers of people;consumption patterns
B)consumption patterns;raw numbers of people
C)income inequality;consumption patterns
D)consumption patterns;income inequality

Question 11

Individuals who do not know each other on a personal basis or who have never met are known as ______ strangers.

A)cultural
B)biographical
C)social
D)urban

Question 12

______ is the practice of physically separating the occupants of some social statuses from the occupants of others.

A)Assimilation
B)Multiculturalism
C)Globalization
D)Segregation

Question 13

A ______ is a "communal association," or a sense of close-knit community relations based on shared traditions and values.

A)suburb
B)gesellschaft
C)city
D)gemeinschaft

Question 14

Cities occupy ______% of land globally but are responsible for emitting up to ______% of all harmful greenhouse gases.

A)2;70
B)10;60
C)25;95
D)50;75

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of a gemeinschaft?

A)Relationships are primarily associational and based on calculating,economic exchanges.
B)Relationships are intimate and enduring,and interactions are guided by a mutual interest in the common good of the village.
C)Residents do not all share language,religion,and traditions.
D)Behavior and interaction are governed by external forces like the evolving criminal justice system.

Question 16

______ refers to the often uneven development of social,political,and economic relationships that stretch worldwide.

A)Assimilation
B)Multiculturalism
C)Globalization
D)Segregation

Question 17

The population of Las Vegas grew from about ______ in 1980 to approximately ______ in 2007.

A)10,000;100,000
B)800,000;2 million
C)1 million;5 million
D)2 million;10 million

Question 18

Individuals who do not know or share each other's values,customs,and views about what passes for acceptable behavior,are known as ______ strangers.

A)cultural
B)biographical
C)social
D)urban

Question 19

Which of the following is a characteristic of a gesellschaft?

A)Everyone knows all the other residents and their biographies.
B)Relationships are intimate and enduring,and interactions are guided by a mutual interest in the common good of the village.
C)Shared traditions and culture of the village,in addition to religious beliefs,function as the main instruments of social control.
D)Relationships are primarily associational and based on calculating,economic exchanges.

Question 20

Much of the poverty,unemployment,and inequality in the United States occurs in ______.

A)a gesellschaft
B)cities
C)a gemeinschaft
D)urban areas

Question 21

______created the concentric-zone model,which showed how patterns of land use reflected successive phases of invasion and occupation.

A)Roderick D.McKenzie
B)Ernest W.Burgess
C)Amos H.Hawley
D)Homer Hoyt

Question 22

During the Great Depression,______developed a plan for promoting homeownership.

A)Herbert Hoover
B)Franklin D.Roosevelt
C)Warren Harding
D)Calvin Coolidge

Question 23

Proponents of ______ are most likely to view the development and redevelopment of the urban built environment as a means for understanding cultural values,ideas,and practices.

A)structural functionalism
B)conflict theory
C)symbolic interactionism
D)communal theory

Question 24

Theorists associated with ______ are most likely to argue the city's form and growth come from decisions made by people and organizations that control wealth and other key resources.

A)structural functionalism
B)conflict theory
C)symbolic interactionism
D)communal theory

Question 25

Homer Hoyt's (1939)______ is based on the idea that cities' growth patterns depend on the cities' main lines of transportation.

A)multiple nuclei theory
B)sector model
C)concentric zone
D)central business district

Question 26

The phrase "survival of the fittest" was coined by ______.

A)Charles Darwin
B)Ernest Burgess
C)Robert Parks
D)Herbert Spencer

Question 27

The concentric-zone model of urban land use was created by ______.

A)Charles Darwin
B)Ernest Burgess
C)Robert Parks
D)Herbert Spencer

Question 28

______ is an approach to designing cities,towns,and neighborhoods aimed at reducing traffic and sprawl and increasing social interactions.

A)Urban sustainability
B)New urbanism
C)Biodiversity
D)General urbanization

Question 29

The hazardous effects of overcrowding and air pollution date back to the ______ century,through the work of ______.

A)14th;Ibn Khaldun
B)16th;Louis Wirth
C)17th;Herbert J.Ganes
D)19th;James Clauson

Question 30

"Biographical strangers" is synonymous with ______.

A)urban strangers
B)urban friends
C)urban heterogeneity
D)biographical friends

Question 31

Which of the following major theoretical perspectives is most likely to describe cities as "superorganisms"?

A)structural functionalism
B)conflict theory
C)symbolic interactionism
D)communal theory

Question 32

Capricious loan practices referred to as ______,mandated by then-President Franklin Roosevelt,resulted in intense segregation that still exists in many U.S.cities today.

A)debt X
B)gentrification
C)redlining
D)the sector model

Question 33

According to the concentric-zone model of urban land use,the ______ is the commercial,office,transportation,and cultural center of a city where land values are typically highest.

A)zone of transition
B)commuter zone
C)nuclei zone
D)central business district

Question 34

All of the following are examples of "third places" EXCEPT ______.

A)coffee shops
B)pubs
C)apartments
D)ice cream parlors

Question 35

______ is considered a worldwide problem that everyone is affected by,although not everyone is affected by it to the same degree.

A)Gentrification
B)Urbanism
C)Urbanization
D)Redevelopment

Question 36

In 2008,______ was considered the "Foreclosure Capital of the World."

A)Atlanta
B)Los Angeles
C)Las Vegas
D)Houston

Question 37

Locations that serve social needs beyond work and home life are known as ______.

A)third places
B)urban retreats
C)built environments
D)structural gatherings

Question 38

All of the following are zones in Burgess's concentric-zone model of urban land use EXCEPT ______.

A)affluent inner ring
B)transition zone
C)blue collar residential
D)commuter residential

Question 39

It was the contention of ______ that people in cities develop defense mechanisms to deal with the fact of living in close physical contact with a large number of strangers.

A)Georg Simmel
B)Émile Durkheim
C)Ferdinand Tönnies
D)Herbert Spencer

Question 40

All of the following theories of urban development are associated with structural functionalism EXCEPT ______.

A)multiple nuclei theory
B)the sector model
C)the concentric-zone model
D)redevelopment theory

Question 41

By 2050,it is estimated that more than 75% of the world's population will be living in metropolitan areas.

Question 42

One of the major problems with the Chicago School's ethnographic and ecological studies is their lack of attention to culture as a productive force.

Question 43

Ernest Burgess's concentric-zone model of urban land use was originally based on the city of Miami.

Question 44

Discuss Ferdinand Tönnies's concepts of a gemeinschaft and gesellschaft.Define each concept and discuss how relationships are formed and social order is maintained in each type of social arrangement.

Question 45

During a 40-year period that began during President Franklin Roosevelt's tenure,90% of the loans made under the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)were to Hispanic home buyers.

Question 46

The majority of immigrants coming to the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s were from South America.

Question 47

Discuss Ernest Burgess's concentric-zone model of urban development.Then compare and contrast it with Homer Hoyt's sector model,as well as multiple nuclei theory.

Question 48

Most urban sociologists begin with a social problem or phenomenon,then seek out places in the city or cities they're investigating where it happens.Even while allowing "local knowledge" to play a central role,urban culturalists still bring certain theories and "sensitizing concepts" with them into the field.They have contributed to and continue to cultivate six key areas of inquiry.Please list these six areas below.

Question 49

In the United States,more than 75% of the population resides in cities.

Question 50

Discuss Manuel Castells's perspective on urban development.In what ways,according to Castells,does the city operate as a profit-generating machine that reproduces capitalism?

Question 51

The concept of sustainability has taken a central place in most recent discussions of development,industry,and urban planning.It has its roots in a 1987 report by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development titled Our Common Future.Briefly explain the purpose of the document,commonly known as the Brundtland Report,and the goal of the commission.

Question 52

Asians and Latinos are now the largest racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States.

Question 53

The Paris Agreements are the newest set of global emission reductions,adopted in 2015.

Question 54

Per capita global greenhouse gas emission rates are often lower in cities than the average rates for the countries in which they are located.

Question 55

While cities occupy only 2% of land globally,they are responsible for emitting up to 70% of all harmful greenhouse gases.