Deck 25: Endocrine Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following indicates hypoglycemia in a diabetic?

A)deep,rapid respirations
B)flushed dry skin and mucosa
C)thirst and oliguria
D)staggering gait,disorientation,and confusion

Answer 1

staggering gait,disorientation,and confusion

Question 2

Which of the following are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in an unconscious person?

A)pale moist skin
B)thirst and poor skin turgor
C)deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor
D)tremors and strong rapid pulse

Answer 2

deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT usually develop as a complication of diabetes?

A)osteoporosis
B)nephropathy
C)impotence
D)peripheral neuropathy

Answer 3

osteoporosis

Question 4

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema?

A)increased glucocorticoids
B)decreased glucocorticoids
C)deficit of ADH
D)deficit of T3 and T4

Question 5

Why is amputation frequently a necessity in diabetics?

A)necrosis and gangrene in the feet and legs
B)lack of glucose to the cells in the feet and legs
C)severe dehydration in the tissues
D)elevated blood glucose increasing blood viscosity

Question 6

What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A)excess insulin in the body
B)loss of glucose in the urine
C)failure of the kidney to excrete sufficient acids
D)increased catabolism of fats and proteins

Question 7

Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop?

A)recurrent vomiting
B)missing an insulin dose
C)eating excessively large meals
D)sedentary lifestyle

Question 8

What is the most common cause of endocrine abnormalities?

A)malignant neoplasm
B)infection
C)congenital defect
D)benign tumor

Question 9

What is a precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis?

A)skipping a meal
B)strenuous exercise
C)serious infection
D)insulin overdose

Question 10

Which of the following applies to diabetic macro-angiography?
1)It affects the small arteries and arterioles.
2)It is related to elevated serum lipids.
3)It leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease.
4)It frequently causes damage to the kidneys.

A)1,3
B)1,4
C)2,3
D)2,4

Question 11

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes Addison's disease?

A)increased glucocorticoids
B)decreased glucocorticoids
C)deficit of ADH
D)deficit of T3 and T4

Question 12

Why does polyuria develop with diabetes mellitus?

A)increased thirst
B)ketoacidosis
C)glucosuria develops
D)diabetic nephropathy

Question 13

How do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?

A)to replace insulin in patients with IDDM
B)to transport glucose into body cells
C)to prevent gluconeogenesis
D)to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin

Question 14

What causes loss of consciousness in a person with diabetic ketoacidosis?

A)toxic effects of excessive insulin
B)excessive glucose in the blood
C)acidosis and hypovolemia
D)lack of glucose in brain cells

Question 15

Choose the statement that applies to Type I diabetes mellitus.

A)Onset often occurs during childhood.
B)Relative insufficiency of insulin or insulin resistance develops.
C)It can be treated by diet,weight control and exercise,or oral hypoglycemics.
D)Complications rarely occur.

Question 16

What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?

A)control by releasing hormones
B)control by tropic hormones
C)negative feedback control
D)hypothalamus/hypophysis coordination

Question 17

How do the different types of available insulin vary?
1)time until onset of action
2)time until peak effect
3)duration of effect
4)source of insulin

A)1,2
B)3,4
C)1,2,4
D)1,2,3,4

Question 18

Which one of the following develops hypoglycemia more frequently?

A)Type I diabetics
B)Type II diabetics
C)patients with a poor stress response
D)those with a regular exercise and meal plan

Question 19

Visual impairment may develop in diabetics,primarily because of:

A)abnormal metabolism in the lens
B)macroangiopathy
C)neuropathy affecting cranial nerves
D)development of exophthalmos

Question 20

Which of the following indicates compensated acidosis in the diabetic?

A)increased serum bicarbonate
B)serum pH of 7.35
C)increased serum carbonic acid
D)urine pH 8.0

Question 21

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus?

A)increased insulin
B)decreased glucocorticoids
C)deficit of ADH
D)deficit of T3 and T4

Question 22

What is caused by hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism?
1)skeletal muscle twitching or spasm
2)weak cardiac contraction
3)increased secretion of PTH
4)decreased serum phosphate level

A)1,2
B)1,3
C)2,3
D)3,4

Question 23

Which of the following are common early signs of a pituitary adenoma?
1)persistent headaches
2)hemianopia
3)hypertension
4)papilledema

A)1,4
B)2,3
C)1,2
D)1,3,4

Question 24

Which signs are typical of Graves' disease?

A)facial puffiness,bradycardia,and lethargy
B)exophthalmos,heat intolerance,and restlessness
C)delayed physical and intellectual development
D)goiter and decreased BMR

Question 25

What is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A)increased glucose production in the liver
B)destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction
C)increased resistance of body cells to insulin action
D)chronic obesity

Question 26

Which of the following does NOT apply to inappropriate ADH syndrome?

A)The cause is excess ADH secretion.
B)Severe hyponatremia results.
C)Excessive sodium is retained.
D)Fluid retention increases.

Question 27

Which of the following may cause goiter?
1)hyperthyroidism
2)hypothyroidism
3)lack of iodine in the diet
4)pheochromocytoma

A)1,4
B)2,3
C)1,2,3
D)1,2,3,4

Question 28

Which of the following conditions may cause immunosuppression?

A)Graves' disease
B)acromegaly
C)Cushing's disease
D)diabetes insipidus

Question 29

Why does glucosuria occur in diabetics?

A)Excess ketoacids displace glucose into the filtrate.
B)Excess water in the filtrate draws more glucose into the urine.
C)The amount of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubule transport limit.
D)Sufficient insulin is not available for glucose reabsorption.

Question 30

Which of the following is recommended for immediate treatment of hypoglycemic shock?
1)if conscious,immediately give sweet fruit juice,honey,candy,or sugar
2)if unconscious,give nothing by mouth (require intravenous glucose 50%)
3)treat immediately with insulin
4)give large quantity of clear fluids for shock

A)1,2
B)1,3
C)2,3
D)1,3,4

Question 31

Which of the following conditions may precipitate or exacerbate hyperglycemia?

A)hypothyroidism
B)Cushing's disease
C)Addison's disease
D)growth hormone deficit

Question 32

Which of the following is an effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy?

A)decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland
B)an increased inflammatory response to irritants
C)hypotension and poor circulation
D)increased number of hypersensitivity reactions

Question 33

What is the recommended treatment for insulin shock if the patient remains conscious?

A)administration of insulin
B)administration of intravenous glucose
C)administration of epinephrine
D)oral administration of concentrated glucose

Question 34

What is caused by hyperparathyroidism?

A)hypocalcemia
B)tetany
C)bone demineralization
D)deficit of vitamin D

Question 35

Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)heavy body and round face
B)atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs
C)staring eyes with infrequent blinking
D)atrophy of the lymph nodes

Question 36

Which characteristic of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNK)differentiates it from diabetic ketoacidosis?

A)Dehydration is less severe.
B)Ketonuria is not present.
C)It only develops in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
D)CNS depression develops.

Question 37

Why does diabetes insipidus cause polyuria?

A)There is increased osmotic pressure of the filtrate.
B)Damaged tubules cannot reabsorb sufficient fluid.
C)Excessive ADH secretion is present.
D)There is a deficit of ADH.
E)Excessive aldosterone is secreted.

Question 38

Which of the following applies to acromegaly?

A)It occurs in infants and children.
B)It causes excessive longitudinal bone growth.
C)It results from excessive secretion of GH.
D)It does not change soft tissue growth.

Question 39

Which of the following is an effect of Addison's disease?

A)elevated blood glucose levels
B)high blood pressure
C)low serum potassium levels
D)poor stress response

Question 40

What is/are the effect(s)of thyrotoxic crisis?

A)hyperthermia and heart failure
B)hypotension and hypoglycemia
C)toxic goiter and hypometabolism
D)decreased stress response

Question 41

Metabolic syndrome is marked by:

A)abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism
B)periodic hypotension
C)deficit of glucagon
D)early onset on Type I diabetes mellitus

Question 42

Which of the following often causes hyperparathyroidism?

A)a malignant tumor in the parathyroid glands
B)end-stage renal failure
C)osteoporosis
D)radiation involving the thyroid gland and neck area

Question 43

Which of the following is caused by Graves' disease?

A)increased metabolic rate
B)decreased size of thyroid gland
C)bradycardia and hypothermia
D)decreased blood levels of T3,T4,and TSH
E)increased epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 44

Which of the following results from a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A)inappropriate ADH syndrome
B)gigantism
C)diabetes insipidus
D)myxedema

Question 45

Severe impairment of all aspects of growth and development,including difficulty feeding,mental retardation,and stunted skeletal growth are associated with:

A)myxedema
B)Cushing's syndrome
C)diabetes insipidus
D)cretinism
E)Graves' disease

Question 46

Which of the following is a major function of the hormone norepinephrine?

A)inhibition of an excessive stress response
B)visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction
C)increased force of heart contraction
D)vasodilation in skeletal muscle

Question 47

Goiters occur more frequently in persons living in the:

A)Great Lakes or mountainous regions
B)southwest USA
C)temperate regions
D)areas bordering the oceans

Question 48

A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine is called:

A)pheochromocytoma
B)Cushing's syndrome
C)Graves' disease
D)Addison's disease

Question 49

All these tissues use glucose without the aid of insulin EXCEPT:

A)liver
B)digestive system
C)exercising skeletal muscle
D)brain

Question 50

Differences between Type I and Type II diabetes include:

A)Type 1 diabetes weight gain is common,and Type II weight loss often occurs
B)Type 1 diabetes leads to fewer complications than Type II diabetes
C)Type 1 diabetes may be controlled by adjusting dietary intake and exercise,but Type II diabetes requires insulin replacement
D)Type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently in children and adolescents,and Type II diabetes occurs more often in adults
E)None of the above are correct.

Question 51

Which of the following hormones is involved in both the stress response and the anti-inflammatory response?

A)aldosterone
B)norepinephrine
C)thyroxine
D)cortisol

Question 52

Dwarfism is caused by:

A)excessive levels of somatotropin (GH)
B)a deficit of somatotropin (GH)
C)excessive levels of insulin
D)excessive levels of parathyroid hormone

Question 53

Which diagnostic test is useful in determining if a pituitary dysfunction is causing a thyroid disorder?

A)serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
B)serum TSH levels
C)uptake of radioactive iodine (T3 uptake test)
D)presence of antibodies to T3 and T4

Question 54

Polydipsia occurs with diabetes mellitus when:

A)lack of insulin causes hunger
B)ketone levels rise in the blood
C)polyuria causes dehydration
D)glucosuria causes ketoacidosis

Question 55

The anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following hormones EXCEPT:

A)prolactin (PRL)
B)glucagon
C)adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D)growth hormone (GH)
E)antidiuretic hormone

Question 56

Complications of diabetes mellitus include:

A)peripheral neuropathy
B)frequent infections
C)cataracts
D)a,c
E)a,b,c

Question 57

Compensation mechanisms occurring in the early stage of diabetic ketoacidosis include:

A)Kussmaul's respirations
B)polydipsia
C)ketonuria
D)seizures

Question 58

Trophic hormones include:

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)triiodothyronine
D)adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 59

Which of the following applies to oxytocin?
1)It stimulates contraction of the uterus after delivery.
2)It stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation.
3)It stimulates mammary gland production of milk.
4)It is released from the adenohypophysis.

A)1,2
B)1,4
C)1,3,4
D)1,2,3,4

Question 60

Early signs of hyperglycemia include polyphagia,which means :

A)thirst
B)increased urine output
C)hunger
D)glucose in the urine

Question 61

Why does hypocalcemia cause tetany?

A)Skeletal muscle contractions are weaker.
B)Nerves to skeletal muscle are more excitable.
C)Calcium is not stored in skeletal muscle cells.
D)Serum phosphate levels are low.

Question 62

Which of the following are likely present in a patient immobilized for a long period of time?

A)hypocalcemia and low serum PTH levels
B)hypocalcemia and high serum PTH levels
C)hypercalcemia and low serum PTH levels
D)hypercalcemia and high serum PTH levels

Question 63

Which of the following may occur with a pituitary adenoma?

A)low blood pressure and bradycardia
B)headache and seizures
C)vomiting and diarrhea
D)loss of vision in one eye

Question 64

Blood glucose levels are increased by:
1)glucocorticoids
2)glucagon
3)epinephrine
4)norepinephrine
5)parathormone

A)1,2
B)1,2,3
C)2,4,5
D)1,3,4,5
E)all of the above

Question 65

Which of the following may cause hypertension?

A)hypoparathyroidism
B)hypoglycemia
C)pheochromocytoma
D)Addison's disease

Question 66

Which of the following may cause high serum levels of parathyroid hormone?

A)hypoparathyroidism
B)chronic renal failure
C)hypercalcemia
D)adenoma in the thyroid gland

Question 67

Catabolic effects of Cushing's syndrome include:

A)osteoporosis
B)hypertension
C)increased erythrocyte production
D)moon face and buffalo hump

Question 68

Diabetic retinopathy results from:

A)degeneration of large blood vessels supplying the eye
B)abnormal metabolism in the lens of the eye
C)neuropathy affecting the optic nerve
D)obstruction or rupture of retinal blood vessels