Question 1

It is the case that ________ is legal and widely believed to be morally acceptable.&#10;A)active euthanasia&#10;B)physician-assisted suicide&#10;C)involuntary euthanasia&#10;D)passive euthanasia

Accepted Answer

Passive euthanasia, which involves withholding or withdrawing medical treatment, is legal and widely believed to be morally acceptable in many countries. This is because it is seen as allowing a natural death process to occur rather than actively killing the patient. In contrast, active euthanasia (choosing to administer medication to intentionally end a patient's life) and involuntary euthanasia (making the decision to end a patient's life without their consent) are illegal and widely considered to be morally unacceptable in many countries. Physician-assisted suicide, which involves a doctor providing the means for a patient to end their own life, is legal and ethically debated in some countries.

Question 2

Some opponents of active euthanasia argue that euthanasia is uncalled for;a dying patient in the grip of unimaginable pain,for example,does not have to be killed to escape her agony.Modern medicine offers dying patients unprecedented levels of pain relief.A common reply to this argument is:

A)although it is possible to manage even severe pain well,too often pain is not well managed.
B)in arguments about euthanasia,pain is irrelevant.
C)although it is possible to manage even severe pain well,physicians do not try to.
D)pain is a fact of life that patients must learn to live with.

A

Accepted Answer

While it is true that modern medicine offers ways to manage pain, it is not always the case that pain is well-managed. Patients may not receive proper treatment, medication may not work as effectively for every individual, and sometimes the pain may be too intense to manage. Therefore, the argument that pain relief eliminates the need for euthanasia is not always valid.

Question 3

According to the doctrine of double effect,a doctor's giving a dying,pain-racked patient a large dose of morphine with the intention of easing her pain (while knowing the act has the side effect of expediting her death)is:

A)impermissible.
B)neither permissible nor impermissible.
C)dependent on the level of pain.
D)permissible.

D

Accepted Answer

The doctrine of double effect allows for actions that have both a good intended effect and an unintended but foreseen bad effect. In this case, the doctor's intention is to ease the patient's pain, which is a good effect, even though they know it may also hasten their death, which is the bad effect. As long as the intention is good and the bad effect is unintended but foreseen, the action is permissible according to the doctrine of double effect.

Question 4

________ is the killing of a person by the person's own hand with the help of a physician.&#10;A)Active nonvoluntary suicide&#10;B)Passive voluntary suicide&#10;C)Involuntary physician suicide&#10;D)Physician-assisted suicide

Accepted Answer

Physician-assisted suicide involves a physician assisting a patient in ending their own life. This is different from active nonvoluntary suicide where the person takes their own life without assistance, and from passive voluntary suicide where the person chooses to stop life-sustaining treatment but does not actively end their own life. Involuntary physician suicide is not a recognized term or practice.

Question 5

The principle of autonomy (the right of self-determination)can be used to argue for:&#10;A)end-of-life self-determination in the form of active euthanasia.&#10;B)a ban on active euthanasia.&#10;C)the Roman Catholic view of active euthanasia and suicide.&#10;D)restrictions on autonomy for dying patients.

Accepted Answer

The principle of autonomy supports individuals' right to make their own decisions regarding their own lives, including end-of-life decisions. This can include the choice of active euthanasia, which allows dying patients to end their own lives in a painless and dignified manner.

Question 6

________ is allowing someone to die by NOT doing something-by withholding or withdrawing measures necessary for sustaining life.&#10;A)Passive-active euthanasia&#10;B)Passive euthanasia&#10;C)Nonvoluntary euthanasia&#10;D)Active euthanasia

Accepted Answer

Passive euthanasia is the act of allowing someone to die by withholding or withdrawing measures necessary for sustaining life. This can include turning off life support machines, withholding food and water, or not performing lifesaving medical interventions.

Question 7

________ euthanasia is mercy killing at the patient's request.&#10;A)Involuntary&#10;B)Active voluntary&#10;C)Active nonvoluntary&#10;D)Passive nonvoluntary

Accepted Answer

Active voluntary euthanasia refers to mercy killing at the patient's request. A patient is aware of their terminal condition and their suffering and makes a request to end their life. This is considered legal in some countries and states, but is still a controversial topic. Involuntary euthanasia is the act of ending a patient's life without their explicit request, while active nonvoluntary euthanasia refers to ending the life of a patient who is unable to make their own decisions about their care. Passive nonvoluntary euthanasia involves withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment without the patient's consent.

Question 8

If someone argues that euthanasia is permissible because it maximizes happiness,she would be taking a ________ view of the matter.&#10;A)natural law&#10;B)utilitarian&#10;C)Kantian&#10;D)medical

Accepted Answer

The argument that euthanasia is permissible because it maximizes happiness is aligned with the utilitarian view, which holds that actions should be judged according to their ability to produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.

Question 9

If you believe that there is no moral difference between killing someone and letting someone die,you might reason that:&#10;A)active and passive euthanasia are not morally equivalent.&#10;B)in neither active nor passive euthanasia is the patient's death caused.&#10;C)in both active and passive euthanasia the patient's death is caused,but this has no moral significance.&#10;D)in both active and passive euthanasia the patient's death is caused,and they are therefore morally equivalent.

Accepted Answer

If one believes that there is no moral difference between killing someone and letting someone die, then both active and passive euthanasia involve causing the patient's death and are therefore morally equivalent. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Question 10

An argument against euthanasia asserting that mercy killing would involve treating persons as mere things and of no more value than a beast is:&#10;A)act-utilitarian.&#10;B)emotivist.&#10;C)rule-utilitarian.&#10;D)Kantian.

Accepted Answer

This argument against euthanasia involves the Kantian principle that humans should be treated as ends in themselves, not merely as means to an end. To treat a person as a mere thing and end their life against their will would be a violation of their inherent dignity and autonomy. Kant believed that individuals have an absolute worth and should never be viewed as disposable or expendable. Thus, this argument against euthanasia is rooted in Kantian ethics.

Question 11

If you were an American physician who accepted the active-passive distinction,you would also likely believe that:&#10;A)physician-assisted suicide is permissible in extreme cases.&#10;B)passive euthanasia is always wrong.&#10;C)whereas active euthanasia is always wrong,in some cases passive euthanasia may be permissible.&#10;D)whereas euthanasia is always wrong,in some cases physician-assisted suicide may be permissible.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you were an American physician who...

Question 12

The idea that an individual is dead when all brain functions permanently stop is called the ________ notion of death.&#10;A)conventional&#10;B)vegetative&#10;C)whole-brain&#10;D)higher brain

Accepted Answer

The answer of The idea that an individual is dead...

Question 13

In ________,others besides the patient choose euthanasia for her because she is not competent and has left no instructions regarding her end-of-life preferences.&#10;A)involuntary euthanasia&#10;B)nonvoluntary euthanasia&#10;C)passive euthanasia&#10;D)active euthanasia

Accepted Answer

The answer of In ________,others besides the patient choose euthanasia...

Question 14

Directly or indirectly bringing about the death of another person for that person's sake is known as:&#10;A)benign death.&#10;B)suicide.&#10;C)sacrifice.&#10;D)euthanasia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Directly or indirectly bringing about the death...

Question 15

In ________,the patient requests or agrees to euthanasia.&#10;A)active euthanasia&#10;B)passive euthanasia&#10;C)nonvoluntary euthanasia&#10;D)voluntary euthanasia

Accepted Answer

The answer of In ________,the patient requests or agrees to...

Question 16

Consider this rule-utilitarian argument against legalizing euthanasia: Passing a law to permit active voluntary euthanasia would inevitably lead to abuses such as more frequent use of nonvoluntary euthanasia and unnecessary killing;therefore,no such law should be passed.Such an argument is characterized as:

A)abductive.
B)Kantian.
C)slippery slope.
D)equivocation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider this rule-utilitarian argument against legalizing euthanasia:...

Question 17

It is likely that active euthanasia would be used at least occasionally in a hospice guided by:&#10;A)rule-utilitarianism.&#10;B)act-utilitarianism.&#10;C)natural law theory.&#10;D)the doctrine of double effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of It is likely that active euthanasia would...

Question 18

________ involves taking a direct action to kill someone,to carry out a mercy killing.&#10;A)Involuntary euthanasia&#10;B)Passive euthanasia&#10;C)Active euthanasia&#10;D)Nonvoluntary euthanasia

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ involves taking a direct action to...

Question 19

Nowadays machines can keep an individual's heart and lungs functioning long after the brain permanently and completely shuts down.Thus we can have an individual whose organs are mechanically operated while he is in a coma or persistent vegetative state.To some,these facts suggest that the:

A)conventional notion of death is still adequate.
B)conventional notion of death is inadequate.
C)cessation of breathing and blood flow are not signs of death.
D)conventional notion of death has always seemed inadequate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nowadays machines can keep an individual's heart...

Question 20

According to the dominant reading of natural law theory,euthanasia is wrong primarily because:&#10;A)it amounts to using a person as a means and not as an end.&#10;B)it always results in less overall happiness.&#10;C)we have a moral duty to preserve life.&#10;D)scripture condemns it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the dominant reading of natural...

Question 21

The principle of ________ says that if we are in a position to ease the agony of another and we can do so without excessive cost to ourselves,we should try to render aid.&#10;A)autonomy&#10;B)beneficence&#10;C)utility&#10;D)justice

Accepted Answer

The answer of The principle of ________ says that if...

Question 22

A key premise in the argument for active euthanasia is that the right of self-determination includes the right of competent persons to decide the manner of their dying.This premise is:&#10;A)accepted by virtually all parties to the euthanasia debate.&#10;B)clearly false.&#10;C)incoherent.&#10;D)controversial.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A key premise in the argument for...

Question 23

In 2002,the eighty-six-year-old war hero Admiral Chester W.Nimitz Jr. ,in a suicide pact with his eighty-nine-year-old wife,ended his life with an overdose of sleeping pills.According to a news report,"Having lost 30 pounds from a stomach disorder,suffering from congestive heart failure and in constant back pain,the admiral had been determined to dictate the hour of his death.His wife,who suffered from osteoporosis so severe her bones were breaking,had gone blind.She had no desire to live without her husband." Assuming this is an accurate account of Admiral Nimitz's motivations,to what moral principle did he appeal to justify taking his own life?

A)justice
B)beneficence
C)right to life
D)autonomy

Accepted Answer

The answer of In 2002,the eighty-six-year-old war hero Admiral Chester...

Question 24

Suppose legal guidelines have been adopted to allow parents to give consent for children to be killed if they are suffering from severe pain and are terminally ill.The moral principle of ________ could be used to argue for the guidelines,and the principle of ________ could be used to argue against them.

A)beneficence;right to life
B)utility;autonomy
C)autonomy;right to extraordinary means to save a life
D)justice;triage

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose legal guidelines have been adopted to...

Deck 10: Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide