Deck 9: Altering Genes and Cloning Humans

Question 1

Genetic intervention to make people better than normal is known as:

A)genetic manipulation.
B)genetic repair and prevention.
C)DNA alteration.
D)genetic enhancement.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

If you adhered to the Roman Catholic view of genetic intervention,you would likely:

A)condemn human reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning but approve of genetic enhancement.
B)approve of somatic-cell gene therapy and genetic enhancement.
C)condemn somatic-cell gene therapy but approve of human reproductive cloning and genetic enhancement.
D)approve of somatic-cell gene therapy but condemn human reproductive cloning,therapeutic cloning,and genetic enhancement.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The production of a genetically identical copy of an existing biological entity in an asexual process is called:

A)therapeutic cloning.
B)reproductive cloning.
C)duplication.
D)cloning.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Cells know what to do because instructions are chemically encoded into each cell's:

A)membrane.
B)twin.
C)set of RNA.
D)pool of DNA.

Question 5

Almost everyone agrees that:

A)no genetic intervention should be used on humans.
B)if genetic techniques are inherently dangerous,they should not be used on humans.
C)genetic enhancement is a good thing.
D)therapeutic cloning should be used extensively.

Question 6

Human reproductive cloning is:

A)currently feasible.
B)controversial.
C)the same as DNA cloning.
D)advanced therapeutic cloning.

Question 7

A key argument for using gene therapy is based on:

A)the notion of not tampering with nature.
B)the right of self-determination.
C)respect for the life of embryos.
D)God's plan for the human race.

Question 8

To what moral principle does this argument appeal? We have the right to produce children or not to produce them;if we have this right,then we also have the right to decide whether our children suffer or don't suffer from a disease or disability,or whether they have better-than-normal traits;therefore,we have a right to use any safe and effective genetic technology to help our children.

A)autonomy
B)beneficence
C)justice
D)utility

Question 9

To what moral principle does this argument appeal? Enhancement would give enhanced people an unfair advantage over the unenhanced.Only the well-off could afford genetic enhancement,so the less fortunate would go without it.And those who are enhanced would acquire traits and capacities that would give them an enormous edge over the unenhanced in any competition for society's goods;this would lead to social inequality.

A)autonomy
B)utility
C)beneficence
D)justice

Question 10

A genome is:

A)the total amount of DNA in the entire human race.
B)a sample of DNA from primates.
C)an organism's complete set of DNA.
D)an organism's set of germ-line cells.

Question 11

Gene therapy designed to repair the genes in ________ can affect future generations.

A)germ-line cells
B)somatic cells
C)somatic-germ cells
D)cell membranes

Question 12

The experimental technique for directly changing a person's genes to prevent or treat disease is
Known as:

A)genetic cloning.
B)vector therapy.
C)gene therapy.
D)somatic cell therapy.

Question 13

The idea that an adult human clone would be an exact copy of its adult human donor is:

A)accurate.
B)supported by scientific evidence.
C)unfounded.
D)plausible.

Question 14

If using gene enhancement would result in greater overall happiness,then ________ would likely approve of it.

A)utilitarians
B)natural law theorists
C)divine command theorists
D)ethical egoists

Question 15

The genetic duplication of a fully developed adult animal or human is called:

A)preventive cloning.
B)DNA cloning.
C)therapeutic.
D)reproductive cloning.

Question 16

The false doctrine that genes determine all of a person's physical and behavioral traits is known as:

A)genetic indeterminism.
B)environmental determinism.
C)genetic determinism.
D)genetic transfer.

Question 17

To what principle or right does this argument appeal? We all have a right to personal liberty,but reproductive cloning would severely constrain our freedom to act according to our own lights.A clone would grow up watching her genetic duplicate,believing that the life she wants to live has already been lived by her twin.So she thinks she has no open future,and her sense of personal freedom is destroyed.

A)the greatest happiness principle
B)the right to privacy
C)the right to ignorance
D)the principle of beneficence

Question 18

Probably the strongest argument for using gene therapy and genetic enhancement appeals to the principle of:

A)justice.
B)autonomy.
C)beneficence.
D)double effect.

Question 19

A gene is a:

A)mature chromosome.
B)discrete section of genetic code.
C)component of DNA.
D)double helix.

Question 20

Many of those opposed to genetic engineering argue that:

A)altering the human genome is permissible only in rare cases.
B)we may have a duty to use genetic engineering in the future,but not now.
C)we have no duty to use genetic engineering to give someone super-human abilities.
D)we have a duty to keep genetic engineering from poor and needy people.

Question 21

Suppose an animal is bred to have a significant number of human genes,to the point where experts wondered whether the creature was a person with full moral rights.To this question Mary Anne Warren would probably say that:

A)no nonhuman can be a person.
B)the presence of human genes makes the creature a person.
C)if the creature is conscious,it is a person.
D)if the creature possesses all five criteria,then it is a person.

Question 22

Some argue that ________ could lead to social inequality and injustice,especially if only the rich could afford it.

A)genetic prevention
B)genetic enhancement
C)genetic treatment of cancer
D)genetic malformations

Question 23

If gene doping were used on an athlete without his or her knowledge,that would be a violation of the:

A)principle of utility.
B)principle of autonomy.
C)right to an open future.
D)principle of justice.

Question 24

Some oppose the use of genetic enhancement on the grounds that:

A)the benefits outweigh the risks.
B)it amounts to playing God.
C)it entails improving the human race.
D)no one can say what "normal" is.

Question 25

Experimental gene therapy was used on children who had "bubble boy disease." Most of the children responded well to the treatment,but one developed a form of leukemia (an expected result).What are some of the relevant considerations (moral and nonmoral)the researchers contemplated or should have contemplated in deciding to try the unproven treatment?

A)The right to an open future;the lack of effective treatments for the disease;the principles of beneficence and autonomy
B)The risks to the children;the opinions of the nonmedical people;the right to happiness
C)The risks to the children;the lack of effective treatments for the disease;the principles of beneficence and autonomy
D)The lack of effective treatments for the disease;the moral worth of each child;the principle of beneficence