Deck 1: Forensic Evidence and Crime Investigation

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Question
Which of the following is NOT one of the skills you need as a forensic investigator?

A)Knowledge of legal issues
B)Knowledge of proper investigative techniques
C)Knowledge of computer technology
D)Knowledge of the person's intent
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Question
Which of the following has the most far-reaching effect for law enforcement concerning cybercrimes?

A)FERPA
B)CFAA
C)CAN-SPAM Act
D)USA PATRIOT Act
Question
Crimes are divided into the categories of

A)Criminal and civil crimes
B)Felonies and misdemeanors
C)Crimes against persons and crimes against property
D)Insider crimes and intrusion crimes
Question
Which of the following does NOT leave e-evidence?

A)Instant message
B)Word processing document file
C)Hard copy
D)Digital camera
Question
What piece of legislation makes it a crime to send e-mail using false headers?

A)CAN-SPAM Act
B)CFAA
C)FERPA
D)USA PATRIOT Act
Question
Which of the following is NOT a primary type of evidence that can be used to persuade someone to believe an assertion?

A)Electronic evidence
B)Hearsay evidence
C)Testimony of a witness
D)Physical evidence
Question
Crimes against computers can include which of the following?

A)Attacks on networks
B)Unauthorized access
C)Tampering with data
D)All the above
Question
?The CFAA was significantly revised to add a civil law component in

A)2001
B)1994
C)1989
D)1990
Question
Why wasn't Robert Morris sent to prison?

A)There was no physical damage.
B)There wasn't any e-evidence.
C)There weren't enough computers damaged to constitute a crime.
D)There were no laws under which they could convict him.
Question
________ laws protect the public,human life,or private property.
Question
?What federal program provides computer forensic expertise to law enforcement agencies?

A)The RCFL
B)The NBCD
C)The ACHF
D)The CDCF
Question
Who was arrested as the author of the Lovebug virus?

A)Francisco Antonelli
B)Onel de Guzman
C)Gunter Hanz
D)Ray Chi Chen
Question
A(n)________ is considered an offensive act against societal laws.
Question
Which of the following are required by forensic investigators?

A)Their expertise
B)Their objectivity
C)Their problem-solving skills
D)All are required
Question
Criminal laws are defined in rules that are referred to as ________.
Question
Which of the following is NOT deemed a critical infrastructure by the Department of Homeland Security?

A)Forestry services
B)Energy systems
C)Power companies
D)Transportation departments
Question
Proper collection of evidence and handling procedures must be followed to ensure the evidence is ________.
Question
The starting point for understanding all types of forensics investigations is

A)Knowledge of all pertaining laws and regulations
B)The investigative techniques
C)The psychological profile of the defendant
D)The evidence
Question
Military planners,recognizing the need to include cyberwarfare in its defenses,have given this new field the acronym of

A)PII
B)C4I
C)P2I
D)P2M
Question
Criminal statutes define crimes in terms of required acts and a required state of mind,typically referred to as

A)The person's motivation
B)The person's psychological makeup
C)The person's needs at the time
D)The person's intent
Question
________ charges are those brought by a person or company.
Question
A(n)________ is a lesser crime such as careless driving.
Question
In the case of missing Washington,D.C. ,resident ________,e-mail and visited Web sites on a personal laptop were all the police had to go by.
Question
________ evidence is evidence obtained from an illegal search or seizure.
Question
Another term for evidence that contradicts a given theory is ________ evidence.
Question
For any item of evidence to be considered admissible,it must first be ________.
Question
The two senses most often relied upon in testimony are sight and ________.
Question
The main reason evidence is ruled ________ is its lack of reliability.
Question
The ________ rule states that to prove the content of a writing,recording,or photograph,you need the original writing,recording,or photograph.
Question
________ left by Internet and e-mail usage and digital devices may be the only way to collect enough evidence to solve a crime.
Question
Based on preliminary evidence obtained at the start of an investigation,an investigator may form a(n)________ about what happened.
Question
________ evidence is that type that could incorrectly lead an investigator to believe the evidence is related to the crime.
Question
Only ________ evidence supports or helps confirm a given theory.
Question
Match between columns
Erased or fragmented data
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Erased or fragmented data
Data is typically housed on removable media
Erased or fragmented data
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Erased or fragmented data
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Erased or fragmented data
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Backup tapes
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Backup tapes
Data is typically housed on removable media
Backup tapes
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Backup tapes
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Backup tapes
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Active, online data
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Active, online data
Data is typically housed on removable media
Active, online data
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Active, online data
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Active, online data
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Offline storage
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Offline storage
Data is typically housed on removable media
Offline storage
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Offline storage
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Offline storage
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Near-line data
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Near-line data
Data is typically housed on removable media
Near-line data
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Near-line data
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Near-line data
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Question
Match between columns
Interrogatories
Written answers made under oath
Interrogatories
Involve the inspection of documents
Interrogatories
Intend to ascertain the validity of documents
Interrogatories
Out-of-court testimony made under oath
Requests for production
Written answers made under oath
Requests for production
Involve the inspection of documents
Requests for production
Intend to ascertain the validity of documents
Requests for production
Out-of-court testimony made under oath
Depositions
Written answers made under oath
Depositions
Involve the inspection of documents
Depositions
Intend to ascertain the validity of documents
Depositions
Out-of-court testimony made under oath
Requests for admission
Written answers made under oath
Requests for admission
Involve the inspection of documents
Requests for admission
Intend to ascertain the validity of documents
Requests for admission
Out-of-court testimony made under oath
Question
Match between columns
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Criminal prosecutions
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Civil litigations
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Insurance companies
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Corporations
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Individuals
Harassment cases
Criminal prosecutions
Harassment cases
Civil litigations
Harassment cases
Insurance companies
Harassment cases
Corporations
Harassment cases
Individuals
Wrongful termination
Criminal prosecutions
Wrongful termination
Civil litigations
Wrongful termination
Insurance companies
Wrongful termination
Corporations
Wrongful termination
Individuals
Financial fraud
Criminal prosecutions
Financial fraud
Civil litigations
Financial fraud
Insurance companies
Financial fraud
Corporations
Financial fraud
Individuals
Investigations into arson
Criminal prosecutions
Investigations into arson
Civil litigations
Investigations into arson
Insurance companies
Investigations into arson
Corporations
Investigations into arson
Individuals
Question
Match between columns
Discovery
Physical evidence used to clarify facts
Discovery
Evidence relevant to the case
Discovery
The gathering of information in preparation for a trial
Discovery
Official request for material gathered prior to a trial
Demonstrative evidence
Physical evidence used to clarify facts
Demonstrative evidence
Evidence relevant to the case
Demonstrative evidence
The gathering of information in preparation for a trial
Demonstrative evidence
Official request for material gathered prior to a trial
Discovery request
Physical evidence used to clarify facts
Discovery request
Evidence relevant to the case
Discovery request
The gathering of information in preparation for a trial
Discovery request
Official request for material gathered prior to a trial
Material evidence
Physical evidence used to clarify facts
Material evidence
Evidence relevant to the case
Material evidence
The gathering of information in preparation for a trial
Material evidence
Official request for material gathered prior to a trial
Question
Match between columns
Expert witness
Used when direct evidence is not available
Expert witness
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Expert witness
Used as documentary evidence
Expert witness
Considered secondhand evidence
Expert witness
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Hearsay rule
Used when direct evidence is not available
Hearsay rule
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Hearsay rule
Used as documentary evidence
Hearsay rule
Considered secondhand evidence
Hearsay rule
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Circumstantial evidence
Used when direct evidence is not available
Circumstantial evidence
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Circumstantial evidence
Used as documentary evidence
Circumstantial evidence
Considered secondhand evidence
Circumstantial evidence
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Documentary evidence
Used when direct evidence is not available
Documentary evidence
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Documentary evidence
Used as documentary evidence
Documentary evidence
Considered secondhand evidence
Documentary evidence
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Hearsay evidence
Used when direct evidence is not available
Hearsay evidence
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Hearsay evidence
Used as documentary evidence
Hearsay evidence
Considered secondhand evidence
Hearsay evidence
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Question
Match between columns
E-evidence
Considered to be the “best evidence” rule
E-evidence
The starting point of understanding all types of investigations
E-evidence
Can be gathered through a computer or via IT autopsy
E-evidence
How a court determines admissible evidence
I. Rules of Evidence
Considered to be the “best evidence” rule
I. Rules of Evidence
The starting point of understanding all types of investigations
I. Rules of Evidence
Can be gathered through a computer or via IT autopsy
I. Rules of Evidence
How a court determines admissible evidence
Evidence
Considered to be the “best evidence” rule
Evidence
The starting point of understanding all types of investigations
Evidence
Can be gathered through a computer or via IT autopsy
Evidence
How a court determines admissible evidence
Federal Rules of Evidence 1002
Considered to be the “best evidence” rule
Federal Rules of Evidence 1002
The starting point of understanding all types of investigations
Federal Rules of Evidence 1002
Can be gathered through a computer or via IT autopsy
Federal Rules of Evidence 1002
How a court determines admissible evidence
Question
Match between columns
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Noncriminal injuries
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Preponderance of the evidence
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
Criminal violations
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Criminal violations
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Criminal violations
Noncriminal injuries
Criminal violations
Preponderance of the evidence
Criminal violations
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
Protects society’s interests
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Protects society’s interests
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Protects society’s interests
Noncriminal injuries
Protects society’s interests
Preponderance of the evidence
Protects society’s interests
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Noncriminal injuries
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Preponderance of the evidence
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
Violates a statute
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Violates a statute
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Violates a statute
Noncriminal injuries
Violates a statute
Preponderance of the evidence
Violates a statute
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
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Deck 1: Forensic Evidence and Crime Investigation
1
Which of the following is NOT one of the skills you need as a forensic investigator?

A)Knowledge of legal issues
B)Knowledge of proper investigative techniques
C)Knowledge of computer technology
D)Knowledge of the person's intent
D
2
Which of the following has the most far-reaching effect for law enforcement concerning cybercrimes?

A)FERPA
B)CFAA
C)CAN-SPAM Act
D)USA PATRIOT Act
D
3
Crimes are divided into the categories of

A)Criminal and civil crimes
B)Felonies and misdemeanors
C)Crimes against persons and crimes against property
D)Insider crimes and intrusion crimes
B
4
Which of the following does NOT leave e-evidence?

A)Instant message
B)Word processing document file
C)Hard copy
D)Digital camera
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5
What piece of legislation makes it a crime to send e-mail using false headers?

A)CAN-SPAM Act
B)CFAA
C)FERPA
D)USA PATRIOT Act
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Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
6
Which of the following is NOT a primary type of evidence that can be used to persuade someone to believe an assertion?

A)Electronic evidence
B)Hearsay evidence
C)Testimony of a witness
D)Physical evidence
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Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
7
Crimes against computers can include which of the following?

A)Attacks on networks
B)Unauthorized access
C)Tampering with data
D)All the above
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Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
8
?The CFAA was significantly revised to add a civil law component in

A)2001
B)1994
C)1989
D)1990
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Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
9
Why wasn't Robert Morris sent to prison?

A)There was no physical damage.
B)There wasn't any e-evidence.
C)There weren't enough computers damaged to constitute a crime.
D)There were no laws under which they could convict him.
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Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
10
________ laws protect the public,human life,or private property.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
11
?What federal program provides computer forensic expertise to law enforcement agencies?

A)The RCFL
B)The NBCD
C)The ACHF
D)The CDCF
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
12
Who was arrested as the author of the Lovebug virus?

A)Francisco Antonelli
B)Onel de Guzman
C)Gunter Hanz
D)Ray Chi Chen
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Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
13
A(n)________ is considered an offensive act against societal laws.
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14
Which of the following are required by forensic investigators?

A)Their expertise
B)Their objectivity
C)Their problem-solving skills
D)All are required
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Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
15
Criminal laws are defined in rules that are referred to as ________.
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k this deck
16
Which of the following is NOT deemed a critical infrastructure by the Department of Homeland Security?

A)Forestry services
B)Energy systems
C)Power companies
D)Transportation departments
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Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
17
Proper collection of evidence and handling procedures must be followed to ensure the evidence is ________.
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
18
The starting point for understanding all types of forensics investigations is

A)Knowledge of all pertaining laws and regulations
B)The investigative techniques
C)The psychological profile of the defendant
D)The evidence
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
19
Military planners,recognizing the need to include cyberwarfare in its defenses,have given this new field the acronym of

A)PII
B)C4I
C)P2I
D)P2M
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
20
Criminal statutes define crimes in terms of required acts and a required state of mind,typically referred to as

A)The person's motivation
B)The person's psychological makeup
C)The person's needs at the time
D)The person's intent
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21
________ charges are those brought by a person or company.
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22
A(n)________ is a lesser crime such as careless driving.
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23
In the case of missing Washington,D.C. ,resident ________,e-mail and visited Web sites on a personal laptop were all the police had to go by.
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24
________ evidence is evidence obtained from an illegal search or seizure.
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25
Another term for evidence that contradicts a given theory is ________ evidence.
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26
For any item of evidence to be considered admissible,it must first be ________.
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27
The two senses most often relied upon in testimony are sight and ________.
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28
The main reason evidence is ruled ________ is its lack of reliability.
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29
The ________ rule states that to prove the content of a writing,recording,or photograph,you need the original writing,recording,or photograph.
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30
________ left by Internet and e-mail usage and digital devices may be the only way to collect enough evidence to solve a crime.
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k this deck
31
Based on preliminary evidence obtained at the start of an investigation,an investigator may form a(n)________ about what happened.
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32
________ evidence is that type that could incorrectly lead an investigator to believe the evidence is related to the crime.
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33
Only ________ evidence supports or helps confirm a given theory.
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34
Match between columns
Erased or fragmented data
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Erased or fragmented data
Data is typically housed on removable media
Erased or fragmented data
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Erased or fragmented data
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Erased or fragmented data
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Backup tapes
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Backup tapes
Data is typically housed on removable media
Backup tapes
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Backup tapes
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Backup tapes
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Active, online data
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Active, online data
Data is typically housed on removable media
Active, online data
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Active, online data
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Active, online data
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Offline storage
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Offline storage
Data is typically housed on removable media
Offline storage
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Offline storage
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Offline storage
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Near-line data
Data is available for access as it is created and processed
Near-line data
Data is typically housed on removable media
Near-line data
Data on removable media that has been placed in storage
Near-line data
Stored data not organized for retrieval of individual documents or files
Near-line data
Data tagged for deletion that may still exist on a system
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
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35
Match between columns
Interrogatories
Written answers made under oath
Interrogatories
Involve the inspection of documents
Interrogatories
Intend to ascertain the validity of documents
Interrogatories
Out-of-court testimony made under oath
Requests for production
Written answers made under oath
Requests for production
Involve the inspection of documents
Requests for production
Intend to ascertain the validity of documents
Requests for production
Out-of-court testimony made under oath
Depositions
Written answers made under oath
Depositions
Involve the inspection of documents
Depositions
Intend to ascertain the validity of documents
Depositions
Out-of-court testimony made under oath
Requests for admission
Written answers made under oath
Requests for admission
Involve the inspection of documents
Requests for admission
Intend to ascertain the validity of documents
Requests for admission
Out-of-court testimony made under oath
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36
Match between columns
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Criminal prosecutions
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Civil litigations
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Insurance companies
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Corporations
Misappropriation of trade secrets
Individuals
Harassment cases
Criminal prosecutions
Harassment cases
Civil litigations
Harassment cases
Insurance companies
Harassment cases
Corporations
Harassment cases
Individuals
Wrongful termination
Criminal prosecutions
Wrongful termination
Civil litigations
Wrongful termination
Insurance companies
Wrongful termination
Corporations
Wrongful termination
Individuals
Financial fraud
Criminal prosecutions
Financial fraud
Civil litigations
Financial fraud
Insurance companies
Financial fraud
Corporations
Financial fraud
Individuals
Investigations into arson
Criminal prosecutions
Investigations into arson
Civil litigations
Investigations into arson
Insurance companies
Investigations into arson
Corporations
Investigations into arson
Individuals
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Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
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37
Match between columns
Discovery
Physical evidence used to clarify facts
Discovery
Evidence relevant to the case
Discovery
The gathering of information in preparation for a trial
Discovery
Official request for material gathered prior to a trial
Demonstrative evidence
Physical evidence used to clarify facts
Demonstrative evidence
Evidence relevant to the case
Demonstrative evidence
The gathering of information in preparation for a trial
Demonstrative evidence
Official request for material gathered prior to a trial
Discovery request
Physical evidence used to clarify facts
Discovery request
Evidence relevant to the case
Discovery request
The gathering of information in preparation for a trial
Discovery request
Official request for material gathered prior to a trial
Material evidence
Physical evidence used to clarify facts
Material evidence
Evidence relevant to the case
Material evidence
The gathering of information in preparation for a trial
Material evidence
Official request for material gathered prior to a trial
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
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38
Match between columns
Expert witness
Used when direct evidence is not available
Expert witness
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Expert witness
Used as documentary evidence
Expert witness
Considered secondhand evidence
Expert witness
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Hearsay rule
Used when direct evidence is not available
Hearsay rule
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Hearsay rule
Used as documentary evidence
Hearsay rule
Considered secondhand evidence
Hearsay rule
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Circumstantial evidence
Used when direct evidence is not available
Circumstantial evidence
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Circumstantial evidence
Used as documentary evidence
Circumstantial evidence
Considered secondhand evidence
Circumstantial evidence
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Documentary evidence
Used when direct evidence is not available
Documentary evidence
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Documentary evidence
Used as documentary evidence
Documentary evidence
Considered secondhand evidence
Documentary evidence
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Hearsay evidence
Used when direct evidence is not available
Hearsay evidence
Testimony is inadmissible because the person saying it is not in the room to confirm it
Hearsay evidence
Used as documentary evidence
Hearsay evidence
Considered secondhand evidence
Hearsay evidence
One who qualifies as a subject matter expert
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
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39
Match between columns
E-evidence
Considered to be the “best evidence” rule
E-evidence
The starting point of understanding all types of investigations
E-evidence
Can be gathered through a computer or via IT autopsy
E-evidence
How a court determines admissible evidence
I. Rules of Evidence
Considered to be the “best evidence” rule
I. Rules of Evidence
The starting point of understanding all types of investigations
I. Rules of Evidence
Can be gathered through a computer or via IT autopsy
I. Rules of Evidence
How a court determines admissible evidence
Evidence
Considered to be the “best evidence” rule
Evidence
The starting point of understanding all types of investigations
Evidence
Can be gathered through a computer or via IT autopsy
Evidence
How a court determines admissible evidence
Federal Rules of Evidence 1002
Considered to be the “best evidence” rule
Federal Rules of Evidence 1002
The starting point of understanding all types of investigations
Federal Rules of Evidence 1002
Can be gathered through a computer or via IT autopsy
Federal Rules of Evidence 1002
How a court determines admissible evidence
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 40 flashcards in this deck.
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40
Match between columns
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Noncriminal injuries
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Preponderance of the evidence
Deters crime and punishes criminals
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
Criminal violations
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Criminal violations
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Criminal violations
Noncriminal injuries
Criminal violations
Preponderance of the evidence
Criminal violations
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
Protects society’s interests
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Protects society’s interests
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Protects society’s interests
Noncriminal injuries
Protects society’s interests
Preponderance of the evidence
Protects society’s interests
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Noncriminal injuries
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Preponderance of the evidence
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
Violates a statute
Provides an injured private party the opportunity to bring a lawsuit for the injury
Violates a statute
Causes harm to an individual, group, or legal entity
Violates a statute
Noncriminal injuries
Violates a statute
Preponderance of the evidence
Violates a statute
Deters injuries and compensates the injured
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