Deck 3: The Human Body: Are We Really What We Eat

Question 1

The human body is organized into the following structural levels (smallest to largest)

A) molecules, atoms, organs, systems, tissues, cells.
B) atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems.
C) organs, tissues, molecules, systems, atoms, organ.
D) atoms, cells, systems, tissues, molecules, organs.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The chemical environment of the stomach is

A) very acidic.
B) nearly neutral.
C) slightly basic.
D) strongly alkaline.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Assuming the Calories and relative sizes are similar,which of the following snacks will have the highest satiety value?

A) two saltine crackers spread with jam
B) two saltine crackers spread with butter
C) a glass of orange juice
D) a hard-boiled egg

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which type of cells form the lining of the small intestine?

A) parietal cells
B) enterocytes
C) chief cells
D) melanocytes

Question 5

The primary function of mucus in the stomach is to

A) neutralize stomach acid.
B) activate pepsinogen to pepsin.
C) protect the stomach cells from gastric juice.
D) emulsify fats.

Question 6

Cell membranes are primarily composed of two layers of

A) sugars.
B) phospholipids.
C) tissues.
D) sterols.

Question 7

The term used to describe the process in which foods are broken down into their component molecules is

A) digestion.
B) absorption.
C) elimination.
D) segmentation.

Question 8

The "powerhouse" of the cell that produces most of the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)is/are the

A) mitochondria.
B) ribosomes.
C) nucleus.
D) cytoplasm.

Question 9

Which physiological stimulus will trigger the sensation of hunger?

A) low glucose levels
B) high glucose levels
C) release of the hormone leptin
D) eating a meal with a high satiety value

Question 10

The smallest units of matter that normally CANNOT be broken down are

A) atoms.
B) molecules.
C) cells.
D) phospholipids.

Question 11

Appetite is triggered by

A) a physiological drive.
B) environmental cues, such as the smell or taste of food.
C) pancreatic enzymes.
D) stomach enzymes.

Question 12

Salivary amylase begins the digestion of which nutrient in the mouth?

A) protein
B) fat
C) carbohydrate
D) vitamin B₁₂

Question 13

When the stomach is full,it can expand to hold approximately

A) 2 cups of food or water.
B) 4 cups of food or water.
C) 1/2 gallon of food or water.
D) 1 gallon of food or water.

Question 14

What chemical in gastric juice kills bacteria you may have consumed?

A) pepsinogen
B) gastric lipase
C) mucus
D) hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Question 15

Hunger is best described as

A) a physiological desire to consume food.
B) a psychological desire to consume food.
C) eating that is often driven by environmental cues.
D) eating that is often driven by emotional cues.

Question 16

Bob eats his breakfast,and his GI tract will now begin the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from this meal.What is the order in which each of the organs of the GI tract will work to achieve this process?

A) mouth, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine
B) mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
C) mouth, stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine
D) mouth, stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine

Question 17

Which hormones are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?

A) testosterone and estrogen
B) leptin and ghrelin
C) glucagon and insulin
D) epinephrine and CCK

Question 18

What is the cephalic phase?

A) earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food
B) phase in which the semi-digested food leaves the stomach and slowly enters the small intestine
C) phase in which the majority of absorption occurs, primarily occurring in the small intestine
D) final phase of digestion in which the large intestine and rectum prepare the undigested components of food for elimination

Question 19

Our genetic information,in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),is located in the

A) endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
B) mitochondria.
C) nucleus.
D) cytoplasm.

Question 20

Where in your body does the majority of the digestion and absorption of food occur?

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine

Question 21

The nerves in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract are referred to as the

A) peptic nervous system.
B) hepatic nervous system.
C) enteric nervous system.
D) gastric nervous system.

Question 22

Which of the following does NOT occur in the stomach?

A) pancreatic enzymes digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
B) bacteria in food is destroyed
C) protein is denatured
D) pepsinogen is converted to pepsin

Question 23

Which organ is responsible for manufacturing and secreting digestive enzymes and bicarbonate?

A) liver
B) stomach
C) pancreas
D) gallbladder

Question 24

Water-soluble nutrients stored in blood are routed directly from the small intestine through the portal vein to the

A) heart.
B) lungs.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.

Question 25

What is the name of the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine?

A) pyloric
B) lower esophageal
C) ileocecal
D) gastroesophageal

Question 26

Which of the body's systems directs and coordinates the interrelated activities of the gastrointestinal tract?

A) the skeletal system
B) the lymphatic system
C) the cardiovascular system
D) the neuromuscular system

Question 27

What is the region of the brain where physiological signals are translated into the message to seek food due to hunger?

A) gallbladder
B) pancreas
C) hypothalamus
D) liver

Question 28

The brush border is located in the

A) esophagus.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.

Question 29

Bile is made in the

A) stomach.
B) gallbladder.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.

Question 30

What is chyme?

A) an ulceration of the esophageal lining
B) a mass of food that has been chewed and moistened in the mouth
C) a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
D) a substance that allows for the emulsification of dietary lipids

Question 31

Which of the following is recommended to prevent symptoms of GERD?

A) waiting at least 30 minutes after eating before lying down
B) eating 2 large meals a day
C) sleeping on a flat mattress without pillows
D) taking an antacid before eating a meal

Question 32

After you eat a meal of a cheeseburger with French fries and a chocolate milk shake,the fat in the meal

A) travels directly to the liver for packaging.
B) is digested by lingual, gastric, and pancreatic lipases.
C) is digested by salivary and pancreatic amylases.
D) is digested by pepsin and pancreatic proteases.

Question 33

The first part of the small intestine is the

A) gallbladder.
B) pancreas.
C) ileocecal valve.
D) duodenum.

Question 34

The enzyme pancreatic amylase continues the digestion of

A) carbohydrate.
B) protein.
C) fat.
D) vitamins.

Question 35

Bile is released into which body organ in response to the consumption of fat?

A) esophagus
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine

Question 36

Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment approach for someone suffering from GERD?

A) surgical removal of the gallbladder
B) surgical removal of the lower esophagus
C) antibiotic therapy
D) losing weight and quitting smoking

Question 37

In the digestive system,bicarbonate

A) activates enzymes that begin lipid digestion.
B) neutralizes acids.
C) regulates digestive activity and increases peristalsis.
D) emulsifies fats.

Question 38

Which of the following enables the cell membrane to remain flexible?

A) cholesterol
B) protein
C) carbohydrate
D) alcohol

Question 39

Responding to the presence of protein and fat in our meal,cholecystokinin (CCK)signals the gallbladder to release a substance called

A) lipase.
B) pepsin.
C) chyme.
D) bile.

Question 40

In the small intestine,fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed by

A) bile.
B) capillaries.
C) lacteals.
D) chief cells.

Question 41

Which of the following allows facilitated diffusion of nutrients across the enterocyte membrane?

A) cholesterol
B) alcohol
C) carbohydrate
D) protein

Question 42

Which component of the gastrointestinal system can synthesize certain vitamins?

A) liver enzymes
B) intestinal yeasts
C) circular folds
D) GI flora

Question 43

Where is the gallbladder located?

A) in the large intestine
B) above the pituitary gland
C) beneath the liver
D) above the pharynx

Question 44

The pancreas is located

A) behind the stomach.
B) above the pituitary gland.
C) at the end of the large intestine.
D) above the liver.

Question 45

The chemical messengers that are secreted by glands,enter the bloodstream,and travel to distant target sites to regulate their functions are known as

A) hormones.
B) enzymes.
C) bases.
D) organelles.

Question 46

The wavelike contractions that move food along the length of the GI tract are called

A) spasms.
B) peristalsis.
C) sphincter movements.
D) segmentation.

Question 47

Mechanical digestion begins in the

A) mouth.
B) pharynx.
C) stomach.
D) small intestine.

Question 48

Peristalsis is controlled by the

A) central nervous system.
B) enteric nervous system.
C) central and peripheral nervous systems.
D) multiple branches of the autonomic nervous system working together.

Question 49

The conversion of the mass of undigested material into feces occurs in the

A) stomach.
B) gallbladder.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.

Question 50

Which of the following foods or beverages is considered safe to consume when traveling to high-risk foreign destinations?

A) ice made from tap water
B) coffee and tea
C) salads and lettuce
D) refrigerated shellfish

Question 51

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?

A) stress
B) Helicobacter pylori
C) prolonged use of aspirin
D) eating too many spicy foods

Question 52

A painful sensation in the chest that results from gastric juices seeping back up into the esophagus is called

A) Barrett's esophagus.
B) irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
C) gastroesophageal reflux (GER).
D) esophagitis.

Question 53

Which of the following begins the process of denaturing proteins?

A) HCl
B) intrinsic factor
C) CCK
D) leptin

Question 54

Which of the following is known as a "hunger hormone"?

A) progesterone
B) testosterone
C) CCK
D) ghrelin

Question 55

The tiny flap of tissue that keeps food from entering the trachea is called the

A) pyloric valve.
B) esophagus.
C) epiglottis.
D) upper esophageal sphincter.

Question 56

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of the central nervous system's role in digestion?

A) Chewing a piece of mango initiates mechanical digestion.
B) The aroma of grilled foods triggers salivary cells to stimulate the salivary glands.
C) Swallowing a bolus of food triggers peristalsis.
D) Salivary amylase begins the digestion of the carbohydrates in a turkey sandwich.

Question 58

Inside each villus of the small intestine are capillaries and a small lymph vessel called a(n)

A) lacteal.
B) gluteal.
C) chyme.
D) organelle.

Question 59

The small intestine is described as "small" because

A) it is the shortest part of the GI tract.
B) it consists of only one section.
C) not much digestion or absorption occurs there.
D) it is only an inch in diameter.

Question 60

The structure of the brush border aids digestion by

A) increasing the small intestine's absorptive capacity.
B) increasing the large intestine's absorptive capacity.
C) releasing bile quickly into the duodenum.
D) mechanically breaking down food.

Question 61

Liquids have a higher satiety value than solid foods.

Question 62

Which of the following commonly results from years of alcohol abuse?

A) The liver attempts to compensate for the alcohol by increasing its production of glucose.
B) The liver increases its capacity to detoxify alcohol and thereby grows in size.
C) Scar tissue develops in the liver, impairing its ability to filter toxins from the blood.
D) The liver loses its ability to produce insulin and glucagon.

Question 63

Bile is made in the gallbladder.

Question 64

A cell's mitochondria function to enclose the contents of the cell.

Question 65

Hunger and appetite are synonymous terms that mean the same thing.

Question 66

Overall,very little chemical digestion occurs in the mouth.

Question 67

Irritable bowel syndrome

A) affects about twice as many men as women.
B) is characterized by rectal bleeding and weight loss.
C) is typically caused by infection with H. pylori.
D) may be due to conflicting messages between the central and enteric nervous systems.

Question 68

Cells are the smallest functional units of life that can grow,reproduce,and perform basic functions.

Question 69

Colorectal cancer is

A) almost always diagnosed at a late stage at which it is beyond treatment.
B) caused by consumption of a high-fiber diet.
C) the third most common cancer in men and women.
D) the least common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 70

Often called the cell's powerhouse,the ribosome produces the energy molecule ATP from basic food components.

Question 71

Peptic ulcers are areas of the gastrointestinal tract that have been eroded by insulin and glucagon.

Question 72

Which of the following is the most common cause of an occasional bout of vomiting?

A) cyclic vomiting syndrome
B) infection with the norovirus
C) irritable bowel syndrome
D) colorectal cancer

Question 73

Which of the following statements about nutrient transport is TRUE?

A) In passive diffusion, nutrients cross the enterocyte membrane against their concentration gradient.
B) Active transport enables certain nutrients to cross the enterocyte membrane against their concentration gradient.
C) Endocytosis is a form of passive diffusion by which lipids cross the enterocyte membrane.
D) In facilitated diffusion, nutrients in low concentration in the GI tract cross the enterocyte membrane with the help of energy in the form of ATP.

Question 74

The hair-like projections on the enterocytes are known as

A) villi.
B) microvilli.
C) crypts.
D) brush cells.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

A) absorption of excess glucose from the blood
B) storage of bile
C) storage of amino acids
D) regulation of fat levels in the blood

Question 76

Orange juice has a pH of 4.What is its relative acidity compared to pure water,which has a pH of 7?

A) 10 times more acidic
B) 100 times more acidic
C) 1,000 times more acidic
D) 10,000 times more acidic

Question 77

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed

A) into the capillaries and transported in blood.
B) into the lymphatic system and transported in lymph.
C) directly across the stomach wall into the bloodstream.
D) directly by the portal vein and transported to the liver.

Question 78

Peristalsis that begins in the small intestine and surges upwards results in

A) vomiting.
B) diarrhea.
C) constipation.
D) IBS.

Question 79

Typically,chyme remains in the stomach for 2 hours before traveling to the small intestine.

Question 80

The cell membrane is selectively permeable,allowing only some compounds to enter and leave the cell.