Deck 7: Stress and Well-Being at Work

Question 1

Damian is a professional gymnast and ranks number 5 in his country.However, he considers his short temper to be a terrible flaw and thinks it makes him a bad person.He believes the only way to be considered successful is to be the number 1 gymnast in the country.This makes Damian feel very stressed.According to one of the four approaches to stress, Damian is feeling stressed due to factors such as perception and cognitive appraisal.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Stress is a great asset in managing legitimate emergencies and achieving peak performance.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

George, a line cook at a fast-food restaurant, has been flipping burgers for more than 5 years at the same place.The management does not wish to change his position or give him a promotion.Due to this, George begins to experience apathy, and his job performance suffers.In this scenario, George is experiencing a psychological response to job stress called burnout.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

According to Harry Levinson, self-image is the embodiment of a person's perfect self.

Question 5

In the context of the stress response, adrenaline activates the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine (hormone)system.

Question 6

Problem-focused coping emphasizes managing the stressor.

Question 7

Dramatic changes at work and lack of control are some of the major causes of work stress.

Question 8

The cognitive appraisal approach to stress emphasized the idea that confusing and conflicting expectations of a person in a social role create stress for that person.

Question 9

According to the homeostatic/medical approach to stress, stress occurs when deep emotions or environmental demands upset an individual's natural steadystate balance.

Question 10

Nonwork demands may broadly be identified as impositions from an individual's personal life environment and self-imposed restrictions.

Question 11

Work stress is caused by factors in the work environment as well as by nonwork (external)pressures that spill over into the workplace.

Question 12

Interrole conflict is caused by opposing expectations related to a single role.

Question 13

The stress response is inherently bad and destructive.

Question 14

The sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine (hormone)system work together to trigger four mind-body changes that prepare a person for fight or flight.

Question 15

Whether activated by an ego-ideal/self-image discrepancy, a poorly defined social role, a cognitive appraisal suggesting threat, or a lack of balance, the resulting stress response is characterized by a predictable sequence of mind and body events.

Question 16

Every person has the same threshold as to the amount of stress he or she can take before they break down.

Question 17

Role ambiguity and role conflict are two major categories of role stress at work.

Question 18

Healthy stress does not exist.

Question 19

Individual differences, such as gender and Type A behavior pattern, enhance vulnerability to strain under stressful conditions.

Question 20

Martina, an employee at a tailor shop, can stitch up to 2 good-quality shirts per day.However, her employer insists that she complete a bulk order within a very short period of time without error or delay.In this scenario, Martina is stressed due to an interrole conflict at work.

Question 21

Psychological counseling, career counseling, physical therapy, medical treatment, surgical intervention, and other therapeutic techniques are available to people who need help.

Question 22

People who have hardy personalities resist strain reactions when subjected to stressful events more effectively than do people who are not hardy.

Question 23

Clara has always been very competitive.She finds it important to be popular and well liked and always wishes to achieve more.She gets aggressive when disturbed and hates being late in general.Due to these personality characteristics, Clara is likely to be at risk for coronary heart disease.

Question 24

Lisa and Mark work for the same company, have the same designation, and report to the same manager.Unfortunately, both Lisa and Mark experienced sexual harassment at the work place.This caused them a significant amount of stress.Research indicates that Mark is more likely than Lisa to abuse alcohol as a coping method.

Question 25

Women's behavioral responses to stress are very similar to men's responses to stress.

Question 26

Type B behavior pattern includes social status insecurity and aggression.

Question 27

Flexibility training is an important type of exercise because muscular contractions are associated with the stress response.

Question 28

Which of the following is a leading cause of work stress?​

A)​Work-family conflicts
B)​Technological innovation
C)​Productive capacity
D)​Personal beliefs

Question 29

Counterdependence, a healthy, secure interdependent pattern of behavior, is a personality attribute strongly related to social relationships.

Question 30

The person-environment fit approach to stress emphasized the:​

A)​idea that confusing and conflicting expectations of a person in a social role create stress for that person.
B)​belief that effort will lead to performance.
C)​idea that stress is mostly determined by perception.
D)​idea that the fit between a person's self-image or concept and his ideal generates a huge amount of stress.

Question 31

Who among the following is most closely associated with the homeostatic/medical approach to stress?​

A)​Richard Lazarus
B)​Harry Levinson
C)​Walter B.Cannon
D)​Robert Kahn

Question 32

Primary prevention is a stage in preventive stress management designed to reduce, modify, or eliminate the demand or stressor causing stress.

Question 33

The final result of the role negotiation process should be a clear, well-defined focal role with which the incumbent and organizational members are all comfortable.

Question 34

A person or event that triggers the stress response is known as _____.​

A)​the Type A personality
B)​the Achilles' heel
C)​a demand
D)​a workaholic

Question 35

Type B people often recognize Type A behavior and can help Type A individuals judge situations realistically.

Question 36

Which of the following approaches to stress is the fight-or-flight response most closely associated with?

A)​The homeostatic/medical approach
B)​The cognitive appraisal approach
C)​The person-environment fit approach
D)​The psychoanalytic approach

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of the person-environment fit approach to stress?​

A)​The stress response is ineffective in preparing a person to handle legitimate emergencies through peak performance.
B)​Students planning and preparing for exams would more likely use emotion-focused coping.
C)​The human body is designed with natural defense mechanisms to keep it in homeostasis.
D)​Stress occurs when the role expectations are confusing and/or conflict with one's skills and abilities.

Question 38

Strain is also known as _____.

A)​stress
B)​distress
C)​eustress
D)​stressor

Question 39

According to Walter B.Cannon's _____ to stress, the body is designed with natural defense mechanisms to keep it in homeostasis.

A)​medical approach
B)​psychoanalytic approach
C)​cognitive appraisal approach
D)​person-environment fit approach

Question 40

In the context of the cognitive appraisal approach to stress, problem-focused coping emphasizes:

A)​managing the gap between the ego-ideal and the real self-image.
B)​managing the stressor.
C)​managing the response to stress.
D)​managing the set of role expectations.

Question 41

Healthy, normal stress is known as _____.​

A)​distress
B)​strain
C)​eustress
D)​acute stress

Question 42

Which of the following is an early warning sign of workaholism?​

A)​The inability to enjoy vacations and respites from work
B)​Choosing to work an extra job to earn more money
C)​Disinterest in home and family life
D)​A preference to be in the presence of co-workers instead of family

Question 43

Which of the following is a task demand that causes stress?

A)​Globalization
B)​Dramatic changes at work
C)​Outdated technologies
D)​Organizational commitment

Question 44

Males are more vulnerable at an earlier age to:​

A)​sexual harassment in the workplace.
B)​fatal health problems such as cardiovascular disorders.
C)​nonfatal but long-term health issues.
D)​post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 45

Role conflict results from:​

A)​lack of control and poor leadership
B)​emotional toxins and role ambiguity.
C)​civic and volunteer work overload.
D)​inconsistent or incompatible expectations.

Question 46

Aerobic exercise:​

A)​increases adrenaline levels in the blood, while at rest.
B)​enhances a person's ability to manage stressful demands.
C)​improves a person's time management skills.
D)​slows down a person's recovery from stressful events.

Question 47

Role ambiguity is:​

A)​caused by opposing expectations related to a single role.
B)​results from inconsistent or incompatible expectations.
C)​concerned with the social psychology of stress.
D)​the confusion a person experiences in relation to the expectations of others.

Question 48

Psychosomatic disorders:

A)​are a form of burnout.
B)​are a form of rust-out.
C)​are physical ailments with mental origins.
D)​can always be traced to a work situation.

Question 49

Costs of organizational distress such as absenteeism, tardiness, strikes, work stoppages, and turnover are known as _____.

A)​performance decrements
B)​participation problems
C)​interrole problems
D)​intrarole conflicts

Question 50

Which of the following is a self-imposed personal demand?​

A)​Child rearing
B)​Workaholism
C)​Civic duties
D)​Parental care

Question 51

Devon was in a plane crash and suffered quite a few injuries.For months afterward, he had nightmares about the event, and he was too scared to fly again.He avoided air travel after the accident as well as any discussions about flying or plane crashes.This helped him cope with the incident and prevent panic attacks.In the context of personality hardiness, which of the following characterizes Devon's behavior?

A)​Transformational coping
B)​Regressive coping
C)​Preventive stress management
D)​Self-reliance

Question 52

Which of the following approaches would a supervisor follow to effectively manage an employee who has Type A behavior pattern?​

A)​The supervisor would frequently remind the employee about schedules and deadlines.
B)​The supervisor would try to maintain a certain level of conflict with the employee because this will stimulate higher performance.
C)​The supervisor would keep the employee very busy by adding tasks and projects to the person's workload.
D)​The supervisor would provide some training to the employee on working harmoniously in a team.

Question 53

Three major costs of organizational distress are:​

A)participation problems, performance decrements, and compensation awards.​
B)​functional turnover, high performance, and compensation awards.
C)​functional turnover, increased production quality, and compensation awards.
D)​performance variation, participation problems, and compensation awards.

Question 54

The Yerkes-Dodson law indicates that:​

A)​initial stress (or the onset of stress)causes performance to drop significantly.
B)​the greatest performance benefits from stress are achieved in the mid-range of the Yerkes-Dodson curve.
C)​stress and performance are unrelated.
D)​stress and performance are inversely related.

Question 55

An employee with a major sales presentation due on Monday and a sick child at home Sunday night is likely to experience _____.​

A)​interrole conflict
B)​intrarole conflict
C)​person-role conflict
D)​role ambiguity

Question 56

A manager who presses employees for both very fast and high-quality work would likely cause:​

A)​interrole conflict.
B)​intrarole conflict.
C)​person-role conflict.
D)​role ambiguity.

Question 57

Which of the following is true of individuals who possess Type A personality?

A)​They are socially secure.
B)​They are less prone than Type B personalities to heart attacks.
C)​They are aggressive, hostile, and demonstrate a quest for achievements.
D)​They tend to be relatively calm when faced with difficult situations at work.

Question 58

Which of the following is a gender-related source of stress for working women?​

A)​Sexual harassment
B)​Time pressure
C)​Alcohol abuse
D)​Type A personality

Question 59

The two major categories of role stress at work include:

A)​temporal pressure and career progress.
B)​role conflict and role ambiguity.
C)​lack of control and emotional toxins.
D)​person-role conflict and ethics violations.

Question 60

A manager instructs an employee to ship an item with a minor defect to a customer in violation of the employee's personal values.This is an example of:​

A)​role ambiguity.
B)​person-role conflict.
C)​interrole conflict.
D)​non-role conflict.

Question 61

The job strain model suggests that:

A)​people participate in determining their work goals.
B)​low self-determination and self-reliance lead to a low-strain job.
C)​points of confusion and conflict become opportunities for clarification and resolution.
D)​the combination of stringent demands and restricted control leads to a high-strain job.

Question 62

Self-reliance is a healthy, secure _____ pattern of behavior.

A)​overdependent
B)​counterdependent
C)​self-dependent
D)​interdependent

Question 63

The _____ appears to use commitment, control, and challenge actively to engage in transformational coping when faced with stressful events.

A)​Type A personality
B)​overdependent personality
C)​hardy personality
D)​Type B personality

Question 64

Which of the following is true of positive thinking?

A)​The power of positive thinking is often appreciated.
B)​When one cultivates an optimistic frame of mind, bad life events are bathed in a positive light.
C)​An optimistic style of thought does not have to be practiced habitually in order to be effective.
D)​No person is predisposed to an optimistic style of thought.

Question 65

A manager's decision to increase worker control in a given task is an example of:

A)​individual prevention.
B)​secondary prevention.
C)​primary prevention.
D)​tertiary prevention.

Question 66

_____, a way of managing stressful events, may lead to short-term stress reduction at the cost of healthy, long-term life adjustment.

A)​Transformational coping
B)​Counterdependence
C)​Regressive coping
D)​Stress avoidance

Question 67

The key elements in a person's work and nonwork social support system provide _____.

A)​evaluative feedback
B)​self-disclosure
C)​organizational wellness
D)​relaxation training

Question 68

Most organizational prevention is _____, including job redesign, goal setting, role negotiation, and career management.

A)​tertiary prevention
B)​primary prevention
C)​reduction prevention
D)​secondary prevention

Question 69

Secondary prevention is intended to:

A)​reduce, modify, or eliminate the demand that is causing stress.
B)​modify an individual's or an organization's response to a demand.
C)​heal individual or organizational symptoms of distress and strain.
D)​eliminate key environmental sources of stress or provide direct intervention to reduce the source of stress.

Question 70

An important secondary stress prevention activity for individuals is:

A)​time management.
B)​leisure time pursuits.
C)​learned optimism.
D)​physical exercise.

Question 71

Why does role negotiation have value as a stress-management method?

A)​It lets individuals negotiate for a much higher salary.
B)​It allows individuals to modify their work roles.
C)​It gives individuals the illusion of control over their roles.
D)​It ensures there is no discrimination between men and women.

Question 72

In the context of preventive stress management, _____ are designed to increase task motivation while reducing role conflict and ambiguity.

A)​role negotiations
B)​goal-setting activities
C)​social support systems
D)​team building sessions

Question 73

Learned optimism is:

A)​a secondary individual stress prevention method.
B)​the planning and prioritizing of tasks.
C)​is one of the five dimensions of positive organizational behavior.
D)​a strong Type A personality characteristic.

Question 74

The stage in preventive stress management designed to heal individual or organizational symptoms of distress and strain is called:

A)​primary prevention.
B)​secondary prevention.
C)​tertiary prevention.
D)​job redesign.

Question 75

Which of the following is true of optimistic people?

A)​They avoid distress by framing the difficult times in their lives as temporary.
B)​They are unable to face adversity with hope.
C)​They refuse to take credit for the good events in their lives.
D)​They are less likely to use proactive coping skills to achieve goals.

Question 76

People who have _____ resist strain reactions when subjected to stressful events more effectively than do people who are not sturdy.

A)​overdependent personalities
B)​Type A personalities
C)​counterdependent personalities
D)​hardy personalities

Question 77

_____ was one of the first people to identify the relaxation response as the natural counterresponse to stress.

A)​Kenneth Cooper
B)​Dean Ornish
C)​Joyce Adkins
D)​Herbert Benson

Question 78

Which of the following is a difference between counterdependence and overdependence?

A)​Counterdependence is as a desperate attempt to achieve a sense of security through relationships, whereas overdependence is a rigid, dismissing denial of the need for other people.
B)​Counterdependence is an unhealthy, insecure pattern of behavior in relationships, whereas overdependence can be healthy for a relationship.
C)​When faced with stressful situations, counterdependent people withdraw, whereas overdependent people cling to other people in any way possible.
D)​Counterdependence is more common among women, whereas overdependence is seen most often in men.

Question 79

Which of the following organizational stress prevention methods is a type of secondary prevention?

A)​Job redesign
B)​Role negotiation
C)​Goal setting
D)​Team building

Question 80

Which of the following is the last step of the GP3 method of time management?

A)​Prioritizing goals in terms of their relative importance
B)​Praising oneself for specific achievements along the way
C)​Setting goals that are challenging yet attainable
D)​Planning for goal attainment through specific tasks