Question 1

What is the term for the degree of contractility and elasticity in muscle tissue?&#10;A) Resistance&#10;B) Co-contraction&#10;C) Coactivation&#10;D) Muscle tone

Accepted Answer

The qualities of contractility and elasticity are necessary for the muscle's accurate response to changes in stimuli experienced during movement, an event referred to as coactivation.Muscle tone allows muscles to adapt readily to changing sensory stimuli during functional activities.

Question 2

Why do occupational therapy practitioners use positioning and handling techniques for children with cerebral palsy?&#10;A) Maintain postural alignment.&#10;B) Facilitate improved movement patterns.&#10;C) Facilitate performance of activities of daily living.&#10;D) Both A and C.&#10;E) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

Positioning and handling methods are especially important for the child with cerebral palsy who is unable to move independently.These methods also help the child work toward the achievement of performance-area goals such as increased independence in dressing, feeding, playing, and doing schoolwork.
Practitioners can also select and recommend specific types of positioning equipment, such as chairs, supine or prone standers, and sidelyers, which support the child during functional activities with the best possible postural alignment, control, and stability.Handling techniques such as slow rocking, slow stroking, imposed rotational movement patterns, and bouncing are used to enhance the child's muscle tone, activity level, and ability for independent movement (see Chapter 18).

Question 3

What component is not essential for the acquisition of motor skills?&#10;A) Inborn reflexive movement patterns.&#10;B) Opportunities to practice and repeat movements.&#10;C) Following an exact sequence of motor skills.&#10;D) Feedback regarding the effectiveness of our actions.

Accepted Answer

According to the systems approach, feedforward actions require that posture be highly variable and subject to being affected by all the factors motivating the person to choose to catch the balls.No one right way to execute movement exists; rather, movement is strongly influenced by many variables.According to this approach, in contrast to reflex-hierarchical models, motor development follows a step-like progression, starting with primitive reflexes and progressing to voluntary movement control through the higher brain centers.The research of systems theorists has shown that motor activity is most often initiated by the interaction of sensory, perceptual, environmental, and other factors leading to task-focused, goal-directed movement.
One other concept from systems model research has important therapeutic implications for the treatment of children with cerebral palsy or other neurologic disorders.Postural control and movement are at their greatest levels of efficiency, flexibility, and adaptability after randomized practice and repetition.Infants attempt to roll, crawl, stand, and walk over several hundred attempts with varied success and failure.Each attempt provides necessary feedback that will feedforward to more skilled motor responses and the eventual mastery of the motor skill.

Question 4

Frank is unable to extend his hand quickly enough to prevent him from falling.With what reaction is he having difficulty?&#10;A) Equilibrium&#10;B) Protective&#10;C) Righting&#10;D) Static balance

Accepted Answer

When righting and equilibrium reactions are not sufficient to regain an upright posture quickly and safely, individuals use another reflexive reaction called the protective extension reaction.When people fall, they frequently use this reaction, automatically reaching outward from their bodies to catch themselves or break the fall.A protective response requires the motor ability to quickly bring an extremity (i.e., arm or leg) out from the body to prevent a fall and also the strength to support the body's weight momentarily while bracing.

Question 5

What is the best way to describe muscle tone that is associated with atypical postural alignment and limited joint range of motion?&#10;A) Flaccid&#10;B) Hypotonic&#10;C) Hypertonic&#10;D) Weak

Accepted Answer

Increased muscle tone, which is defined as hypertonia, can make a child appear stiff or rigid.A child with cerebral palsy may have a primary impairment such as hypertonia and a muscle imbalance across a joint.This abnormal muscle tone may cause poor alignment across a joint, further muscle weakness, and eventually a contracture in the joint.The resulting muscle contractures, poor body alignment, and poor ability to initiate movement would be considered secondary impairments.

Question 6

Stacey has increased muscle tone affecting only the lower half of her body.What type of cerebral palsy describes this pattern?&#10;A) Diplegia&#10;B) Hemiplegia&#10;C) Monoplegia&#10;D) Quadriplegia

Accepted Answer

Cerebral palsy can be defined by the location of the lesion in the central nervous system and by distribution of abnormal muscle tone in the trunk and extremities.Involvement of one extremity is commonly referred to as monoplegia, upper and lower extremities on one side of the body as hemiplegia, both lower extremities as diplegia or paraplegia, all limbs as quadriplegia, and all limbs and head/neck as tetraplegia.

Question 7

Charlie is a 10-month-old with cerebral palsy who has difficulty sitting.With what is he having difficulty?&#10;A) Equilibrium&#10;B) Protective&#10;C) Righting&#10;D) Static balance

Accepted Answer

The functions that aid individuals in maintaining or regaining posture are righting reactions and equilibrium reactions often referred to concomitantly as balance reactions.These functions can be thought of as static or dynamic.When people are sitting and not engaged in any activity, they are using static balance.

Question 8

George is unable to sit in a regular chair because when he writes, he falls off the edge as soon as his hand moves past midline.With what is he having difficulty?&#10;A) Equilibrium&#10;B) Protective&#10;C) Righting&#10;D) Static balance

Accepted Answer

The functions that aid individuals in maintaining or regaining posture are righting reactions and equilibrium reactions often referred to concomitantly as balance reactions.These functions can be thought of as static or dynamic.

Question 9

Stan has a type of cerebral palsy in which balance and fine motor functions such as coordination are impaired.What type of cerebral palsy is this?&#10;A) Ataxia&#10;B) Choreoathetosis&#10;C) Hypotonia&#10;D) Spasticity

Accepted Answer

The third type of cerebral palsy, ataxia, has less effect on muscle tone, but greatly impacts balance and coordination.Children who have ataxia may show shifts in muscle tone, but to a lesser degree than those with dyskinesias.Distribution of related muscle control issues is typically quadriplegic.

Question 10

What is the role of orthoses for children who have cerebral palsy?&#10;A) Improve range of motion&#10;B) Improve overall function&#10;C) Decrease muscle tone&#10;D) Decrease pain

Accepted Answer

Often orthoses are worn by children with cerebral palsy to improve overall function.Orthoses are designed to meet specific objectives identified by the child or the parents (Box 17-4).In many instances, orthoses can compensate for functional deficits in hand grasping toys or pointing in order to get toys, holding eating utensils, holding writing implements, or accessing computing devices.

Question 11

What are children with cerebral palsy whose muscles appear very weak and soft and who have trouble sitting up independently exhibiting?&#10;A) Co-contraction&#10;B) Hypertonia&#10;C) Fixation&#10;D) Hypotonia

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are children with cerebral palsy whose...

Question 12

Which statement is not emphasized in the dynamic motor control systems theories?&#10;A) Movement will improve through use of controlled sensory input only.&#10;B) Movement will improve through use of sensory input and practice.&#10;C) Movement will improve if the individual is able to use feedforward when planning movements.&#10;D) Movement will improve when an individual has to move in many different types of situations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement is not emphasized in the...

Question 13

What type of intervention is based on the theory of learned nonuse and requires children try to use the affected hand?&#10;A) Complementary and alternative medicine&#10;B) Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT)&#10;C) Kinesio taping&#10;D) Orthoses and casting

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of intervention is based on...

Question 14

What is one of the problems seen most frequently in children with cerebral palsy?&#10;A) Early integration of the primitive reflexes&#10;B) Absent or impaired righting and equilibrium responses&#10;C) Wide ranges of movement patterns&#10;D) Excessive muscle strength

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is one of the problems seen...

Deck 17: Cerebral Palsy