Deck 7: The Experiment

Question 1

Selection bias and maturation are threats to

A)internal validity.
B)testing.
C)experimental mortality.
D)double-blind.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Ethics can be an issue in research

A)except in the case of survey research.
B)when researchers use deception in their research.
C)because placebos can be bad for people's health.
D)None of these answers are correct.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Dr.King is conducting a field experiment.One setting that should not be used is

A)a barn.
B)a controlled laboratory.
C)a corn field.
D)a class room.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Mr.Marsh conducts an experiment that he cannot translate into real life.The treatment is not realistic.This threat to external validity is called

A)reactivity.
B)artificial treatment.
C)maturation.
D)Hawthorne Effect.

Question 5

The weakness of static group comparison is that the researcher

A)is biased.
B)cannot know whether group differences prior to the experiment or if the independent variable caused differences in posttest outcomes.
C)cannot know whether group differences prior to the experiment or if the dependent variable caused differences in posttest outcomes.
D)is not needed.

Question 6

When a researcher is interested in how sequences affect the dependent variable,the design is

A)Solomon Four Group Design.
B)Two-Group Post Design.
C)Classical Design.
D)Latin Square Design.

Question 7

Dr.Mottle wants to test whether the style of clothing has an impact on servers' tips.The dependent variable is

A)the size of the tips.
B)clothing.
C)restaurant menu.
D)size of the clothing.

Question 8

Dr.Van Offer is studying a new communication method.If he uses the new technique in a randomized study,it would be the

A)dependent variable.
B)independent variable.
C)placebo.
D)control group.

Question 9

When using a true random process,over the long run the odds are

A)that the researcher tires of the experiment.
B)all the people in the groups will be different.
C)the people in the groups will be equal.
D)even.

Question 10

A researcher should look at what elements when reading an experimental research paper?

A)How many action words are used?
B)Do the results of the research support your political views?
C)How was the dependent variable measured?
D)Is the author anyone that you know?

Question 11

Three major areas of technique for carrying out effective experiments are

A)planning,instructions to participants,and post experiment interviews.
B)discussion,field experiments,and Hawthorne Effect.
C)paper,computer,and PDAs.
D)internal validity,external validity,and Hawthorne Effect.

Question 12

Researchers control experimenter expectancy by

A)hiring assistants.
B)using double-blind experiments.
C)diffusion of treatment.
D)testing.

Question 13

A placebo is

A)sometimes called a sugar pill.
B)a noneffective or inactive independent variable.
C)used in double-blind experiments.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 14

Threats to internal validity include all of the following EXCEPT

A)selection bias.
B)quasi-experimental.
C)testing.
D)history.

Question 15

If a researcher uses deception,they must also

A)debrief participants as soon as possible.
B)keep the deception to themselves.
C)deny that they used deception in publications.
D)discuss the study with colleagues.

Question 16

Maturation is a threat to internal validity and means

A)that the subject (participant)is too immature.
B)that the subject quits the experiment before it is completed.
C)that a biological or emotional process within the participants that is not part of the independent variable induces a change in the dependent variable.
D)that the experiment is ripe.

Question 17

Mr.Marsh is so anxious to start his research that he doesn't consider the fact that his subjects may be completely humiliated by the research.However,his Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A)suggests that he find a way to conduct his research so as to protect his subjects.
B)points out that his behavior is related to the Hawthorne Effect.
C)makes the suggestion that he uses controlled laboratory research.
D)suggests Mr.Marsh enroll as a subject in his own study.

Question 18

A threat that might weaken external validity is

A)artificial setting.
B)maturation.
C)testing.
D)history.

Question 19

An experimenter's control over an experimental setting affects

A)the control group.
B)external validity.
C)maturation.
D)None of the answer options are correct.

Question 20

In an experiment,the group that receives the experimental intervention is

A)the control group.
B)the placebo.
C)the alpha group.
D)the experimental group.

Question 21

Researchers use deception in all their experiments to ensure that participants don't alter their behavior or opinions to fit the researcher's hypothesis.

Question 22

A random assignment means that an instructor assigns homework to her students every weekend.

Question 23

What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?

Question 24

A placebo is an independent variable,typically an active treatment.

Question 25

Natural experiments are field experiments

A)that are always valid.
B)involving placebos.
C)that gather data after the fact.
D)without merit.

Question 26

In general,social scientists get their best results by comparing very different groups to each other.

Question 27

Hawthorne Effect is

A)common in field experiments.
B)awareness of being in a study.
C)irrelevant.
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 28

Design notation is a technique used exclusively in field research to track the research subject (participant).

Question 29

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

Question 30

When a researcher says that her experiment suffers from experimental mortality,it means that at least one of the participants died while participating in the experiment.

Question 31

A researcher should never measure the dependent variable in an experiment.

Question 32

In general,social experiments are better for narrowly targeted short-term micro-level concerns than for complex macro-level issues in which many factors work together.

Question 33

Why is a Latin Square design different from factorial design?

Question 34

List the seven parts of an experiment.

Question 35

Quasi-experimental design should always be used instead of experimental design when the researcher does not know how to conduct preexperimental designs.

Question 36

When participants don't finish a study,it is called

A)testing.
B)internal validity.
C)experimental mortality.
D)history.

Question 37

If a double-blind study means that the subject (participant)and the person administering the treatment do not know whether the treatment is the control or placebo,then what does a single-blind study mean?

A)that the subject (participant)does not know what s/he is getting- treatment or control
B)that the researcher does not know what the subject is getting
C)that the researcher,the assistant administering the treatment or control,and the subject (participant)all do not know what the subject is getting
D)There is no such thing as a single-blind study.

Question 38

Dr.Mottle's experiment is conducted in the School of Nursing's cafeteria.The student nurses that she observes in the study do not know that they are being studied.

A)Dr.Mottle is conducting a single-blind experiment.
B)Dr.Mottle has no idea what she is doing.
C)Dr.Mottle is conducting a highly controlled laboratory experiment.
D)Dr.Mottle wishes to avoid the Hawthorne effect.

Question 39

Differentiate pre- versus post-test in the context of an experiment.

Question 40

The greatest confidence in what is learned comes from studying the same issue using only one method.

Question 41

In probability theory,______ is a process in which each case has a known and has an equal chance of selection.

Question 42

What is the difference between a classical experimental and quasi-experimental study?

Question 43

The weakness of static group comparison is that a researcher doesn't know whether group differences prior to the experiment caused differences in ______.

Question 44

Natural experiments are ______ experiments that people did not intentionally plan as an experiment.

Question 45

What two effects can influence factorial designs?

Question 46

______ is a threat to external validity;participants modify their behavior because they are aware that they are in a study.

Question 47

If an unexpected event unrelated to the independent variable occurs during the experiment and influences the dependent variable,the experiment suffers a(n)______ threat.

Question 48

In experiments,the ______ variable is something a researcher does,introduces or
manipulates.

Question 49

What is a one-shot case study design?

Question 50

______ designs are used when it is difficult to use the full classical design.This design has a weakness in that it is more difficult to infer a causal relationship.

Question 51

The two effects that influence the dependent variable are main effects and interaction effects in ______ design.

Question 52

_____ design allows a researcher to test for causal relationships in situations where a true experimental design is difficult or inappropriate.

Question 53

A researcher's degree of control of an experiment's setting is key to impacting internal and external ______.

Question 54

If a researcher accidentally or indirectly communicates desired findings to participants,this is called ______.

Question 55

What is a double-blind experiment?

Question 56

______ experimental design has random assignment,a pretest and a posttest,an
experimental group,and a control group.

Question 57

A factorial design has how many categories in the first,second,and third independent variables? (Answer in this order. )

Question 58

Two-group posttest-only design has all parts of ______ design except pretest.

Question 59

______ design is used when a researcher uses two or more independent variables in combination.

Question 60

Researchers consult with a(n)______ when there is a question about potential risk or
harm to participants.

Question 61

Discuss interrupted time series and equivalent time series.What might be the advantage of the equivalent series?

Question 62

Discuss ethical considerations and deception in conducting experiments.

Question 63

Discuss external validity.Name two threats that might weaken external validity.

Question 64

Discuss the purposes for Factorial Design and Latin Square Design.

Question 65

Dr.Mottle's experiment includes randomizing subjects to a group that gets a needle-stick or to a group that gets a "fake" needle-stick.
Differentiate experimental group from control group.What is the role of the placebo in experimental design? Give another example of use of a placebo.