Deck 1: What Is Psychology

Question 1

The results of ________ research in the study of perceptual development in lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.

A)pure
B)basic
C)controlled
D)action

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Dr. Langer is treating a college student for depression in his private practice. Most likely Dr. Langer is a(n) __________ psychologist.

A)counseling
B)school
C)educational
D)clinical

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between

A)prediction and control.
B)practice and theory.
C)research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems.
D)application and adaptation.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the job of a(n) __________ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)counseling
C)school
D)educational

Question 5

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of

A)behavior and mental processes.
B)diagnosing and treating behavioral disorders.
C)conscious and unconscious mental processes.
D)the mind.

Question 6

Jean, a divorced mother with two children, married Harry, a widower with a teenage daughter. From the onset of her relationship with Harry, Jean had difficulty in relating to his daughter. Once married, the family problems between stepmother and stepdaughter became exacerbated. Who would be the most appropriate to consult?

A)a developmental psychologist
B)an educational psychologist
C)a counseling psychologist
D)an organizational psychologist

Question 7

A satisfactory psychological theory of thirst would

A)be able to predict when people will or will not drink.
B)be able to explain age-related drinking behavior.
C)both a and b.
D)none of these.

Question 8

Eduardo DeLeon is engaged in scientific research involving the study of behavior and mental processes. DeLeon is a

A)psychotherapist.
B)psychoanalyst.
C)psychiatrist.
D)psychologist.

Question 9

A __________ proposes a relationship among observed events.

A)Science
B)theory
C)prediction
D)school of psychology

Question 10

Applied research is research undertaken

A)with humans.
B)with lower animals.
C)for its own sake.
D)to find solutions to specific problems.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT True of psychological theories?

A)Theories make assumptions about behavior.
B)Theories explain behavior and mental processes.
C)Theories are used to make predictions.
D)Theories are always discarded as new observations are made.

Question 12

Theories allow psychologists to make __________, such as a client's chance of recovery.

A)descriptions
B)explanations
C)predictions
D)beliefs

Question 13

As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?

A)eliminate behavior
B)explain behavior
C)predict behavior
D)control behavior

Question 14

Dr. Rossini is developing a training program to help a young woman with mental retardation to sort clothes in the laundry of the residential facility in which she lives. Whenever she performs her job according to the protocol, she receives a reward. If she does not stay on task, she receives no reward. Dr. Rossini is involved in

A)pure research.
B)basic research.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)the practice of psychology.

Question 15

Research using computers to understand artificial intelligence is an example of __________ research.

A)pure
B)applied
C)longitudinal
D)none of these

Question 16

The clinical psychologist's aim in applying prediction and control goals to a client's behavior is to

A)decide the treatment.
B)help the client meet his or her treatment objectives.
C)allow the client a narrow range of options for his or her behavior.
D)use a database to formulate a treatment for the client.

Question 17

Which of these is NOT one of the three main things psychologists engage in?

A)analyzing
B)practice
C)research
D)teaching

Question 18

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describes

A)behaviorism.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)psychology.
D)clinical psychology.

Question 19

School psychologists are employed by school districts to

A)develop achievement and aptitude tests.
B)identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with their learning.
C)study hereditary and environmental influences on the development of students.
D)develop instructional methods for teachers to employ.

Question 20

Dr. Kowalski believes that the reason the children he has observed on the playground are so aggressive with each other is because of the type of TV programs they watch. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A)describe
B)explain
C)predict
D)control

Question 21

An organizational psychologist is most likely to study people in

A)court rooms.
B)businesses.
C)sports.
D)schools.

Question 22

How the group affects the individual and the effects of the individual on the group are the concerns of __________ psychologists.

A)clinical
B)consumer
C)sport
D)social

Question 23

An environmental psychologist would study all of the following EXCEPT:

A)how extreme temperatures influence human behavior
B)how loud noises interfere with human concentration
C)how human behavior affects the natural environment
D)how athletes improve their performance

Question 24

__________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.

A)Environmental
B)Personality
C)Forensic
D)Social

Question 25

Dr. Kendall is interested in the effects of teacher style (warm and supportive versus formal and objective) on the learning of mathematics by sixth graders. Most likely, Dr. Kendall is a(n) __________ psychologist.

A)educational
B)personality
C)school
D)experimental

Question 26

A __________ psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle, habits, and attitudes are related to heart disease, cancer and diabetes.

A)clinical
B)health
C)counseling
D)forensic

Question 27

A theory that divides human behavior into two basic traits, introversion and extraversion, was probably formulated by a __________ psychologist.

A)developmental
B)personality
C)human factors
D)clinical

Question 28

The study of human traits and characteristics is of interest to __________ psychologists.

A)clinical
B)personality
C)community
D)social

Question 29

After an advertising campaign with a catchy jingle failed to generate sales for a new shampoo, the advertising director hired Dr. Faith Brewster to analyze the defective campaign and to propose an alternative approach. Faith is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.

A)consumer
B)social
C)organizational
D)human factors

Question 30

__________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span.

A)Health
B)Personality
C)Developmental
D)Social

Question 31

Interpretation of a client's symptoms is to a clinical psychologist as the development of an achievement test is to a(n) __________ psychologist.

A)social
B)developmental
C)educational
D)personality

Question 32

As much as she tried to lose weight, Pauline could not achieve her goal of 15% weight loss. Accordingly, she made an appointment to consult with Dr. Richman, a __________ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)counseling
C)human factors
D)health

Question 33

Which of the following psychologists is most likely to conduct pure research?

A)experimental
B)organizational
C)consumer
D)human factors

Question 34

__________ psychologists focus on the influence of groups on behavior, while __________psychologists focus on the influence of an individual's traits on behavior.

A)Personality; Social
B)School; Educational
C)Social; Personality
D)Educational; School

Question 35

Industrial psychologists and organizational psychologists study the behavior of people in

A)workplaces.
B)research laboratories.
C)universities.
D)court rooms.

Question 36

A fitness center was looking for someone to direct a new program that linked diet to an exercise program. The center's director wanted to hire someone with a background in stress management and the control of health problems. Most likely, she was looking for a(n)

A)personal trainer.
B)sports psychologist.
C)health psychologist.
D)aerobics instructor.

Question 37

The design of the instrument layout of a new helicopter was carried out by industrial engineers in consultation with __________ psychologists.

A)consumer
B)experimental
C)industrial
D)human factors

Question 38

A forensic psychologist may be involved in any of the following activities EXCEPT:

A)testing the mental health of a defendant in a criminal trial.
B)analyzing criminal behavior patterns.
C)consulting with attorneys about selecting jury members.
D)developing standardized intelligence tests.

Question 39

Josephine is a track athlete who does not perform well under extreme pressure to win. With what type of psychologist should she consult?

A)counseling psychologist
B)industrial psychologist
C)health psychologist
D)sports psychologist

Question 40

Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT

A)Aristotle.
B)Democritus.
C)Pythagoras.
D)Socrates.

Question 41

Structuralism defined experience in terms of

A)behavioral tendencies and habits.
B)the continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes.
C)the functions of consciousness.
D)sensations, feelings, and mental images.

Question 42

B. F. Skinner studied learning in lower animals by using

A)reinforcement.
B)insight.
C)introspection.
D)trial and error.

Question 43

Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner's perspective the treat would be considered a

A)bribe.
B)stimulus.
C)reinforcer.
D)control.

Question 44

The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is called

A)functionalism.
B)behaviorism.
C)structuralism.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 45

B. F. Skinner made major contributions to

A)structuralism.
B)functionalism.
C)behaviorism.
D)Gestalt psychology.

Question 46

A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?

A)Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.
B)Consciousness is a continuous process.
C)Behavior and mental processes are adaptive.
D)all of these

Question 47

John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all of the following EXCEPT

A)mental processes.
B)behavior.
C)consciousness.
D)feelings and thoughts.

Question 48

What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt's contribution from other contributions to psychology?

A)He wrote the first textbook of psychology.
B)He defined psychology as the science of behavior.
C)He established psychology as a laboratory science.
D)He studied insight in lower animals.

Question 49

John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of

A)stream of consciousness.
B)unconscious mental processes.
C)measurable behavior.
D)sensation, feelings, and mental images.

Question 50

John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.

A)behaviorism
B)functionalism
C)structuralism
D)psychoanalysis

Question 51

Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to

A)break down conscious experience into basic elements.
B)focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior.
C)analyze the relationship between sensory stimuli and behavior.
D)determine the functions of conscious experience.

Question 52

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.

A)more intelligent
B)better adapted to the environment
C)more conscious of their surroundings
D)better at problem solving

Question 53

Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a "near-death" experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is called

A)insight.
B)self-revelation.
C)recovered memory.
D)introspection.

Question 54

Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called ____________ to look into one's own objective sensations and subjective feelings.

A)conditioning
B)psychoanalysis
C)introspection
D)insight

Question 55

The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was

A)Wilhelm Wundt.
B)William James.
C)Charles Darwin.
D)Gustav Fechner.

Question 56

The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior

A)were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.
B)were part of the unconscious.
C)led the individual to self-knowledge.
D)assisted the organism to adapt to the environment.

Question 57

Functionalism was established by

A)G. Stanley Hall.
B)Wilhelm Wundt.
C)John Watson.
D)William James.

Question 58

Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called

A)functionalism.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)behaviorism.
D)structuralism.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?

A)The mind is composed of discrete elements.
B)Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
C)The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.
D)Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.

Question 60

Watson and Skinner had one objective in common, which was the

A)treatment of disorders.
B)explanation of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement.
C)use of mental imagery.
D)discovery of unconscious conflicts.

Question 61

Neural processing is to the biological perspective as information processing is to the __________ perspective.

A)humanistic-existential
B)psychodynamic
C)learning
D)cognitive

Question 62

Psychologists with a biological perspective study the links between ______________ and behavior.

A)brain activity
B)hormone activity
C)heredity
D)all of these

Question 63

Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to

A)psychotherapy.
B)adaptation to the environment.
C)perception.
D)habit.

Question 64

Freud's technique of psychotherapy is called

A)reality therapy.
B)insight therapy.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)behavior therapy.

Question 65

Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology?

A)Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior.
B)Learning is the basis of behavior.
C)Humans are potentially good.
D)The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts.

Question 66

Cognitive psychologists would be least interested in

A)mental representations.
B)memory.
C)perception.
D)behavior in social settings.

Question 67

__________ oriented psychologists use techniques such as CAT scans, PET scans, and electrical stimulation of the brain to show that specific sites in the brain mediate thoughts, emotions, and behavior.

A)Cognitively
B)Psychodynamically
C)Socioculturally
D)Biologically

Question 68

Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden ___________ in which a solution is found.

A)insight
B)reinforcement
C)introspection
D)evolution

Question 69

Dr. Levy studies the influences of hormones in determining maternal behavior and sexual behavior in rats. Levy is most probably a

A)Gestalt psychologist.
B)behavioral psychologist.
C)biological psychologist.
D)psychoanalyst.

Question 70

Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method of

A)scientific inquiry.
B)introspection.
C)self-knowledge.
D)psychotherapy.

Question 71

Which of these sayings would a Gestalt psychologist most likely agree with?

A)"If you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it."
B)"Monkey see, monkey do."
C)"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts."
D)"What you see is what you get."

Question 72

Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying

A)animal learning and motivation.
B)genetic and hormonal effects on behavior.
C)human thinking and memory.
D)introspection and behavioral disorders.

Question 73

The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is

A)psychoanalysis.
B)structuralism
C)functionalism.
D)Gestalt psychology.

Question 74

For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of

A)trial and error.
B)insight and understanding.
C)rote practice and repetition.
D)habit and environmental adaptation.

Question 75

The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on

A)insight.
B)the unconscious.
C)reinforcement.
D)introspection.

Question 76

The statement that the mental state associated with being in love can be reduced to chemical changes in the brain is most likely to be made by a psychologist taking the __________ perspective.

A)biological
B)learning
C)cognitive
D)sociocultural

Question 77

In reviewing the contents of several psychology journals, a graduate student noted a marked increase in the number of articles on memory and thinking over the past dozen years. He concluded that there was increased interest in the __________ perspective.

A)learning
B)psychodynamic
C)biological
D)cognitive

Question 78

Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes while behaviorism emphasizes

A)perception.
B)observation.
C)sensation.
D)introspection.

Question 79

In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of

A)intelligence.
B)reinforcement.
C)environmental clues.
D)insight.

Question 80

The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed

A)psychoanalysis.
B)functionalism.
C)structuralism.
D)Gestalt psychology.