Deck 2: Biology and Psychology

Question 1

________ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and direct their growth.

A)Schwann cells
B)Neurons
C)Glial cells
D)Myelin sheaths

Answer 1

C

Question 2

__________ demonstrated that messages traveling along neurons are electrochemical.

A)James
B)Galvani
C)Wundt
D)Edison

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The part of the neuron that sends messages to other neurons is the

A)dendrite.
B)terminal.
C)soma.
D)axon.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The __________ minimize(s) leakage of electrical current traveling along the axon.

A)nodes of Ranvier
B)synaptic cleft
C)myelin sheath
D)soma

Question 5

If you accidentally touch a hot iron, you quickly remove your hand. This rapid withdrawal from the hot iron is the result of nerve impulses carried by __________ neurons.

A)glial
B)Schwann
C)efferent
D)afferent

Question 6

When someone steps on your toe, this information is carried to the brain and spinal cord by

A)afferent neurons.
B)efferent neurons.
C)glial neurons.
D)Schwann cells.

Question 7

A(n) _________ is a nerve cell.

A)axon
B)neuron
C)dendrite
D)glial cell

Question 8

If someone steps on your toe, resulting in pain and the movement of your foot, which of the following describes this process?

A)Afferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain followed by afferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.
B)Afferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain followed by efferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.
C)Efferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain followed by afferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.
D)Efferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain followed by efferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.

Question 9

An axon's length can range from a few millimeters to

A)1 inch.
B)12 inches.
C)several feet.
D)up to a mile.

Question 10

The function of glial cells in the nervous system is to

A)remove waste products from the nervous system.
B)insulate and nourish neurons.
C)direct the growth of neurons.
D)all of these

Question 11

The cell body of a neuron contains the

A)dendrites.
B)axon.
C)nucleus.
D)neuron.

Question 12

During his rain storm experiment, Luigi Galvani discovered that

A)electricity is easily conducted by metal.
B)lightening over-cooks frogs.
C)neural impulses cannot be conducted in dead frogs.
D)neural impulses that travel along neurons are electrochemical in nature.

Question 13

A child without complete myelination will not be able to engage in activities requiring visual-motor coordination for which of the following reasons?

A)The afferent neurons are damaged, causing the axon to swell.
B)The axon does not have sufficient myelin coating.
C)The dendrite is not insulated with myelin.
D)The leakage of electrical current being carried along the axon is minimized.

Question 14

The white fatty material that insulates the neuron is called the

A)cortex.
B)myelin sheath.
C)node of Ranvier.
D)soma.

Question 15

The axon of a neuron ends in small bulb-like structures called

A)terminal buttons.
B)myelin.
C)dendrites.
D)glial cells.

Question 16

Within their first year of life, babies have problems walking and performing other physical acts because the __________ of many neurons are not fully developed.

A)myelin sheaths
B)axons
C)dendrites
D)somas

Question 17

The part of the neuron that receives messages from a neighboring neuron is the

A)dendrite.
B)terminal.
C)soma.
D)axon.

Question 18

If someone steps on your toe, __________, or motor neurons, tell you to quickly move your foot away.

A)interneurons
B)afferent neurons
C)efferent neurons
D)glial cells

Question 19

Sensory neuron is to motor neuron as

A)afferent neuron is to efferent neuron.
B)efferent neuron is to afferent neuron.
C)glial cell is to interneuron.
D)interneuron is to glial cell.

Question 20

Which of the following would not be possible without the functioning of the nervous system?

A)ideals, thoughts, and plans
B)imagery and cognitions
C)behaviors, emotions, and cognitions
D)all of these

Question 21

The inside of the cell at the disturbed area has an action potential of about __________ millivolts.

A)-70
B)+70
C)-40
D)+110

Question 22

When a section of a neuron is stimulated by neighboring neurons, the cell membrane becomes __________ to sodium ions.

A)positive
B)permeable
C)polarized
D)impermeable

Question 23

When the neural impulse reaches the axon terminals, the vesicles release varying amounts of

A)electrical impulses.
B)hormones.
C)electrochemical substances.
D)neurotransmitters.

Question 24

The fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered is called

A)resting potential.
B)polarization.
C)the refractory period.
D)the all-or-none principle.

Question 25

The electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell or neuron is called a(n)

A)neural impulse.
B)synapse.
C)neurotransmitter.
D)afferent impulse.

Question 26

Neurotransmitters are stored in

A)the nodes of Ranvier.
B)synaptic clefts.
C)synaptic vesicles.
D)dendritic branches.

Question 27

Neurotransmitters find their way to __________ and subsequently affect the next neuron.

A)receptor sites
B)terminal buttons
C)synaptic vesicles
D)transmitter sites

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT True regarding a synapse?

A)A synapse is bordered by an axon terminal from the transmitting neuron.
B)A synapse is bordered by a dendrite.
C)The neural impulse jumps across the synapse.
D)The synaptic cleft is the fluid-filled gap between an axon terminal and a dendrite.

Question 29

The resting potential of a neuron is about

A)-40 millivolts.
B)+40 millivolts.
C)-70 millivolts.
D)+70 millivolts.

Question 30

If sodium is prevented from passing through the neuronal membrane,

A)the neuron has just fired.
B)the neuron is in the refractory period.
C)both a & b
D)none of these

Question 31

Neurons will not fire unless the incoming messages combine to reach a certain strength called the

A)threshold.
B)minimum.
C)membrane.
D)potential.

Question 32

The electrical impulse that stimulates the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon is called a(n)

A)electric potential.
B)resting potential.
C)action potential.
D)final potential.

Question 33

When a neuron cell membrane has become permeable to sodium ions, what has transpired?

A)A section of the neuron has been stimulated by a neighboring neuron.
B)An action potential of about -70 millivolts has been initiated.
C)The inside cell at the disturbed area has an action potential of about -40 millivolts.
D)The previous section of the cell has become permeable to potassium chloride ions.

Question 34

The phase following firing during which a neuron's action potential cannot be triggered is called the

A)relative refractory period.
B)refractory period.
C)resting potential.
D)all-or-none period.

Question 35

When the cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions, this brings the membrane voltage to ______.

A)-70 millivolts
B)+70 millivolts
C)-40 millivolts
D)+40 millivolts

Question 36

If someone squeezed your hand gently or tightly the sensory neurons will fire impulses of the same magnitude. This is due to the

A)over stimulation of the sensory neuron.
B)all-or none principle.
C)damage in the sensory neuron.
D)all of these.

Question 37

The polarization of a neuron results in a resting potential of about -70 millivolts. This is followed by depolarization resulting in an action potential of +110 millivolts. This brings the membrane voltage to

A)+ 40 millivolts.
B)- 40 millivolts.
C)+180 millivolts.
D)-180 millivolts.

Question 38

When an action potential occurs, this causes the next section of the cell to become permeable to

A)potassium chloride ions.
B)depolarization.
C)sodium ions.
D)sodium chloride ions.

Question 39

In a resting state, fluid on the inside of the neuron is __________ charged relative to the outside.

A)positively
B)negatively
C)equally
D)electrically

Question 40

A neuron conveys a message to a neighboring neuron across a junction called a

A)transmitter site.
B)terminal.
C)receptor site.
D)synapse.

Question 41

The hippocampus is a brain structure that is involved in the formation of

A)memories.
B)motor movements.
C)sensations.
D)endorphins.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is NOT True for neurotransmitters?

A)A neurotransmitter conveys a message to a neighboring neuron by traveling along the axon to the terminal fibers.
B)Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles.
C)Neurotransmitters find their way to neuron receptor sites and subsequently trigger firing.
D)When the neural impulse reaches the axon terminals, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters.

Question 43

In an emergency, we would expect __________ to be very abundant in our brain and body.

A)GABA
B)endorphins
C)norepinephrine
D)serotonin

Question 44

Since dopamine is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movement, individuals who are deficient in dopamine would exhibit

A)controllable movement.
B)uncontrollable movement.
C)coordinated movement.
D)smooth movement.

Question 45

Norepinephrine, which elevates heart rate and other vital signs, is more abundant when the __________ nervous system is activated.

A)somatic
B)somatosensory
C)parasympathetic
D)sympathetic

Question 46

At the synapse, acetylcholine (ACh) will be

A)excitatory.
B)inhibitory.
C)either excitatory or inhibitory.
D)neither excitatory nor inhibitory.

Question 47

The neurotransmitter _________ is found in the brain structure called the hippocampus.

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)endorphins
D)acetylcholine

Question 48

Phenothiazines, a group of drugs used to treat schizophrenia, block the action of dopamine. A severe side-effect of this medication, if used over a long period of time, could be

A)Parkinson's-like symptoms.
B)hallucinations.
C)Alzheimer's disease.
D)thought disorders.

Question 49

Dr. Kelly Earls, a neuropsychologist, was sitting next to an individual on a train who was exhibiting uncontrollable movement. Dr. Earls assumed that this individual had an imbalance in which of the following neurotransmitters?

A)acetylcholine
B)norepinephrine
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 50

The toxin curare prevents __________ from binding within receptor sites in neurons, resulting in paralysis and often death.

A)acetylcholine
B)norepinephrine
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 51

One theory of schizophrenia is that people who suffer from it may have more receptor sites for what neurotransmitter?

A)norepinephrine
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)serotonin

Question 52

Phenothiazines, a group of drugs used to treat schizophrenia, block the action of the neurotransmitter

A)dopamine.
B)acetylcholine.
C)endorphins.
D)norepinephrine.

Question 53

Botulism spores, which have the same effect as the toxin curare, result in _________ because they prevent __________ from being released into the synapse.

A)stomach cramps; dopamine
B)coma; norepinephrine
C)paralysis; acetylcholine
D)hallucinations; serotonin

Question 54

While visiting the jungles of South America in the early part of the 20th century, Eugene was shot with a poison dart. He immediately became paralyzed. The toxin in the dart most likely blocked the action of

A)acetylcholine.
B)serotonin.
C)dopamine.
D)norepinephrine.

Question 55

If there were a drug that blocked the reuptake of norepinephrine, we would expect that the effect would most likely be

A)sleeplessness.
B)too much sleep.
C)drowsiness.
D)psychomotor retardation.

Question 56

Which statement is NOT True regarding neurotransmitters?

A)Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters.
B)Only six neurotransmitters have been identified.
C)Some neurotransmitters act to excite other neurons, while some act to inhibit receiving neurons.
D)None of these.

Question 57

The Shakespearean character Juliet took a potion that paralyzed her and affected her muscles used for breathing. She probably took something that blocked the action of

A)norepinephrine.
B)serotonin.
C)acetylcholine.
D)dopamine.

Question 58

Minutes after eating a few bites of food in a local restaurant, Mary was unable to breathe and began to experience muscular paralysis. She had ingested food contaminated with botulism, which blocked the action of

A)serotonin.
B)acetylcholine.
C)dopamine.
D)norepinephrine.

Question 59

Because acetylcholine is implicated in memory, we would expect it to be prevalent in the

A)cerebellum.
B)hippocampus.
C)amygdala.
D)medulla.

Question 60

Muhammad Ali is suffering from Parkinson's disease. This should suggest to you that his brain is not producing enough

A)norepinephrine.
B)serotonin.
C)acetylcholine.
D)dopamine.

Question 61

Sensory and motor messages that allow you to pick up your pen are transmitted by the

A)afferent and efferent nerves.
B)peripheral nervous system.
C)autonomic nervous system.
D)both a and b

Question 62

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the

A)peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system.
B)peripheral nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
C)somatic nervous system and the motor nervous system.
D)sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 63

The two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the

A)autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system.
B)autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
C)somatic nervous system and the motor nervous system.
D)sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 64

The __________ nervous system transmits messages about sight, sound, smell, taste, and tactile information.

A)sympathetic
B)central
C)autonomic
D)somatic

Question 65

When a person is anxious or fearful, they may experience indigestion. Why?

A)The parasympathetic branch inhibits digestion.
B)The parasympathetic division of the ANS predominates when we feel fear or anxiety.
C)The sympathetic division of ANS stimulates the digestive process.
D)The sympathetic division of the ANS predominates when we feel fear or anxiety.

Question 66

A person highly trained in yoga and meditation is capable of controlling his heart rate and blood pressure, that is, raising and lowering it at will. A student of psychology knows that these functions are controlled by the

A)motor cortex.
B)somatosensory cortex.
C)somatic nervous system.
D)autonomic nervous system.

Question 67

Jack just finished a 26-mile marathon. In spite of the physical strain he feels euphoric and elated due to the release of

A)serotonin.
B)dopamine.
C)endorphins.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 68

The neurotransmitter(s) linked to pleasure and alleviation of pain is (are)

A)norepinephrine.
B)endorphins.
C)serotonin.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 69

The brain and spinal cord make up the

A)peripheral nervous system.
B)central nervous system.
C)autonomic nervous system.
D)sympathetic nervous system.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is NOT supported by research on GABA?

A)Tranquilizers and alcohol may act on GABA receptors and thus reduce anxiety.
B)One class of anti-anxiety drugs may increase the sensitivity of GABA receptors.
C)Deficiencies in GABA may be involved in depression.
D)None of these

Question 71

Endorphins are endogenous, which means they

A)decrease the functioning of the immune system.
B)do not occur naturally in the brain and bloodstream.
C)increase pain messages to the brain.
D)occur naturally in the brain and the bloodstream.

Question 72

Which of the following neurotransmitters is believed to be involved in reducing anxiety reactions?

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)GABA
D)norepinephrine

Question 73

A nerve is

A)a soma.
B)a bundle of axons.
C)a cell body.
D)a neuron.

Question 74

If you just finished a 4-mile run, what part of the autonomic system was active during the run?

A)Parasympathetic branch
B)Sympathetic branch
C)Hippocampus
D)Aphasia

Question 75

Cocaine and amphetamines increase the production of which neurotransmitters?

A)GABA and endorphins
B)norepinephrine and dopamine
C)acetylcholine and endorphins
D)acetylcholine and GABA

Question 76

Which of the following is True about endorphins?

A)They may produce the pleasurable "runner's high."
B)They may increase the functioning of the immune system.
C)They may increase our sense of competence.
D)all of these

Question 77

The autonomic nervous system does NOT directly influence which of the following?

A)Blushing over an embarrassing situation.
B)Dilated pupils and rapid heartbeat.
C)The fear experienced when a rat rushes across the room.
D)Transmitted messages about sight, sound, smell, taste, and tactile information.

Question 78

Right after a car accident, __________ is (are) released to act as a temporary pain killer.

A)norepinephrine
B)endorphins
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 79

When Charlotte hears something embarrassing, she blushes. Being a student of psychology, she knows that this condition is controlled by the

A)motor cortex.
B)autonomic nervous system.
C)somatosensory cortex.
D)motor nervous system.

Question 80

Deficiencies in __________ have been linked to anxiety, mood disorders, eating disorders, and insomnia.

A)norepinephrine
B)acetylcholine
C)serotonin
D)dopamine