Deck 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

If you were attempting to predict voters' choice in an election, it would be better to know their attitude toward the particular candidates rather than their party affiliation. This demonstrates the __________ factor of the A-B problem.

A)specificity
B)strength of attitude
C)vested interest
D)accessibility

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The subfield of psychology that studies attitudes, social perceptions, interpersonal attraction, social influence, and group behavior is known as

A)environmental psychology.
B)neuropsychology.
C)sociocultural psychology.
D)social psychology.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as

A)elaborations.
B)attitudes.
C)eustress.
D)values.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

__________ studies the nature and causes of behavior and mental processes in social situations.

A)Group psychology
B)Cultural psychology
C)Social psychology
D)Environmental psychology

Question 5

Many social scientists assert that suicide terrorists

A)are antisocial in personality.
B)have no telltale psychological profile.
C)have similar psychological profiles.
D)none of these.

Question 6

A person who feels very strongly about the sanctity of human life is likely to support pro-life legislation, whereas someone who merely agrees that people have a right to live is less likely to be concerned over the legislation. This demonstrates the effect that the __________ of attitudes has on behavior.

A)conformity
B)specificity
C)accessibility
D)strength

Question 7

Mary prefers living in the country away from the noise and crowds of the city, but her sister Denise prefers the excitement and pace of city life. They differ in __________.

A)avoidance
B)attitude
C)polarization
D)deindividuation

Question 8

As an executive of a company, you are likely to try your best on a project if you believe it could lead to a promotion. This shows how your __________ influences your behavior.

A)global attitude
B)emotional attitude
C)temporary interest
D)vested interest

Question 9

Which factor influences the probability that we can predict people's behavior from attitudes?

A)conscience
B)health status
C)interest in the greater good
D)strength of attitude

Question 10

Kryzanta often finds that what she feels and believes does not correspond with what she does. This is typical for most people and is what social psychologists refer to as the

A)unpredictability factor.
B)prediction problem.
C)A-B problem.
D)independence factor.

Question 11

Factors that influence the likelihood that behavior can be predicted from attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT

A)specificity.
B)accessibility.
C)universality.
D)vested interest.

Question 12

Your friend was recently killed by a drunk driver. Students from an organization against drunk drivers ask you to sign their petition and donate to their cause. You are more than happy to comply because of your friend's recent passing. This demonstrates how the __________ of your attitude influences your behavior.

A)accessibility
B)specificity
C)universality
D)conformity

Question 13

When you get up in the morning and think about your job that you dislike, you would really prefer to stay in bed so you call in sick. This shows how __________ can affect behavior.

A)attitudes
B)concepts
C)schemes
D)polarization

Question 14

Your best friend, whom you haven't seen in a year, is coming for a visit. You can't wait to pick him up at the airport. You will spend the day cleaning to make sure everything is perfect. This demonstrates the effect __________ have on behavior.

A)schemes
B)concepts
C)processes
D)attitudes

Question 15

When you go home to visit for the holidays, you feel a tightening in your stomach. The tension starts even before you arrive. You wonder why you bother trying to be merry when it will probably just be like last year, another fiasco. Your __________ leaves you feeling miserable.

A)polarization
B)deindividuation
C)attitude
D)behavior

Question 16

Bob Smith is running for office. He often tries to get people worked up over the issues. If he were a social psychologist, he would explain that he does this because attitudes with a strong emotional impact are more

A)specific.
B)vested.
C)accessible.
D)all of these.

Question 17

An attitude is said to be accessible when

A)it can be referred to in research studies.
B)it is easily brought to mind.
C)one is more likely to act on it.
D)all of these

Question 18

The A-B problem refers to the fact that

A)activating events and beliefs do not correspond to each other.
B)activating events have a very weak link to behaviors.
C)the link between attitudes and beliefs tends to be weak.
D)the link between attitudes and behaviors tends to be weak to moderate.

Question 19

A mental representation of a person, place, or thing that evokes an emotional response and related behavior is

A)a cognition.
B)an attitude.
C)a stereotype.
D)all of these

Question 20

Social psychology involves the study of all of the following EXCEPT

A)beliefs.
B)conformity.
C)groups.
D)intelligence.

Question 21

In the elaboration likelihood model, two types of persuasive communications can be used. These are the central route and the __________ route.

A)peripheral
B)secondary
C)outside
D)none of these

Question 22

John's parents never cared for Southerners. They thought Southerners were slow and lazy. John often heard them make jokes about the South. John is being transferred to Alabama and he knows he won't like it because of the people there. He acquired this attitude through __________ learning.

A)classical
B)observational
C)operant
D)distance

Question 23

Chantel's friends all prefer long hair and low-rise jeans. They have encouraged her to adopt the same look. Chantel now prefers this mode of dress and criticizes others who dress differently. Chantel's attitude was acquired through

A)direct experience.
B)reinforcement.
C)direct experience and reinforcement.
D)none of these

Question 24

Advertisements that present a "doomsday" approach to getting the attention of the consumer are using which of the following techniques of persuasion?

A)foot-in-the-door technique
B)fear appeal
C)selective exposure
D)selective avoidance

Question 25

When we try to persuade others by getting them to think carefully about the evidence, we are using the __________ route to attitude change.

A)cognitive
B)peripheral
C)central
D)centripetal

Question 26

Overexposure of advertisements for particular cars is likely to

A)cause the individual to dislike the particular car.
B)increase the car's appeal.
C)make the individual disgusted with the constant repetitive commercials.
D)a and c

Question 27

When a famous movie star endorses a cosmetic, advertisers are using a __________ to persuade customers to buy their product.

A)central route
B)status route
C)peripheral route
D)prestige route

Question 28

How are attitudes formed?

A)they are innate
B)through genetic transmission
C)they are learned
D)innately and genetically transmitted

Question 29

The first time that Timko drove a certain pickup truck, he immediately liked the way it performed. Later, he learned that its performance was good, but not as good as he had first thought. His initial attitude, by which he judged later ideas about the truck, is what social psychologists call a

A)frontal cognition.
B)conservative attitude.
C)cognitive attitude.
D)cognitive anchor.

Question 30

Research has shown that mere __________ to any stimulus increases the likelihood that people will like it and react favorably to it.

A)repeated exposure
B)incidental similarity
C)relating
D)initial introduction

Question 31

A salesperson for vitamins gives out a medical journal article that discusses the research on a particular vitamin's benefits. The salesperson is using the __________ route to persuade customers to buy his product.

A)peripheral
B)secondary
C)primary
D)central

Question 32

When health warnings regarding cigarette smoking include pictures of aged, wrinkled skin, yellow-brown teeth and definite risks to appearance in addition to lung cancer, students are more likely to

A)increase their smoking habit.
B)ignore the warnings.
C)decrease their smoking habit.
D)none of these.

Question 33

Which of the following utilizes the central route to attitude change?

A)A commercial for a lawnmower emphasizing its power and various cutting abilities.
B)A commercial showing several good-looking, well-dressed people having a good time around a car.
C)All of these.
D)An ad showing a young woman in a swimsuit riding a lawnmower and waving to someone.

Question 34

In a debate, when a politician first presents his opponent's side of the argument in an effort to refute their position, he is using the technique known as

A)the opposition's opposite.
B)the two-sided argument.
C)triangulation.
D)opinionation.

Question 35

When Tamara and her classmates say the Pledge of Allegiance every morning, their teacher smiles and approves. This is an example of children acquiring attitudes such as patriotism through

A)observation.
B)conditioning.
C)rote learning.
D)innate mechanisms.

Question 36

The __________ route is to facts and research results whereas the __________ route is to status and prestige.

A)peripheral; central
B)central; peripheral
C)secondary; primary
D)primary; secondary

Question 37

Which of the following uses the peripheral route to attitude change?

A)A commercial showing beautiful people having a good time in a restaurant with a fadeout containing the name of the product.
B)An ad explaining the inner workings of a certain automobile engine.
C)An ad focusing on the "Marlboro Man" without giving information about the product itself.
D)a and c

Question 38

According to the elaboration likelihood model, TV advertisements for Excedrin that describe the effectiveness of the product in combating headache pain are using

A)a peripheral route.
B)a central route.
C)the fear appeal.
D)the foot-in-the-door technique.

Question 39

When a persuasive message attempts to change our attitude toward something by associating it with positive or negative cues, it is using the __________ route.

A)persuasive
B)peripheral
C)perpendicular
D)perfunctory

Question 40

What is the manner through which learning helps to shape attitudes?

A)reinforcement
B)observation
C)extinction
D)reinforcement and observation

Question 41

Deliberately looking for and paying attention to information that is consistent with one's attitudes is

A)selective elaboration.
B)selective avoidance.
C)selective exposure.
D)selective appeal.

Question 42

If a clothing company wants to sell their product to adolescents, it would be best to have a __________ endorse their product.

A)teenager
B)famous teenager
C)parent
D)child

Question 43

Adriana is interested in persuading her customer to buy an expensive car. She would not want him to evaluate his situation carefully. Consequently, she should

A)attempt to get him in a good mood.
B)
B)use a two-sided argument.
C)try to put him in a bad mood.
D) a and

Question 44

Tom wants to persuade his spouse to select the same movie he wants to see so they don't have a disagreement. What should Tom do?

A)Not ask for his wife's opinion.
B)Pay her a compliment and agree her choice is worthwhile before introducing his selection.
C)Criticize her choice.
D)None of these.

Question 45

In __________ terms, prejudice is connected with avoidance and aggression.

A)cognitive
B)emotional
C)social conflict
D)behavioral

Question 46

What is a type of persuasive communication that attempts to influence behavior by arousing fear instead of rational analysis?

A)a central approach
B)a two-sided argument
C)a fear appeal
D)an appearance appeal

Question 47

A cosmetic company is interested in selling their product by targeting women's concerns over their appearance, particularly in regard to aging. A technique that is likely to work would be a(n) __________ advertising campaign.

A)CEO participating in the
B)attack on another products'
C)youth-oriented
D)fear appeal

Question 48

A landlord has an apartment to rent. Even though it is vacant, when two college students come to inquire, the landlord informs them that the apartment has already been rented. This is because of his belief that college students throw wild parties and destroy property. The landlord's behavior of refusal is an example of __________.

A)prejudice
B)attitude
C)discrimination
D)belief

Question 49

Which newscast is an individual most likely to watch on a regular basis?

A)Peter Jennings, who always opposes their views.
B)Dan Rather, who shows no affinity for a particular view.
C)Tom Brokaw, who agrees with their views.
D)None of these.

Question 50

Which person is most likely to resist the social pressure encountered from salespersons?

A)Alphos, who has high self-esteem.
B)Betos, who has low social anxiety.
C)Thetos, who worries what others think of him.
D)Both Alphos and Betos.

Question 51

Research has found that persons are most likely to respond to a fear appeal when they believe that

A)they are capable of changing.
B)the risks are serious.
C)they can't do anything about their situation.
D)the risks are serious and they are capable of changing.

Question 52

An advertiser wants to increase the likelihood of persuasion in their commercials. Based on research, they could

A)include music that would put you in a good mood.
B)saturate the airtime with their commercial.
C)both a & b would help.
D)none of these

Question 53

In the classic study by Festinger & Carlsmith (1959), some people were given $1 and others were given $20 for describing a chore as interesting when it was in fact not. What was this a study in?

A)selective avoidance
B)selective exposure
C)cognitive dissonance
D)fear appeal

Question 54

Terry ordered a steak to be cooked medium rare. When she received the steak, it was well done. She informed the waiter, who then asked if she could make the best of it since they were so busy. Terry is more likely to comply with this unreasonable request if she is

A)high in self esteem but low in social anxiety.
B)assertive.
C)low in self esteem but high in social anxiety.
D)not concerned about the waiter's feelings.

Question 55

Halyna is a college sophomore who enjoys sun tanning. When is she most likely to begin to protect herself from the harmful effects of the sun?

A)When she is exposed to two-sided arguments about exposure to the sun.
B)When she is warned about the risks to her appearance (e.g., wrinkling of her skin) from the sun.
C)When she is warned about the risks to her health from the sun.
D)All of these.

Question 56

Researchers such as Schwartz and Gottman (1976) have found that people who go along with unreasonable requests are more likely to have thoughts such as

A)"It doesn't matter what the other person thinks of me."
B)"I am perfectly free to say no."
C)"I don't care what this salesperson thinks about me."
D)none of these

Question 57

An attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively is known as

A)discrimination.
B)prejudice.
C)a stereotype.
D)consensus.

Question 58

What do persuasive communicators usually have a good deal of?

A)expertise
B)attractiveness
C)trustworthiness
D)all of these

Question 59

Joshua was a psychology major in college, and now he works for an ad agency. His boss tells him to create a type of ad that would be most believable. Joshua remembers from General Psychology 101 that

A)giving a direct, one-sided appeal to the consumer is best.
B)one-sided appeals never work.
C)two-sided appeals always work.
D)two-sided product claims are the most believable.

Question 60

Mike is shopping for a new car and he has found one that he thinks is perfect. He has read some good reviews about the car's performance. However, he has found a few negative reviews about the car, which he has decided to ignore. What is Mike's diversion of attention from information inconsistent with his attitude called?

A)selective elaboration
B)selective avoidance
C)selective exposure
D)selective appeal

Question 61

Cross-cultural feminine features for male attraction include

A)large eyes, high cheekbones, and large lips.
B)large eyes, high cheekbones, and narrow jaw.
C)small eyes, long face, and high cheekbones.
D)small eyes, round face, and wide jaw.

Question 62

The large survey study by Sprecher and her colleagues (1994) found that women are more likely than men to be willing to marry someone

A)older, but not good-looking.
B)less educated and younger.
C)good-looking but not older.
D)better educated and younger.

Question 63

According to the __________, we tend to date people who are similar to ourselves in physical attractiveness.

A)foot-in-the-door technique
B)primacy effect
C)attraction-similarity hypothesis
D)reciprocity

Question 64

What factors contribute to attraction?

A)height, employment, and education
B)physical appearance, similarity, and reciprocity
C)wealth, status, and education
D)weight, status, and religion

Question 65

According to research, men prefer women who are attractive and

A)can cook.
B)have more education than themselves.
C)are wealthy.
D)are fond of children.

Question 66

The media often presents certain racial groups as less capable or less successful. This can encourage

A)prejudice.
B)polarization.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)social facilitation.

Question 67

In __________ terms, prejudice is connected with fear, dislike, or hatred.

A)cognitive
B)emotional
C)behavioral
D)all of these

Question 68

What evidence is there for the association of the color red with feelings of attraction?

A)Higher estrogen levels in women near ovulation leads to some skin reddening.
B)People rate photos of others as more attractive if they have a red background.
C)Testosterone is related to oxygenation and flow of blood to the skin.
D)All of these.

Question 69

Men are viewed as more attractive by women when they are

A)introverted.
B)agoraphobic.
C)submissive.
D)fond of children.

Question 70

Clarence is 5 ft. 3 in. and a business major who enjoys skydiving. According to the __________, he is likely to date Janet who is 5 ft. 2 in. and a legal secretary.

A)attraction-similarity hypothesis
B)matching hypothesis
C)dating hypothesis
D)rejection hypothesis

Question 71

During difficult economic times, when people become frustrated because they can't find jobs, they look for someone to blame. This can lead to

A)polarization.
B)social facilitation.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)prejudice.

Question 72

Which of the following is an explanation proposed in the text for the selection of partners in a relationship?

A)marriages are made in diverse neighborhoods
B)the attraction-similarity hypothesis
C)we seek out people who are more than 10 years older (or younger) than ourselves
D)we seek out people with different attitudes

Question 73

Prejudices can form because of people's tendency to divide our social world into "us" and "them." What is this known as?

A)social learning
B)social conflict
C)social categorization
D)social victimization

Question 74

Dana is an attractive 5'10" brunette. Marsha is a 5'3" unattractive blonde. They have both applied for an administrative assistant position. Who is most likely to acquire the job?

A)Marsha
B)Dana
C)both are equally likely
D)neither

Question 75

Generally speaking, men place greater emphasis on a woman's physical appearance, while women place greater emphasis on a man's

A)height and weight.
B)aggressiveness.
C)earning potential.
D)age.

Question 76

People form prejudices because of which factor(s)?

A)social learning
B)social conflict
C)dissimilarity
D)all of these

Question 77

The large survey study by Sprecher and her colleagues (1994) found that men are more likely than women to be willing to marry someone

A)older and good-looking.
B)more educated and younger.
C)good-looking and less educated.
D)older and less educated.

Question 78

Greg is fairly unattractive, and he is dating an unattractive woman. Psychologists would point to __________ to explain this.

A)a latency phase fixation
B)a gender stereotype
C)pure luck
D)the attraction-similarity hypothesis

Question 79

Cassandra is a physically attractive person. According to the __________ cultural stereotype, most people who meet her also expect her to be poised, popular, intelligent, and mentally healthy.

A)what-is-beautiful-is-good
B)what-is-popular-is-cultural
C)what-is-successful-is-married
D)what-is-intelligent-is-successful

Question 80

Attitudes that are based on overgeneralizations that can be positive or negative are called __________.

A)stereotypes
B)judgment calls
C)biased beliefs
D)none of these