Deck 10: Health and Stress

Question 1

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)was created by _____

A)Maslow.
B)Edith and Chen.
C)Selye.
D)Holmes and Rahe.

Answer 1

Holmes and Rahe.

Question 2

According to the _____, a person's state of well-being can be threatened by major life changes.

A)general adaptation syndrome
B)life events approach
C)concept of resiliency
D)approach-approach conflict

Answer 2

life events approach

Question 3

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale is intended to _____

A)assess how individuals react to social situations.
B)summarize the strengths and weaknesses of individuals in terms of their social interactions with others.
C)give a numerical score that quantifies the amount of stress an individual has been experiencing.
D)help individuals cope with adjustments they have to make at particular points in their lives.

Answer 3

give a numerical score that quantifies the amount of stress an individual has been experiencing.

Question 4

_____ is an event, thing, or occurrence that can cause us to feel challenged.

A)A stressor
B)An uplift
C)Motivation
D)Self-actualization

Question 5

_____ is a response or set of responses to a condition that requires us to adjust or adapt to the perceived challenge or threat.

A)Motivation
B)Emotional reactivity
C)Burnout
D)Stress

Question 6

_____ is a prolonged and severe stress reaction to a catastrophic event.

A)AIDS-related dementia
B)Posttraumatic stress disorder
C)Substance abuse
D)Major depression

Question 7

Of the items in the Hassles Scale shown in the Think About exercise, which of the following was the second highest ranked item for currently causing stress by the students?

A)not enough sleep
B)being lonely
C)investing money
D)finding the right person to be with

Question 8

Alec was in a car accident with his best friend. They were hit by a driver who was texting and smoking while trying to drive. Unfortunately, Alec's best friend was killed in the accident. Though the accident was not their fault, Alec feels like maybe he should have been the one who died, since he was driving. Based in this information, it appears that Alec _____

A)has posttraumatic stress disorder.
B)displays the Type A behavior pattern.
C)will develop a major health problem within the next two years.
D)has survivor guilt.

Question 9

Dane knows that _____ is anything that challenges him psychologically or physiologically and warrants some type of adaptation or adjustment.

A)motivation
B)stress
C)emotion
D)a stimulus motive

Question 10

Which of the following receives the highest score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?

A)death of a spouse
B)change in residence
C)getting fired from work
D)jail term

Question 11

Bentzion and his wife just found out that their infant has a birth defect in his heart that will require heart surgery. Which of the following is the best label for the heart defect?

A)an uplift
B)a stimulus motive
C)a stressor
D)a hassle

Question 12

Loelle has been on two tours of duty in Iraq and has directly engaged in combat. Though she has been home from the war for over a year, she is now experiencing problems concentrating, flashbacks of combat, and nightmares that severely interfere with her sleep. In an effort to quiet her mind, she has also started drinking alcohol. If Loelle goes to see a psychologist, she will likely be diagnosed with _____

A)Type A behavior pattern.
B)severe alcoholism.
C)posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)Type B behavior pattern.

Question 13

Of the items in the Hassles Scale shown in the Think About exercise, which of the following was scored as currently causing stress by the most students?

A)exams
B)not getting enough sleep
C)troubling thoughts about the future
D)too many things to do

Question 14

Pedro is a psychologist. He has just given his client a checklist of 43 events to go through and has told his client to circle each event that she has experienced during the past year. When she is done, Pedro will add up the assigned point value of her experiences. This score will give him an understanding of her overall stress level and will help him predict her risk for a major health problem within the next two years. Which of the following tools is Pedro likely using with his client?

A)Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
B)Catastrophic Index (CI)
C)Biopsychosocial Approach to Health and Well-being (BAHW)
D)Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Question 15

The physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment defines _____

A)an uplift.
B)motivation.
C)stress.
D)coping.

Question 16

Susan just lost her husband and two daughters in a tragic automobile accident. Because they had no life insurance, Susan began experiencing major financial problems and eventually lost her house. Consequently, she and her son had to move to a small apartment. Just as she thought her life was beginning to feel somewhat stable, the company she worked for announced that they were filing for bankruptcy and all of the employees would lose their jobs within the next month. The period of time from the car accident to the loss of her job was about 7 months. Based on research regarding the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), Susan is at risk to _____

A)spiral into an unrelenting depression and start drinking alcohol to cope with her losses.
B)develop a smoking habit.
C)develop a major health problem within the next two years.
D)find a way to overcome her life circumstances.

Question 17

A(n)_____ is any stimulus or event capable of producing physical or emotional stress.

A)catastrophe
B)coping mechanism
C)uplift
D)stressor

Question 18

The _____ is Holmes and Rahe's measure of stress, which ranks forty-three life events from most to least stressful and assigns a point value to each.

A)general adaptation syndrome
B)approach-approach theory of stress (ATS)
C)biopsychosocial model
D)Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Question 19

Dora has spent the majority of her career learning how major life changes affect the well-being of people. She has been successful in her career and has published volumes of research over the last 10 years. Which of the following views best describes Dora's research?

A)the approach-avoidance conflict
B)the theory of perceived control
C)the biopsychosocial model
D)life events approach

Question 20

Which of the following is FALSE as it relates to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?

A)A score over 300 indicates an 80% risk of developing a major health problem within the next 2 years.
B)It was created by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe.
C)The SRRS contains only negative life events.
D)Both positive and negative life events are included on the rating scale.

Question 21

As Lloyd was distressed about sitting in traffic, he began to think about the adorable comments his toddler son made yesterday. Before he knew it, he found himself smiling at the thoughts of his son. Which of the following would best label Lloyd's thoughts of his child?

A)emotions
B)primary appraisals
C)hassles
D)uplifts

Question 22

Shawna finally made it big in Nashville. She never expected the lack of privacy, criticism and demands that would follow. She finds herself unable to cope. According to Albrecht's nine variables, which one is now outside her comfort zone?

A)accountability
B)job status
C)task variety
D)workload

Question 23

According to Lazarus, _____ may neutralize the effects of many everyday stressors.

A)hassles
B)money
C)uplifts
D)choices

Question 24

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the research on posttraumatic stress disorder?

A)PTSD can cause cognitive problems.
B)Posttraumatic stress disorder can be triggered by an anniversary of the traumatic event.
C)Suicidal thoughts and behavior are sometimes associated with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)Those with a delayed onset of posttraumatic stress disorder are likely feigning the disorder for attention and time off of work.

Question 25

Wanting to attend college, but not wanting to leave your full-time job to do so, exemplifies the _____ conflict.

A)approach-approach
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-attend
D)approach-avoidance

Question 26

The _____ conflict tends to occur when an individual must make a decision based on two undesirable options.

A)approach-attend
B)avoidance-approach
C)avoidance-avoidance
D)approach-approach

Question 27

Elsie has always wanted to work for a prestigious computer company located in sunny California. When she was offered the job, it was everything she could wish for. Then she was told that for the first two years, she would have to train in Minnesota. Elsie despises cold weather, so she is now faced with the _____ conflict.

A)approach-avoidance
B)approach-approach
C)attend-avoidance
D)approach-attend

Question 28

Everyday _____, studied extensively by Richard Lazarus, are irritating demands that occur daily and may cause more stress than major life changes do.

A)hassles
B)coping mechanisms
C)decisions
D)physiological stress reactions

Question 29

Brenda found out last week that she was admitted into the respiratory therapy program at a prestigious university. Just today, she received her acceptance letter into a highly regarded nursing program. Brenda now faces the _____ conflict.

A)approach-attend
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)avoidance-approach
D)approach-approach

Question 30

Chester is an excellent employee at the local plastics plant. Unfortunately, he works under a strict and controlling supervisor who will not allow employees to veer from the work they were hired to do. Although Chester has some good ideas as to how to increase production while cutting costs, he feels that he cannot bring these ideas to his supervisor. This leaves Chester feeling frustrated and somewhat anxious. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, which variable would best describe what is causing Chester's stress at work?

A)clarity of job description and evaluation criteria
B)workload
C)human contact
D)job status

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT one of the workplace variables described by Albrecht (1979)?

A)task variety
B)mental challenge
C)job status
D)financial power

Question 32

Jesse served in the Gulf War in the field hospital. He seemed to cope well until, during the tenth anniversary of his deployment, he had a minor car accident in which he sustained a head injury. Soon after, he began re-experiencing the horrible sights, sounds and smells from the hospital and having nightmares in which he was back trying to save critically injured patients. Which of the following is correct?

A)This is not PTSD because it happened 10 years after the catastrophic events.
B)Only if the event directly threatened him could Jesse be diagnosed with PTSD.
C)Jesse meets the criteria for PTSD, which can occur years later and for which the risk is increased when the brain is made more vulnerable.
D)Because of the head injury, the cause is not PTSD but brain damage.

Question 33

Which of the following was NOT included in the list of problems that individuals with PTSD are at greater risk for?

A)suicide
B)schizophrenia
C)depression
D)substance abuse

Question 34

Which of the following researchers is known for his/her work on the topic of stress and the workplace?

A)Seligman
B)Lazarus
C)Albrecht
D)Kobasa

Question 35

The _____ conflict occurs when an individual must decide between two equally desirable options.

A)approach-avoidance
B)approach-approach
C)avoidance-approach
D)avoidance-avoidance

Question 36

Roger's boss evaluates him based on the satisfaction of the employees who work under Roger's supervision. Roger's supervisees are very unhappy because the company provides poor salary and benefits and won't even hire a cleaning company to keep the bathrooms clean. None of this is in Roger's control. The factor responsible for Roger's high work stress as described in this scenario is _____

A)accountability.
B)workload.
C)human contact.
D)clarity of job description and evaluation criteria.

Question 37

Travis was stopped by a police officer for speeding on his way to work one day. Although he had never received a ticket in his 35 years of driving, he was written a ticket that would cost him $150 and two points on his license. He decided to fight the ticket in court based on his impeccable driving record up to that point. The judge offered him an alternative: He could pay the ticket and receive the points OR complete 250 hours of community service. Knowing that Travis had little time in his schedule, because he works 50-60 hours per week already, he was faced with the _____ conflict.

A)approach-avoidance
B)approach-approach
C)avoidance-approach
D)avoidance-avoidance

Question 38

Alicia is an engineer in a plant that designs military tanks, and she enjoys her work immensely. Because she is so effective at what she does, she completes her assignments in about half of the time that her supervisor allows, which leaves her bored and frustrated during much of the work week. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, which variable is not in Alicia's comfort zone?

A)accountability
B)job status
C)workload
D)task variety

Question 39

Which of the following of Albrecht's workplace variables suggests that the actual layout of the work environment, temperature, and noise level are important factors in work-related stress?

A)accountability
B)physical variables
C)mental challenge
D)human contact

Question 40

When a decision a person is trying to make contains both desirable and undesirable features, the _____ conflict occurs.

A)approach-approach
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-attend
D)approach-avoidance

Question 41

Which of the following can result from accountability underload?

A)Employee morale increases.
B)More intrinsically-motivated individuals will apply for open positions.
C)Workplace accidents decrease.
D)Employees find their jobs meaningless.

Question 42

Jeana is happy with her pay, has great benefits, nice co-workers and a pleasant work environment. She spends the day just filing folders all day. What work-stress related variable might explain the fact that she feels a significant amount of work stress and does not find herself happy about her job?

A)accountability
B)physical variables
C)mental challenge
D)task variety

Question 43

_____ racism occurs when members of a particular minority group experience a longstanding lineage of repression and oppression. Research suggests that it can lead to stress in individuals of that minority group.

A)Subjective
B)Historical
C)Unconscious
D)Theoretical

Question 44

Although Darrin feels that the work he does is important, he gets paid little for it. No one seems to appreciate his work or want a job similar to his. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, Darrin is likely to be experiencing _____ related work stress.

A)mental challenge
B)job status
C)workload
D)clarity of job description and evaluation criteria

Question 45

Kent is an accountant who is terribly bored and frustrated with his current position. He feels he is not paid nearly enough and feels terribly unappreciated. Ahmed, a very sociable person, is frustrated by the fact that he gets very little human contact throughout the day. The human contact he does have is with his boss, who is frequently absent. James, a construction supervisor, is tired because he is on his feet all day. All other things being equal and based on research, who is most likely to experience burnout?

A)James
B)Kent and James are about equal
C)Ahmed
D)Kent

Question 46

What is accountability underload as it pertains to workplace stress?

A)It occurs when people have the responsibility for the physical or psychological well-being of others but only a limited degree of control.
B)It is the stress that results from social factors such as poverty and unemployment.
C)It is defined by the lack of resources provided by the company for which an individual works.
D)It is when an employee views his/her job as meaningless because he/she is not accountable for much at work.

Question 47

Which of the following individuals is experiencing accountability underload?

A)Len, who cannot keep up with the increasing demand from customers in the auto market
B)Hattie, who has to account for so little that she is starting to think her job is meaningless
C)Shimrod, who has to keep tabs on all of his employees at all times
D)Jenny, who has so much work to do that she has to put in overtime

Question 48

Which of the following of Albrecht's workplace variables suggests that taxing people beyond their intellectual capability leads to frustration?

A)accountability
B)physical variables
C)mental challenge
D)task variety

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT discussed in your textbook as a social source of stress?

A)poverty
B)socioeconomic status
C)burnout
D)acculturative stress

Question 50

A collective term for the economic, occupational, and educational factors that influence an individual's relative position in society defines _____

A)historical racism.
B)the secondary appraisal.
C)the biopsychosocial theory.
D)socioeconomic status.

Question 51

Which of the following appears to be the best predictor of workplace burnout based on research by Evans and colleagues (2006)?

A)feeling unappreciated
B)workplace harassment
C)absenteeism
D)having too much work to do

Question 52

Caitlyn wants a career in which she'll be surrounded by other people. Freda prefers to work alone with animals and doesn't want to have to interact much with other people. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, Caitlyn and Freda vary in their desire for _____

A)job status.
B)accountability.
C)mental challenge.
D)human contact.

Question 53

Kevin works for his own gutter and siding company and loves that he gets to climb around and work outside. Marsha is an accountant who prefers to work in a cubicle protected from the elements of nature. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, Kevin and Marsha are both content with their respective _____

A)physical variables.
B)workloads.
C)levels of mental stimulation.
D)variety of tasks.

Question 54

_____ is a lack of energy, exhaustion, and pessimism that results from chronic stress.

A)Turnover
B)Burnout
C)Absenteeism
D)Resilience

Question 55

Sariah is a production supervisor. She feels that her current position does not allow her to demonstrate her knowledge and s. Zachary is a chemist who is frustrated by his supervisor's expectations. Although Zachary specializes in one category of chemical compounds, his supervisor expects him to know three other categories of chemical compounds. Both Sariah and Zachary are frustrated. Based on Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, which variable would best describe their collective frustration?

A)clarity of job description and evaluation criteria
B)accountability
C)physical variables
D)mental challenge

Question 56

Jorinde recently immigrated to the United States from his home country. Though he can speak English quite well, he knows little about American history or ways of life. His overall plan is to learn as much as he can about the American culture. However, he still wants to maintain strong ties to his own culture. Which of the following is true regarding Jorinde?

A)Jorinde has developed an integration orientation.
B)Unless he lets go of his cultural attitudes, Jorinde will never make it in America.
C)Jorinde should shift his focus to everything American, at least for the first few years.
D)Research shows that Jorinde should try to live in an area with others of his ethnic descent and keep to himself.

Question 57

The belief that individuals will be able to fit into the social structure of a new culture while retaining links to their home cultures defines _____

A)acculturative stress.
B)societal assimilation.
C)acculturation.
D)integration orientation.

Question 58

Tony is a very social and extroverted person. He also has expertise in planning. His boss assigned him to work in a quiet area by himself so he can concentrate on his plans. This could be a bad management decision because it may result in too much work-stress related to Tony's _____ needs.

A)accountability
B)human contact
C)mental challenge
D)task variety

Question 59

Twyla enjoys her work immensely. However, she knows that she could increase her effectiveness if she were allowed to take a walk during her lunch hour instead being required to stay seated at her desk to eat lunch. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, which variable would describe Twyla's circumstance?

A)accountability
B)workload
C)mental challenge
D)physical variables

Question 60

Workplace stress can be especially damaging to women's health and well-being because they are also more likely to experience _____ and have greater _____

A)sex discrimination; family responsibilities.
B)menses; sensitivity.
C)emotional upset; vulnerability.
D)higher pay; power.

Question 61

The key components of the immune system are white blood cells known as _____

A)viruses.
B)lymphocytes.
C)pathogens.
D)antibodies.

Question 62

In the field of _____, psychologists, biologists, and medical researchers combine their expertise to study the effects of psychological factors on the immune system.

A)psychopathology
B)psychoneuroimmunology
C)the biomedical approach
D)neuropharmacology

Question 63

Darla is a physician who asks about physical symptoms when diagnosing illnesses in her patients. Jack is a physician who asks his patients questions about their lifestyle, their environment, their level of stress, and their physical symptoms when diagnosing illnesses in his patients. Based on this information, it is likely that Darla works from the _____ whereas Jack works from the _____

A)medical perspective; southern medicine perspective.
B)biomedical model; biopsychosocial model.
C)eastern medicine approach; western medicine approach.
D)biopsychosocial model; biomedical model.

Question 64

Which of the following researchers studied the effects of stress on health and the body?

A)Hans Eyesnck
B)Richard Lazarus
C)James Lange
D)Hans Selye

Question 65

A group of students was tested after a week of final exams. They were found to have a lowered antibody count, indicating a suppressed immune system. Which of the following is correct?

A)Their antibody count returned to normal in 48 hours.
B)Within 48 hours they were all sick.
C)They still had a low antibody count 2 weeks later.
D)Two weeks later, they still felt very stressed.

Question 66

A(n)_____ is a microorganism that can cause illness.

A)lymphocyte
B)pathogen
C)T cell
D)antibody

Question 67

The _____ model focuses on health as well as illness and holds that both are determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.

A)biomedical
B)Lazarus
C)biopsychosocial
D)cognitive

Question 68

Helen is a researcher interested in topics such as cancer and heart disease. She wants her psychological research to address why some people get sick, how some people stay healthy, and what they do when they get sick in order to try to recover. Helen is likely a _____

A)primary care physician.
B)neuropsychologist.
C)cognitive psychologist.
D)health psychologist.

Question 69

Research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology has shown that stress is _____ correlated with inflammation and disease.

A)not
B)positively
C)negatively
D)very minimally

Question 70

Winona quit her job last year to care for her husband, Phil, who she loves very much. He has Alzheimer's disease. She does not sleep well at all and hasn't for quite some time. Which of the following is likely true regarding Winona?

A)Winona's inner strength will make her exempt from the negative effects of stress.
B)Winona has a higher risk of developing a viral or bacterial infection.
C)Winona will experience an immediate boost in immune system functioning once Phil passes away and she can begin sleeping again.
D)Winona will likely have a high antibody count due to her stress level.

Question 71

Which of the following pairs would result in a negative correlation?

A)bacteria and sickness
B)antigens and antibodies
C)antigens and wellness
D)T cells and overall health

Question 72

_____ are the most important factors within the immune system as it relates to proper functioning.

A)Antigens
B)Bacteria
C)Lymphocytes
D)Viruses

Question 73

T cells are to _____ as B cells are to _____

A)stress; health.
B)antibodies; lymphocytes.
C)antigens; the thymus gland.
D)the thymus gland; bone marrow.

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true regarding the immune system?

A)Too many T cells can interfere with proper immune system functioning.
B)The higher the antigen level, the better health the individual enjoys.
C)Lymphocytes are made up of antibodies and antigens.
D)B cells produce antibodies that serve to destroy foreign cells in the body.

Question 75

When an individual feels that both health and illness are a product of psychological, biological, and social forces, he/she believes in the _____

A)biomedical model.
B)western perspective of medicine.
C)biopsychosocial model.
D)scientific approach to medicine.

Question 76

Psychoneuroimmunologists believe that _____ are important factors with respect to immune system functioning.

A)stress and emotions, but not psychological factors such as thinking
B)only psychological factors such as thinking and emotions
C)only emotions and behavior
D)stress, emotions, thinking, and behavior

Question 77

A researcher who describes illness solely in terms of biological causes and factors is using a(n)_____

A)biomedical model.
B)eastern perspective of medicine.
C)biopsychosocial model.
D)holistic approach.

Question 78

In the _____ response to stress, the _____ nervous system and the endocrine glands prepare the body to take action.

A)biopsychosocial approach; parasympathetic
B)fight-or-flight; central
C)primary appraisal; somatic
D)fight-or-flight; sympathetic

Question 79

_____, a subfield within psychology, is concerned with the psychological factors that contribute to health, illness, and recovery.

A)Health psychology
B)Psychoneuroimmunology
C)The biopsychosocial model
D)Neuropharmacology

Question 80

All cells foreign to the body, such as bacteria and viruses, are known as _____

A)antigens.
B)T cells.
C)lymphocytes.
D)antibodies.