Deck 15: Human Sexuality and Gender

Question 1

At puberty, a signal from the _____ to the _____ sets in motion the maturing of genitals and appearance of _____ sex characteristics.

A)gonads; brain; tertiary
B)frontal lobes; genitals; secondary
C)hypothalamus; pituitary; secondary
D)amygdala; pituitary; secondary

Answer 1

hypothalamus; pituitary; secondary

Question 2

Sex is a _____ term.

A)psychological
B)biological
C)cultural
D)gender role

Answer 2

biological

Question 3

Biological sex and psychological gender are _____

A)the same.
B)different and distinct entities.
C)different only if there were a chromosomal abnormality.
D)often at war with each other.

Answer 3

different and distinct entities.

Question 4

The term _____ is more commonly used to refer to the psychological and social variables associated with one's status of being male or female.

A)sex
B)gender role
C)cultural norm
D)gender

Question 5

The term for the physiological status of being male or female, used by psychologists and others who study this, is called which of the following?

A)gender
B)sex
C)gender stereotype
D)intersex

Question 6

Baby Jane had XX chromosomes, but at birth her genitals appeared somewhat more male than female. Baby James had XY chromosomes; he appeared quite normal at birth, but surprisingly he began puberty at age 10. Baby Jane was probably exposed to ____ prenatally and Baby James was probably exposed to _____ prenatally.

A)too much estrogen; too much androgen
B)too much androgen; too much estrogen
C)too much estrogen; too much estrogen
D)too much androgen; too much androgen

Question 7

_____ are the substances that determine whether an embryo develops male or female genitals, also called the _____ sex characteristics.

A)Neurotransmitters; secondary
B)Androgens; primary
C)Genes; primary
D)Steroids; secondary

Question 8

Since he was about 3 years of age, Antonio has felt that although he appears physically male, he is really female. If Antonio's development follows the course of most children who feel this way, he will _____

A)have sex reassignment surgery as soon as he is of legal age.
B)not have this strong feeling of being female after puberty.
C)want to date only men.
D)be bisexual when he becomes sexually active.

Question 9

Before the 7th week of prenatal development, the gonads, or sex glands, of the male and female fetus are _____

A)clearly seen.
B)identical.
C)already different.
D)intersexed.

Question 10

The sense of being male or female, called gender _____, is usually acquired between ages _____ and _____

A)assignment; birth (and)one.
B)identity; two (and)three.
C)knowledge; five (and)six.
D)role; four (and)five.

Question 11

Genital ambiguity is usually a result of levels of _____ that are too high or too low between the 9th and 13th weeks of prenatal development.

A)estrogen
B)androgens
C)progesterones
D)neurotransmitters

Question 12

Cultural expectations for males and females are called gender _____

A)identities.
B)assignments.
C)roles.
D)requirements.

Question 13

The development of male physiological status is a result of one gene on the Y chromosome, called the _____ gene.

A)masculinizing
B)Sry
C)Y
D)testes

Question 14

Biological sex is usually _____; while psychological gender seems to _____

A)confusing; be clear.
B)satisfying; be problematic.
C)somewhat indeterminate; be categorical.
D)categorical; vary by degrees.

Question 15

The term transsexual, as used in the study of sex and gender, refers to which of the following situations?

A)an intersexed individual who lives part-time as a male and part-time as a female
B)a male person who dresses as a female for entertainment
C)an individual who lives as the opposite gender full-time because it is congruent with their gender identity
D)an individual who secretly wears the clothing of, and pretends to be, of the opposite sex because it reduces their anxiety

Question 16

Since he was about 3 years of age, Antonio has felt that he is female, although he appears physically male. Antonio's condition is called _____

A)androgen insensitivity syndrome.
B)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
C)homosexuality.
D)transgender.

Question 17

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)causes the production of too much androgen during prenatal development. Which of the following statements is TRUE of a female fetus with CAH?

A)She will be born with some degree of masculinized genitals.
B)She will be born excessively feminized.
C)She will be become male at puberty.
D)She will develop both female and male secondary sex characteristics at puberty.

Question 18

Jess had XY chromosomes and androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Which of the following statements is TRUE of Jess?

A)Jess will be born with both male and female genitals.
B)Jess will be born appearing male, but develop female sex characteristics at puberty.
C)Jess will be born with genitals that appear female.
D)Jess will be excessively masculinized.

Question 19

Steven had XY chromosomes and was born with male genitals. At puberty he began developing breasts, and it was discovered that he had ovarian tissue in his abdomen that had begun secreting female hormones. His condition is called _____

A)intersex.
B)transexualism.
C)gender identity disorder.
D)feminization sex disorder.

Question 20

The biological status of being female or male is determined by _____ sex chromosomes in females and _____ in males.

A)estrogen; progesterone
B)XX; XY
C)feminine; masculine
D)XY; XX

Question 21

Amanda is ten. According to gender schema theory, it is likely that she is refining her gender schema by identifying the difference between the _____ and the _____ components of gender-related expectations.

A)female; male
B)familial; biological
C)natural; arbitrary
D)learned; imitated

Question 22

Jeremy is four years old and constructing rules to refine his gender schema. When he sees a boy neighbor playing with a doll, he is most likely to do which of the following?

A)ask to play with his neighbor because he wants male friends
B)observe his neighbor closely and add "playing with dolls" to his schema of what boys do
C)go ask his father if it is okay to play with dolls
D)tell his neighbor in no uncertain terms that boys don't play with dolls

Question 23

The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)classifies individuals who are score high on both gender role scales as _____; and those who do not identify with either gender role as _____

A)female; male.
B)heterosexual; bisexual.
C)undifferentiated; neutral.
D)androgynous; undifferentiated.

Question 24

Learning theorists argued that gender roles were nothing but _____

A)cultural stereotypes.
B)biological imperatives.
C)a process of reinforcement.
D)learned behaviors.

Question 25

Kohlberg's theory is a _____ theory.

A)cognitive-developmental
B)social learning
C)biological
D)psychodynamic

Question 26

Psychoanalytic theory proposes gender role development is a(an)_____ process.

A)learned
B)life-long
C)unconscious
D)biological

Question 27

Sandra Bem, among others, proposed that one's gender role is a combination of _____

A)classical and operant conditioning.
B)masculine and feminine.
C)maleness and femaleness.
D)social learning and operant conditioning.

Question 28

Males and females show similar patterns of mating behaviors even in very different cultures. This observation supports the _____ theory of gender role development.

A)social learning
B)multidimensional
C)evolutionary
D)gender schema

Question 29

The song, "I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl Who Married Dear Old Dad" reflects the _____ view of gender role development.

A)psychoanalytic
B)behaviorist
C)social learning
D)multidimensional

Question 30

Skye is 7 years old. According to Kohlberg, what stage of gender role development has he recently reached, and how does it affect his behavior?

A)Skye just achieved gender identity. He will start acting like a boy.
B)Skye just achieved gender stability. He will be confident he will be a boy his whole life.
C)Skye just achieved gender stability. He now feels like he is definitely male.
D)Skye just achieved gender constancy. He will increasingly look to male role models.

Question 31

Svetlana believes that gender role development occurs through resolving the conflict between attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent. Svetlana takes the _____ view of gender role development.

A)learning theory
B)modeling theory
C)multi-dimensional
D)psychoanalytic

Question 32

According to gender schema theory, after a child consistently labels themselves as a boy or a girl, they will next begin to refine their schema by which of the following?

A)preferring stereotypical gender-appropriate toys and clothing
B)beginning to be interested in the opposite sex
C)looking to adult gender role models
D)favoring opposite sex friends

Question 33

It is considered a significant leap forward that, in the 1970s, it was proposed that gender roles were NOT _____

A)multi-dimensional.
B)a mixture of masculine and feminine.
C)opposites.
D)complex.

Question 34

Kohlberg developed the idea of developmental stages in acquiring gender roles. These stages, in the correct order, are gender _____

A)knowledge, modeling, and action.
B)modeling, knowledge, and action.
C)identity, constancy, and stability.
D)identity, stability, and constancy.

Question 35

Gender schema theory proposes our gender role development is based on the characteristics of our _____ system.

A)emotional
B)logic
C)information-processing
D)evolutionary-survival

Question 36

A combination of _____ masculine and feminine characteristics in one person was termed _____ by Bem.

A)all; undifferentiated
B)many; bisexual
C)desirable; androgyny
D)undesirable; gender-related personality disorder

Question 37

Walter Mischel, in contrast to Freud, focused on _____ and _____ as a significant part of acquiring gender roles.

A)imitation; reinforcement
B)classical conditioning; aversive stimuli
C)punishment; biology
D)peer pressure; hormones

Question 38

A criticism of the Bem Sex Role Inventory is that the categories it uses perpetuate _____

A)gender roles.
B)gender stereotypes.
C)male-female differences.
D)male-female conflict.

Question 39

Lewis Terman and Catherine Cox Miles developed a test of masculinity and femininity based on the idea that these are _____

A)on a continuum.
B)opposites.
C)stereotypes.
D)biological.

Question 40

According to Kohlberg, gender stability is which of the following?

A)the sense of being a male or a female
B)the awareness that boys are boys and girls are girls for a lifetime
C)the realization that gender does not change because of activities or clothing
D)the realization that their gender identity is biological

Question 41

One hypothesis regarding gender differences in cognitive strengths is that prenatal exposure to _____ affects the development of the brain as well as the body.

A)neurotransmitters
B)maternal stress
C)pheremones
D)androgens

Question 42

Which of the following supports the sociocultural perspective on gender role development, NOT the evolutionary perspective?

A)As gender equality increases, the physical attractiveness of a mate becomes more important to women.
B)Very young children prefer gender-based play activities.
C)Around the world, men find women with a waist to hip ratio of .7 to .8 most attractive.
D)Tricia is more disturbed by Tom's lack of emotional fidelity, while Tom is more concerned that Tricia may have sex with another man.

Question 43

Joan is obsessed with stories about cowboys. In these stories, the bad guy always wears a black hat. Because of this, her schema for bad, dangerous men includes black clothing and, especially, black hats. One day, her car breaks down on the highway and a man dressed entirely in black and wearing a black hat stops and helps her. Which of the following is she most likely to think?

A)"Wow, I'd better change my ideas about men in black."
B)"How strange, he must be the exception to the rule."
C)"Maybe it is men in white who are dangerous."
D)"All those cowboy stories had it wrong!"

Question 44

When I think of weddings, I think of a white bridal gown, a church, a bridal bouquet, an exchange of rings, and a big cake. I think of weddings this way, even though many weddings I have attended have not included all those things. The way I think of weddings is based on my _____ for weddings and that my brain created it from _____ wedding.

A)memory; the ideal
B)fantasy; the fairy tale
C)schema; the average
D)preference; my own

Question 45

The assumption that all or most members of a group are alike is _____

A)correct.
B)a stereotype.
C)due only to social learning.
D)part of an early stage in cognitive development.

Question 46

Maria is very surprised when her boyfriend begins to cry during an argument with her. She believed that boys never cry. In the language of gender schema theory, Maria is surprised because boys crying is not part of her _____ about boys.

A)knowledge
B)information
C)socialization
D)stereotype

Question 47

Jillian believes that blonde girls are not nice to other girls. She notices how often she is snubbed or teased by blonde girls in her school. She does not notice, or remember, the blonde girls who are nice to her. Jillian's perspective is being shaped by _____

A)single experience bias.
B)algorithm bias.
C)confirmation bias.
D)unmasking bias.

Question 48

Our human information-processing system relies on schema, which are based on _____

A)averages of what information we have about a topic.
B)the median of what information we have about a topic.
C)the mode of what information we have about a topic.
D)a logical assessment of what information we have about a topic.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding male and female differences in verbal s?

A)Spelling and writing are male strengths, while vocabulary size and reading are female strengths.
B)On college entrance tests like the SAT, males score 5 to 10 points higher on verbal tasks than females.
C)Only half as many females as males take advanced placement exams in literature and composition.
D)Males outperform females on reading achievement tests.

Question 50

The belief that natural selection has shaped mating strategies to benefit the survival of offspring is consistent with a(n)_____ theory of gender role development.

A)evolutionary
B)sociocultural
C)biological
D)learning

Question 51

Thinking in terms of large, representative groups, there is always a bigger difference between _____, than between _____

A)women and men; women.
B)genders; individuals of the same gender.
C)individuals of the same gender; genders.
D)women; men.

Question 52

From an evolutionary point of view, women would be more interested in a mate's _____, and men would be more interested in a mate's _____ because it indicates _____.

A)commitment; appearance; health.
B)appearance; attractiveness; status.
C)aggressiveness; submissiveness; fidelity.
D)health; commitment; reliability.

Question 53

Which of the following supports the evolutionary theory of gender role development?

A)Men are more interested in sexual fidelity and women in emotional fidelity.
B)Equality of economic status for women reduces the differences in mate selection criteria.
C)The higher a woman's economic status, the more likely she is to marry.
D)In today's world, men are more interested than ever in a woman's earning potential.

Question 54

Genevieve's schema for girls includes the stereotype that girls are not good at math. Genevieve is convinced she will not be good at math. This represents _____

A)her overall poor self-esteem.
B)gender typing.
C)reality.
D)derealization.

Question 55

Steven does not believe the research showing there is actually little difference in the math ability of men and women. One reason he finds it so hard to believe could be that he had _____ his schema about men being taller, bigger, and more powerful.

A)forgotten
B)changed
C)generalized
D)analyzed

Question 56

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding spatial abilities?

A)Males perform better on all measures of spatial abilities.
B)Males perform better on some, but not all, tasks that measure spatial abilities.
C)Only males who play many hours of video games outscore females in spatial abilities.
D)Males do better on manual tasks that require precision.

Question 57

Gender differences observed early in males increase _____

A)only in elementary school.
B)with puberty in adolescence.
C)between ages 23 and 25.
D)in middle age.

Question 58

Our information-processing system strives to be efficient. Sometimes it does this by _____ one schema factor to another.

A)carefully comparing
B)logically relating
C)contrasting
D)generalizing

Question 59

Parents' beliefs about their children's abilities have been shown to _____

A)have little effect on children's beliefs.
B)have less impact than cultural stereotypes.
C)predict their children's beliefs about their own ability.
D)be powerless in competing with media influences.

Question 60

When it comes to math ability, which of the following statements is correct?

A)Males score much higher than females on measures of math ability.
B)Males score slightly higher than females, but only in elementary school.
C)There is a greater range, more clustered at the very low and very high scores, among males than females.
D)Females score higher in math ability than males until they reach high school.

Question 61

A highly controversial cultural practice related to sex is the removal of all or part of the external genitalia of women. This practice jeopardizes women's health, and often causes intercourse to be painful. What is the reason given for this practice of female genital mutilation?

A)a belief it will make childbirth safer
B)a belief it punishes women for original sin
C)a belief it will keep women virgins until marriage
D)a belief it will make women more sexual

Question 62

Who reports greater satisfaction with their sex lives?

A)teens
B)single people
C)people in a committed relationship
D)people in their fifties

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true regarding research on cognitive, social, and behavioral differences between males and females today?

A)Today, we are careful to study equal numbers of boys and girls when doing research.
B)Today, we have over-corrected for past bias and now study more girls than boys.
C)Today, we are still more likely to study boys and generalize our findings to girls.
D)Researchers are not affected by gender bias today.

Question 64

Evolutionary theory proposes an explanation for male and female differences in attitudes toward sex called the _____ theory.

A)survival of the fittest
B)social Darwinism
C)parental investment
D)monogamy

Question 65

Sam is very good at interpreting whether other people's behavior is intentional or unintentional. He seldom personalizes things and never thinks people are out to get him. Bill, however, seems to get angry all the time for the way someone "looked at him." Anytime something negative occurs, he accuses the other person of doing it intentionally. According to a biological theory of social and behavioral gender differences, we can hypothesize that Bill was exposed to more _____ prenatally.

A)nutrition
B)estrogen
C)oxygen
D)androgen

Question 66

When it comes to aggression, the biggest difference between men and women is which of the following?

A)On average, males are significantly more aggressive against others.
B)On average, male aggression exceeds female aggression by a factor of five.
C)On average, females are more aggressive than males.
D)On average, male aggression is physical and female aggression is verbal and relational.

Question 67

There is a tendency for parents to view a daughter who is good at math as _____, and a son who is good at math as _____

A)a hard worker; talented.
B)talented; a hard worker.
C)talented; lucky.
D)normal; gifted.

Question 68

Evolutionary theory predicts women are less interested in sex, have fewer partners, and are more interested in non-sexual aspects of relationships for what reason?

A)the demands of pregnancy and child-rearing
B)they don't enjoy sex as much as men
C)they have been socialized to be as interested in sex
D)being too interested in sex violates cultural norms for females

Question 69

Jesse has a son and a daughter. Jesse's son and daughter were playing with the neighbor kids in the front yard. Jesse observed both children pushing the neighbor's kids hard. Jesse called them in the house. According to research, which of the following is more likely to take place in the house?

A)Jesse will cuddle the daughter and check to see if she is okay, and send the son to his room.
B)Jesse will secretly grin at the son, and tell the daughter girls don't act like that.
C)Jesse will punish both children equally.
D)Jesse will praise her daughter for being tough and punish her son for fighting.

Question 70

Which of the following is true of attitudes about sex today according to surveys in the United States?

A)Women now think about sex, on average, as often as men do.
B)Men's attitudes have become more liberal but women's have not.
C)More women than men report having been unfaithful to a partner.
D)More men report enjoying sex a great deal.

Question 71

The fact that more boys play ball sports and video games may give them an advantage in _____ and _____ because they are correlated with one another.

A)reading; math
B)spatial abilities; math
C)strength; math
D)spatial abilities; communication

Question 72

Playing video games is likely to improve _____ s, while the amount of violent content in video games is likely to increase _____ in boys.

A)social; fear
B)all cognitive; self-control
C)social; nightmares
D)spatial; aggressiveness

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Infants as young as 3 months show a gender-based preference for looking at either trucks (boys)or dolls (girls).
B)Boys and girls show no difference in toy preference (dolls or trucks)until about age 4.
C)Children have to be explicitly taught which toys to prefer, dolls for girls and trucks for boys.
D)Until age two, boys and girls both prefer dolls over trucks to play with.

Question 74

The Durex Global Sex Survey shows us which of the following?

A)Frequency of sexual intercourse is similar around the world.
B)Asian countries have the lowest rate of weekly intercourse.
C)There is a wide range of frequency of intercourse between countries.
D)The United States has the highest percentage of people having intercourse at least once a week.

Question 75

Children as young as _____ identify an advertised product as intended for girls or for boys based on nonverbal cues such as ____ in the advertisements.

A)one; whether boys or girls are
B)eight; the show they are watching
C)six; colors, music, and camera angles
D)four; the gender of the announcer

Question 76

Bill and Mary have a teenage daughter and a teenage son the same age. According to observations of interactions between parents and teenagers, we would expect which of the following to be true?

A)They will supervise both equally.
B)They will supervise their son more closely.
C)They will supervise their daughter more closely.
D)Bill will supervise their son, and Mary will supervise their daughter.

Question 77

An advantage for girls that may come with their different socialization is that they work _____ and use better _____ strategies than boys.

A)less; emotional
B)together; communication
C)harder; learning
D)faster; manipulative

Question 78

The fact that girls who are quite good at math are often encouraged to think of this as due to hard work means that even high achieving female math students may think they _____

A)will be rejected.
B)have no ability in math.
C)should stop working hard.
D)are very talented at math.

Question 79

Biology also influences sexual behavior. Women have the strongest desire for sex around the time they _____, which would be predicted by _____ theory.

A)ovulate; evolutionary
B)ovulate; learning
C)stop menstruating; social-learning
D)stop menstruating; evolutionary

Question 80

According to the Durex Global Sex Survey, who is most sexually active?

A)teenagers
B)people in their early twenties
C)18 year olds
D)thirty to forty-four year olds