Deck 2: Human Nature

Question 1

The view that "all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from its body" is the

A) Buddhist view
B) Rational View
C) Traditional View
D) Hindu View

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Who proposed the idea of natural selection?

A) Charles Darwin
B) Charles Taylor
C) Plotinus
D) Plato

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What philosopher argued that humans act only out of self-interest and are material bodies?

A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Mark Mercer
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Aristotle

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An inference to the best explanation is a(n)

A) deductive argument.
B) valid argument.
C) sound argument.
D) inductive argument.

Question 5

Who said that men possess "a powerful measure of desire for aggressiveness"?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Socrates
C) Plato
D) Jeremy Bentham

Question 6

J.J.C.Smart endorsed what theory of human nature?

A) Identify theory
B) Coextension theory
C) The Traditional View
D) The Existential View

Question 7

Plotinus was influenced by

A) Aquinas
B) Augustine
C) Plato
D) Plutarch

Question 8

What philosopher argues that our ability to reason is the characteristic that sets the human self apart from all other creatures of nature?

A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) Saint Augustine
D) Charles Darwin

Question 9

All that a valid deductive argument guarantees is that if its premises are true,then the conclusion has to be ____.

A) false
B) valid
C) sound
D) true

Question 10

What philosopher argued that our individual identity depends on relationships with others,such that who we are cannot be separated from our relationship with others?

A) Aristotle
B) Hegel
C) Plato
D) George Mavrodes

Question 11

The view that humans are whatever they make themselves is termed

A) Darwinism
B) Buddhism
C) Existentialism
D) Platonism

Question 12

An argument that is both valid and has true premises is called a(n)____ argument.

A) inductive
B) rational
C) sound
D) reasonable

Question 13

What view of human nature claims that all humans have a rational spiritual self this is distinct from the material body,has a purpose,endures over time and exists as a separate individual?

A) Traditional Western View
B) Traditional Eastern View
C) Modern Eastern View
D) Postmodern Western View

Question 14

An argument that is supposed to show that its conclusion is probably true if its premises are true is called

A) deductive
B) inductive
C) sound
D) valid

Question 15

What,for Plato,was an eternal and perfect ideal that existed in an unchanging heaven?

A) Forms
B) Souls
C) Reason
D) Spirit

Question 16

An argument whose conclusion necessarily has to be true if the premises are true is

A) deductive
B) inductive

Question 17

What contemporary American philosopher argued that behind every action we perform is a "self-regarding end"?

A) Mark Mercer
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Jean Paul-Sartre
D) Garrett J. DeWeese

Question 18

Who wrote Being and Nothingness?

A) Sartre
B) Heidegger
C) Nietzsche
D) Darwin

Question 19

The philosophical view that human beings act only out of self-interest is called

A) natural selection
B) psychological egoism
C) altruism
D) existentialism

Question 20

The philosopher who believed that who you are depends on your relationships to others is:

A) Hegel
B) Plato
C) Taylor
D) Sartre

Question 21

The view that processes such as thought and life are really nothing more than physical and chemical processes is called ____________________.

Question 22

Freud wrote Civilization and Its Discontents.

Question 23

An inference to the best explanation can be

A) either weak or strong.
B) valid.
C) invalid.
D) sound.

Question 24

In behaviorism,our consciousness seems to have disappeared.

Question 25

Hobbes believed that humans were altruistic.

Question 26

By "soul" Plato meant "inner self".

Question 27

Bad faith,according to Jean-Paul Sartre,is deceiving ourselves by pretending we are free.

Question 28

Existentialism emphasizes the free and conscious individual.

Question 29

Augustine did not believe that humans have wills.

Question 30

According to Plato,humans can control their appetites and aggressive impulses through the use of their ____________________.

Question 31

Behaviorism began as a school of ____________________ that restricted the study of humans to what could be observed.

Question 32

____ says there is no universal human nature,no rational human nature,no purpose for human nature.

A) Aristotle
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Plato
D) Genevieve Lloyd

Question 33

Aristotle held that all living things have a purpose.

Question 34

____________________ is the view that humans are made up of two substances.

Question 35

Aristotle claimed that barbarians could be enslaved by Greeks.

Question 36

J.J.C.Smart argued that states of consciousness are identical with states of the brain.

Question 37

One version of ____________________ is the identity theory of the mind.

Question 38

What philosopher argued that humans are made up of dual substances,a material body and an immaterial mind?

A) Aristotle
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Rene Descartes
D) Genevieve Lloyd

Question 39

What philosopher argued that the mind could be reduced to the physical actions of the material body?

A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Rene Descartes
C) Gottfried Leibniz
D) Nicolas Malebranche

Question 40

Over thousands of years the process of ____________________ ____________________ can make a species change into a new species.

Question 41

____________________ is the view that we should explain mental states in terms of perceptual inputs and behavioral outputs.

Question 42

____________________ argued that a person's culture is the mirror through which society shows her who and what she is.

Question 43

What is "psychological egoism"? Do you find it a compelling view of human nature? Why,or why not?

Question 44

Do you believe that there is a "you" to whom this question is addressed? Explain your answer.

Question 45

Descartes' view of human nature says that humans are ____________________ minds with ____________________ bodies.

Question 46

If we are genetically inclined to be selfish,does this justify our selfishness or merely explain it? Explain your answer.

Question 47

Do you think that humans have a different moral status than other animals? Why? If your view is that they have certain properties that other animals lack,do all humans have these properties? If not,do those that lack them lack the moral status that you ascribe to humans? If your view is that humans matter morally because they are human¾why does being human count for so much?

Question 48

Do you agree with the existentialists that humans are what they make of themselves? Why,or why not? What might the practical consequences of accepting the existentialist view be for (a)your own life,(b)social policy? Explain your answer.

Question 49

Siddhartha Gautama was the founder of ____________________.